Primary Health Care A
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Transcript of Primary Health Care A
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PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
MIDWIFERY COURSE AUDIT
SUMMER, 2014
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A. HEALTH AND ILLNESS
DEFINITION OF HEALTH
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
MODELS OF HEALTH LEVELS OF PREVENTION
FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH
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HEALTH (defined by WHO and some
theorists
- A state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity (WHO)
- Is the ability to maintain homeostasis or
dynamic equilibrium. Homeostasis is regulated
by the negative feedback mechanism (Walter
Cannon)
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HEALTH (defined by WHO and some
theorists
- Is the ability to maintain the internal milieu
(Claude Bernard)
- Is being well and using ones own power to
the fullest extent. Health is being maintained
through prevention of disease by
environmental health factors (Nightingale)
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HEALTH (defined by WHO and some
theorists
- Is viewed in terms of the individualsability to
perform the 14 components of nursing care
unaided (Henderson)
- Positive health symbolizes wellness. It is a
value termed by the culture or individual
(Rogers)
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HEALTH (defined by WHO and some
theorists
- Is a state and a process of becoming and being
an integrated and whole person (Roy)
- a state characterized by soundness or
wholeness of developed human structures
and of bodily and mental functioning (Orem)
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HEALTH (defined by WHO and some
theorists
- Is a dynamic state in the life cycle; illness is an
interference (King)
- Wellness is the condition in which all parts
and subparts of an individual are in harmony
with the whole system (Neuman)
- Is an elusive, dynamic state influenced by
biologic, physiologic and social factors.
(Johnson)
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WELLNESS AND WELL-BEING
- Wellness is well-being. It involves engaging in
attitude and behaviors that enhance QOL and
maximize personal potential
- Subjective perception of balance, harmony
and vitality
- Is a choice
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WELLNESS AND WELL-BEING
- Is a way of life
- Is the integration of boy, mind and spirit
- Is the loving acceptance of onesself
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WELLNESS AND WELL-BEING
ENVIRONMENT
OCCUPATION
INTELLECTUAL
SPIRITUALPHYSICAL
EMOTIONAL
SOCIAL
WELNESS
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WELLNESS AND WELL-BEING
SEVEN COMPONENTS OF WELLNESS
1. PHYSICAL
- Ability to carry out daily tasks, achievefitness, maintain adequate nutrition, lifestyle
habits
2. SOCIAL
- Ability to interact successfully with people and
within the environment (intimacy, respect)
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WELLNESS AND WELL-BEING
SEVEN COMPONENTS OF WELLNESS
3. EMOTIONAL
- Ability to manage stress and express emotionsappropriately
4. INTELLECTUAL- Ability to learn and use information; continued
growth
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WELLNESS AND WELL-BEING
SEVEN COMPONENTS OF WELLNESS
5. SPIRITUAL
- Belief in some force that unite beings;meaning and purpose to life; morals and
values
6. OCCUPATION
- Ability to achieve balance between work and
leisure
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WELLNESS AND WELL-BEING
SEVEN COMPONENTS OF WELLNESS
7. ENVIRONMENT
- Ability to promote health measures thatimprove the quality of life and standard of
living
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DISEASE
- An alteration in body functions resulting in
reduction of capacities or a shortening of the
normal life span
Common causes of disease
a. Biologic agents
b. Inherited genetic defects
c. Developmental defects
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DISEASE
d. Physical agents
e. Chemical agents
f. Response to irritation/injuryg. Faulty metabolic process
h. emotional/physical reaction to stress
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF DISEASE
A. ACCORDING TO BIOLOGIC FACTORS
a. Hereditary h. Idiopathic
b. Congenital i. Degenerative
c. Metabolic j. Iatrogenic
d. Deficiency
e. Traumatic
f. Neoplastic
g. Allergic
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF DISEASE
B. ACCORDING TO DURATION/ONSET
a. Acuteshort, intense
b. Chroniclonger than six months; remission and
exacerbation
c. Subacutemore pronounced but longer than
acute
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF DISEASE
C. Other classifications
a. Organic g. Endemic
b. Functional h. Pandemicc. Occupational i. Sporadic
d. Familial
e. Venerealf. Epidemic
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ILLNESS
- A personal state in which the person feels
unhealthy
- A state in which a persons functioning is
diminished or impaired
- NOT synonymous with disease
