Primary School Design Daniel Taiwo 3

An investigation into the building services design of a new primary schoolBy Daniel Taiwo

IntroductionChosen design considerations

Heating

Ventilation

Renewable technologies

Daylighting

Lighting

Electrical distribution

Other considerations

The design has to conform to specific rules and regulations

Has to incorporate sustainability

Relatively low cost

Changes level 0

Use of extension space for Mechanical Risers for ventilation improvement in the schools in spaces 1 and 2.

Large windows and doors to let in large amount of sunlight in reception and Year1 classrooms.

1

2

LRC should have large windows for ventilation to stop dust.

The corridor could have a glass roof of skylight windows at intervals.

Studio should have studio/stage lighting as well as led lighting. Daylight is also needed.

Windows at the top of the studio, that can open in different ways to allow natural ventilation. Also blackout blinds to block daylight when it is not needed. e.g. student performances.

Large open space so will need natural and machine methods of ventilation and heating.

Changes level 1

Glass celling/ roof throughout the entire corridor.

Solar panels placed on the roof of the studio. Can be used to power studio light or could be exported to the national grid.

Solar panels placed on the roof for the hall to harness energy from the sun. The school has the ability to put a large amount of panels due to the large surface area of the roof.

Larger windows for ventilation due to fumes or dust from producing work.

Year 2 classrooms will have the same layout as all the other classrooms which will have large tall windows and glass doors to let in a large amount of sunlight.

Ventilation

VentilationFactors to consider:

Natural flow of air into and out of the building

Ventilation may come from air vents, windows, opening through walls (CROSS VENTILATION).

Natural ventilation systems or machines

Natural flow of air in and out, which can be in different directions for different opening in different rooms.

Natural Ventilation

Natural ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of

external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

Natural ventilation This particular type of window opening provides the best ventilation control however has a high cost, which may be a problem for a school with a low budget.

Also the upper fanlight can be motorised which will allow for easy access to fresh air and ventilation when needed.

Ventilation calculations Name Room Area (m2) Density of occupation number of occupants (p) ventilation rate l/s/p Overall ventilation (l/s) air quality (m3/sec) Duct diameter

Reception Teaching spaces 62 1.5 41 10 410 0.41 300mm

Year 1 Teaching spaces 62 1.5 41 10 410 0.41 300mm






Hall Lecture theatre 180 1.2 150 10 1500 1.5 500mm

Studio Teaching spaces 55 1.5 36 10 360 0.36 300mm

art/dt Teaching spaces 45 1.5 30 10 300 0.3 280mm

LRC Teaching spaces 34 1.5 22 10 220 0.22 250mm

Head office Meeting/conference 16 3 5 10 50 0.05 140mm

Rec/off General office 10 12 1 10 10 n/a n/a

Interview General office 8 16 1 10 10 n/a n/a

Group General office 9 16 1 10 10 n/a n/a

SEN base General office 12 16 1 10 10 n/a n/a

MI General office 12 16 1 10 10 n/a n/a

Senior management General office 9 16 1 10 10 n/a n/a

Staff room Meeting/conference 24 3 8 10 80 0.08 170mm

w/c Toilets 6 12 2 10 20 0.02 100mm

w/c Toilets 9 18 2 10 20 0.02 100mm

Corridor Circulation spaces 40 10 4 10 40 0.04 130mm






Using ventilation calculations I was able to work out the what diameter the air duct in each room needs to be.

The ventilation calculations also enabled me to work out the what diameter of the air duct in the corridors would be.

Air vent layout design

The vents are shown by orange rectangles used to represent a circular profiled pipe for level 0.

The vents are shown by the pink rectangles used to represent a circular profiled pipe for level 1

A riser is a shaft proving vertical distribution of services within a building or to carry services between floors.

Two risers are shown in orange boxes in the extension area.

Air duct diametersLevel 1 will feature an air vent system that is different from level 0 due to the skylight strip that will run through the corridor.

The vents will be in built into the celling so will not show and will not be accessible by students. Also the vent will travel through the all of the corridor.

The diameter of the air duct in the classrooms for reception and years 1-6 are all 300mm.

The air ducts are different sizes and the sizes I use will depend on the diameter of the air duct i can get from the supplier.

Air vent designThe rectangular profile vent dimension can be calculated using a WAP-U-Lator. The dimensions for the corridor would be 140x150mm.

The rectangular vent could feed into a circular air duct when branches off into a room.

Air ventA linear air diffuser could be used in a room.

Renewable Technologies

Renewable Technologies Factors to consider:

Renewable energy strategies such as solar energy, harnessing energy from rainwater and waste water using domestic hydroelectric technologies, wind power generated through wind turbines that are on the highest part of the building.

How to implement the technology?

The cost of implementing the renewable systems?

Solar panel

A panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or

heating. Solar panels are made up of photovoltaic cells and these cells are used to

convert light energy into electrical energy.

