b`icAW leI lwzmI Aqy mu&q is`iKAw dw AiDkwr AYkt 2009 jwxkwrI Aqy jwgrUkqw sbMDI vrkSwp [
pRgqIvwd : ivcwrDwrweI pirpyK Aqy ieiqhwsk...
Transcript of pRgqIvwd : ivcwrDwrweI pirpyK Aqy ieiqhwsk...
4
pRgqIvwd : ivcwrDwrweI pirpyK Aqy ieiqhwsk ivkws
pRgqI aunqI dw smwnwrQI Sbd hY Aqy ieh hr ivAkqI dI
suhjwqmkqw dw pRgtwvw krdw hY[ hryk ienswn Awpxy vrqmwn rwhIN Awpxy
Biv`K nUM hor izAwdw byhqr bxwaux dI ^wihS r`Kdw hY ArQwq pRgqI
pirvrqn dI sUck hY pr iksy ivSyS idSw vl[ jo A`j hY ausnUM k`l hor
auc`qm rUp ivc vyKx dI jigAwsw mnu`K nUM krm krn leI pRyirq krdI hY[
pRgqI AMgryzI BwSw dy Sbd ‘Progress’ dw pMjwbI Anuvwd hY jo ik ^ud lwqInI
Sbd Pro-Gredior qoN inkilAw hY, ijsdw ArQ hY A`gy v`Dxw[1 pRgqI dw
smwnwrQI ArQ hY: aunqI, A`gy v`Dxw, ivkws krnw, ikirAwSIl hoxw Awid[
pRgqI dy Bwv ArQ nUM ikirAw Sbd dy rUp ivc r`iKAw igAw hY, ijsdw ArQ
hY; qr`kI krnw, AgWhvDU hoxw[2
ieauN pRgqI dw ArQ iksy lKS dI pRwpqI leI A`gy v`Ddw hY[ ieiqhwsk
p`K qoN pRgqI ivc nYiqkqw dw q`q Sml hY Aqy pRgqI dw kRm aunHW nYiqk kImqW
(Moral Values) v`l v`Dxw hY ijnHW nUM pRwpq krn leI Anyk Xu`gW qoN mnu`K
Xqn krdw AwieAw hY[ kRm-ivkws (Evolution) iek inrMqr Aqy kRimk
(connected) pirvrqn hY Aqy ieh iksy vI idSw ivc ivkisq ho skdw hY[
ArQwq ieh aunqI jw pqn v`l jw skdw hY[ pRgqI Sbd dy ArQ swpyK qOr
qy sMkIrx jW sIimq hn[ pRgqI pirvrqn qW hY, pr iksy vI idSw ivc
pirvrqn pRgqI nhI; pirvrqn jdoN ie`Cq jW svIikRq idSw ivc huMdw hY qW
pRgqI hY[ pRgqI iek pRkwr dw ie`Cq krm-ivkws hY[ pRgqI nUM v`K v`K
ivdvwnW ny Awpxy Awpxy idRStIkox qoN pirBwiSq kIqw hY[ PyAr cweIlf
Anuswr:
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iksy svIikRq Aqy ieCq lKS jW mMqv v`l vDxw hI
pRgqI hY[3
swihq ivc ies Sbd dy ArQ hn, auh swihq ijhVw mnu`K nUM aus dIAW
vwsqivk siQqIAW qoN jwxU krvw ky ausnUM A`gy qorn Aqy A`gy v`Dx ivc
shwieqw krdw hY[ pMjwbI swihq koS ivc pRgqIvwd nUM smwjvwdI-XQwrQvwd
dw hI pirAwievwcI mMinAw igAw hY[4 fw. ngyNdr Anuswr,
pRgqI Sbd dw ArQ A`gy v`Dxw zrUr hY, pr iek
ivSyS FMg nwl qy ivSyS idSw ivc[ ausdI iek
viSSt pirBwSw hY, ies BwSw dw AwDwr
dvMdwqmk-BOiqkvwd hY[5
pRgqIvwd dy isDy ArQ BwvyN pRgqI jw ivkws nwl sMbMD r`Kx vwly hn,
pr AwDuink swihq dI SbdwvlI ivc ies Sbd ny Awpxw iek ivSyS ArQ
dwierw kwiem kIqw hY[ pRgqI ivSyS idSw ivc pu`itAw auh kdm hY, ijsdI
buinAwd mnu`KI kdrW-kImqW aupr AwDwirq huMdI hY[ kuJ swihq smIiKAk
Aqy swihq-icMqk pRgqIvwd nUM is`Dy rUp mwrksvwd jW mwrksvwdI suhj
Swsqr dw hI pirAwievwcI mMndy hn[ pr dUjy pwsy auh sihq icMqk vI hn