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ILLNESS
STAGES OF ILLNESS
1. Symptom experience
- Transition stage- Believes something is wrong
- Experiences some s/sy
2. Assumption of the sick role- acceptance; advice, support
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ILLNESS
STAGES OF ILLNESS
3. Medical contact
- Seeks advice- Validation, explanation
4. Dependent patient role
- Dependence- Passive
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ILLNESS
STAGES OF ILLNESS
5. Recovery
- Gives up sick role and returns to former roles
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FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH
OLOF
POLITICAL
BEHAVIOR
HEREDITY
HCDS
ENVIRONMENT
SOCIO-
ECONOMIC
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FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH
1. POLITICALgreat influence
- Has the power/authority to regulate
- E.g. safety, oppression, people
empowerment, safety/crime2. BEHAVIORALhabits, lifestyle
3. HEREDITARYgenetically influenced diseases
- Understanding, increase knowledgepreventivemeasure
- Anticipate and counteract
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FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH
4. HCDS
- PHC, 4 As, community-based
5. ENVIRON MENTAL INFLUENCES- Pollution and sanitation
6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES
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LEVELS OF PREVENTION
1. PRIMARY PREVENTIONGoal: Health promotion and specific protection
Objective: enable clienteles to maintain health andrealize full potential
- encourage optimum health and increasepersons resistance to illness
- Prevents disease; stop something to happen
- E.g. :quit smoking, avoid/limit alcohol intake,
exercise, eat well-balanced diet, avoidoverexposure to sun, maintain IBW, completeimmunization program, wear hazard devices
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LEVELS OF PREVENTION
2. SECONDARY PREVENTIONGoal: Early diagnosis/detection/screening and
prompt treatment
Objective: to halt progress and prevent/reduce
complications- health maintenance
- Identify specific illnesses or conditions at earlystage
- Prompt intervention to limit or prevent disability- E.g.: annual PE, Paps smear, BSE, TSE, sputum
exam, stool and rectal exam
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LEVELS OF PREVENTION
3. TERTIARY PREVENTIONObjective: restore OLOF
- occurs after disease or disability
- Stop the disease or injury process and assist
patient in attaining optimal health
- E.g.: self-monitoring of blood sugar, PT,
rehabilitation, therapy
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THEORIES AND MODELS RELATED TO
HEALTH
1. CLINICAL MODEL
- views people as physiologic system with
related functions and identifies health as the
absence of signs and symptoms of disease or
injury
2. ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL
- defines health in terms of ability to fulfill
societal roles
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THEORIES AND MODELS RELATED TO
HEALTH
3. ADAPTIVE MODEL
- focuses on adaptation
- illness is a maladaptation
4. EUDAMONISTIC MODEL
- actualization or realization of personspotential
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THEORIES AND MODELS RELATED TO
HEALTH
5. AGENT-HOST-ENVIRONMENT MODEL
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THEORIES AND MODELS RELATED TO
HEALTH
6. HEALTH ILLNESS CONTINUA
- Used to measure a persons perceived level of
wellness
- Health and illness or disease at the ends
- From good health to death
- Subjective and objective perceptions- Environmental axis and health axis
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THEORIES AND MODELS RELATED TO
HEALTH
6. HEALTH ILLNESS CONTINUA
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THEORIES AND MODELS RELATED TO
HEALTH
6. HEALTH ILLNESS CONTINUA
- Two axes form four quadrants:
a. High level wellness in favorable environment
b. Emergent high level wellness in an
unfavorable environment
c. Protected poor health in a favorableenvironment
d. Poor health in unfavorable environment
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THEORIES AND MODELS RELATED TO
HEALTH
7. ILLNESS-WELLNESS CONTINUUM
- Believe it is possible to be physically ill and at
the same time oriented toward wellness
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THEORIES AND MODELS RELATED TO
HEALTH
7. ILLNESS-WELLNESS CONTINUUM
THEORIES AND MODELS RELATED TO
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THEORIES AND MODELS RELATED TO
HEALTH
8. HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
Perceived
susceptibility to
disease
Perceived
seriousness of
disease
Perceived threat ofdisease X
Cues to action,
mass media, advice,
illness of others
Likelihood of taking
recommendedpreventive health
Demographic
variables,sociopsychologic
variables, Structural
variables
Perceived benefits
of prevention
minus perceivedbarriers to
preventive action
INDIVIDUAL
PERCEPTION
MODIFYING
FACTORS
LIKELIHOOD
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END OF FIRST TOPIC
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