Solar panels Solar panel cost per m2

System: 1.8 kWp min:£7,170 max:£8,820Size: 10 panels covering 13m2 or 139.88sqftCost: £551 to £678 per m2

System: 3.2 kWp min:£ 10,380 max:£15,760Size: 18 panels covering 23.4m2 or 251.78sqftCost: £444 to £674 per m2

System: 4 kWp min:£ 12,960 max:£17,020Size: 22 panels covering 28.6m2 or 307.73sqftCost: £453 to £595 per m2

1 panel = 1.3 m2

One section of the studio roof 13.75/1.3=10 panels

The whole roof 10*4=40Min=£17,958Max=£25,222

Using the assumption that the four sections of the roof of the hall are the same area and the four sections of the studio are the same area. Also using the assumption that the area of the roof is the same area as the layout.

One section of the hall roof 45/1.3=34 panels

The whole roof 34*4=136Min=£61,608Max=£80,920

Solar panels The application of solar panels in the design of the school will allow the school to generate electricity for themselves which could reduce the cost of energy bills for the school and allow the school to increase their budget. The school could also export some of the electricity generated to the national grid, which will give the schools access to greater funds due to export revenue. Between 10-30 the school may be able to start profiting from the solar panels as the energy saving and export revenue exceeds the initial setup costs.

The image shows a layout of the hall and studio and it shows the area of the floors, however it does not show the area of the roof. The assumption that the roof has gradient is made due to cross illustrating a crossed roof.

A series of solar panels would fit on top of the roof in each section of the roof so that electricity is generated whatever position the sun is in the sky.

This quick google sketch up drawing illustrates the position of the solar panels on the roof of the hall.

The panels would need to be positioned in a particular way that will maximise the space on the roof

Daylighting

Daylighting Factors to consider:

How best to implement daylight into a building?

The amount of daylight the strategy emits

What is a suitable amount of daylight for a school environment?

Why use daylight?

Daylighting

Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light; direct sunlight and diffuse skylight—into a

building to reduce electric lighting and saving energy.

Daylighting

The red rectangles represent windows and where they will be situated in the school to provide daylight.

The corridor will also have windows that will use daylighting from the classrooms and other rooms.

The first level corridor will feature a skylight that will run along the length of the corridor on one side.

The first floor class room will also feature windows that are similarly placed to the level below. However they will be no windows parallel to the extension space due to risers being placed there.

To take advantage of daylighting I need to make affective use of windows

Daylighting in classrooms

Daylighting in the hall and studio

Daylighting level 0

This is an example of the daylighting that would be used on a level 0 corridor.

The corridor would feature window situated at the top of the wall on both sides of the corridor allowing daylight from classrooms into the corridor.

The window would be a long strip that is extended along every corridor and would also feature sections where it opens to allow for some ventilations.

The use of daylighting would reduce the need for artificial lighting, thus allowing savings for the school.

Daylighting level 1

Lighting

Lighting Factors to consider:

Natural lighting vs artificial lighting

The amount of lighting that is used

The cost of lighting

Why LED? (ACCORDING TO ECOSCHOOLS WEBSITE)

Loss of motivation, in addition to drowsiness and lethargy, is a side effect of working in an

environment that is poorly lit. The high quality, exceptionally bright LED lights can reduce or completely eliminate these problems and get

students back on task.

LED benefits

Upgrading school lighting from incandescent, fluorescent and other traditional lighting to LED

can save schools up to 80% of the operating costs associated with lighting.

Lighting layout design

Cables for lighting

Cables for lighting

The cable for lighting will run underneath the air vent as the light will be situated under the air vent in the celling.

Heating

Heating Factors to consider:

The strategy used for heating

Health and safety regarding the use of radiator in primary schools

How the heating is controlled?

Under floor heating

Insulations

Geothermal heating (location and cost dependent)

Heating Under floor heating will be used in the hall and the studio, as they are large and tall spaces. Also in primary school when children have assemblies they often sit on the floor.

For classrooms the heating will be controlled using the ventilation system to exhaust hot and cold air.

Heating design

This part shows the plastic tube pipe that the hot water will run through.

Heating design

Electrical distribution Factors to consider:

The amount of small power the school

The overall effect it has on the school

The involvement of renewable technologies

Cable management systems

Health and safety measures


Electrical distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers in

different sections of a building.


The electrical distribution will consist of using a miniature circuit breaker. The use of this in lighting is to stop short-circuiting due to an overload of current. The MCB acts to stop the circuit.

For health and safety and general protection of children the electrical fixtures will be fitted with residual current devices.

Studies show that average classrooms have 5 double sockets. Also classrooms with computers have more, that are normally attached onto a dado trunking.


The cable management system will consist of using trunking. This will manage the wires for parallel circuits for the lighting and will manage cables for small power.

My final design

My Final Design-Level 0

My Final Design-Level 1

Primary School Design Daniel Taiwo 3

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