ijhVy pRgqIvwd nUM iesdy ieiqhwsk pirpyK ivc r`Kdy hoey iesdw ivl`Kx
suBwA svIkwr krdy hn[ fw. kysr isMG kysr dw m`q hY ik,
SurU SurU ivc AgWhvDU lihr dw ivkws PwsIvwd
nwzIvwd dy ivru`D buDIjIvIAW dy iek ‘sWJy morcy’
vjoN hI hoieAw hY qy ies morcy ivc ribMdr nwQ
tYgor ijhy auh swihqkwr vI Swiml hoey ijnHW dw
kimauinst rwjnIqI nwl koeI vwh-vwsqw nhIN
sI[6
6
fw. rwGy rwgv Anuswr:
pRgqISIl swihq isrjx leI ieh zrUrI nhIN hY ik
lyKk mwrksvwdI hovy[ auh mwnvwdI vI ho skdw hY,
pr ausdw iemwndwr hoxw Av`Sk hY[7
kuJ hor swihq icMqk Aqy Awlock Aijhy hn ijhVy pRgqIvwdI swihqk lihr
mwrksvwd dw pirAwievwcI nw mMndy hoey ies ƒ ieiqhwsk vrqwrw mMndy
hn[ sMq isMG syKoN pRgqIvwd nUM XQwrvwd dw hI iek rUp mMndw hY, auh ilKdw
hY:
pRgqIvwd XQwrQvwd dw hI iek rUp hY, ijvyN
pRikRqIvwd ijQy pRikRqIvwd XQwrQvwd nUM inrwSw dI
idSw v`l lY jWdw hY[ auQy pRgqIvwd AwSwvwdI hY,
ikauNik pRgqIvwdI ivSvws dw AwDwr hI ieh Aws
hY ik smwj pRgqI dy rwh auqy jw irhw hY qy ieh rwh
kyvl shI AgvweI qoN ibnW iesdy Awpxy pRgqI dy
rwh qoN Btk jwx dw fr hY[8
ies sMdrB ivc fw. gurbKS isMG PrYNk dw hvwlw dyxw auicq hY:
pRgqIvwd dw mqlb mwrksvwdI hoxw nhIN; nw hI
pRgqIvwdI hox dw mqlb kimauinst hoxw hY[9
auprokq pirBwSwvW dy ivSlySxwqmk AiDAYn qoN bwAd ieh Dwrnw
bxweI jw skdI hY ik pRgqI auh pirvrqn hY jo lKS dy AnurUp ieCq Aqy
svIikRq idSw ivc huMdw hY[ pRgqI iek pRkwr dw insicq smwjk pirvrqn hY
jo iek ie`Cq idSw ivc huMdw hY Aqy ijsdI pRikRqI guxwqmk huMdI hY Aqy jo
smwj ivSyS dIAW pRcilq kImqW dy AwDwr qy jwixAw jW AMikAw jwdw hY[
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sMklp pRgqI nUM hyT ilKy smIkrx (Equation Model) duAwrw smiJAw jw
skdw hY:
pRgqI
pRgqI ny jdoN iek inSicq kwiv-Dwrw jw vwd ivSyS dy rUp ivc sQwn
bxwieAw qW keI ivvwdW nUM jnm id`qw, ijs ivc mu`K rUp ivc swihq icMqk
Aqy Awlock pRgqIvwd bwry do vrgW ivc vMfy hoey hn, iek auh ijhVy
pRgqIvwd nUM is`Dy rUp ivc mwrksvwd jW mwrksvwdI Swsqr nwl joVdy hn,
dUjy auh ijhVy iesnUM ieiqhwsk pirpyK ivc r`Kky nvIAW auBr rhIAW
siQqIAW Aqy pirsiQqIAW dI loV ivcoN pYdw hoeI lihr mMndy hn[ dUjw
ivvwd; pRgqI Aqy pRqIikirAw dw sMbMD kI hY? prMprw iks pRkwr pRgqI ƒ
pRBwivq krdI hY? keI q`Q pRgqI dy snmuK r`Kdy hoey iesnUM “vwd” ivSyS ho
jwx dI swriQkqw nUM vI ivAkq krdy hn[ ies sMbMD ivc AcwrIAw rwm
mUrqI iqRpwTI ny ikhw hY:-
BwrqI ieiqhws ivc kdI vI pUrv gRih nhIN sI Aqy
mq-Byd hox qy vI iksI pRkwr dI eykwigrqw nhIN
sI, pr jy pRgqIvwd dy bwry ivcwr kIqw jwvyN qW
ieh “vwd” BwrqI nhIN hY, ivc vwd nhIN ivcwr
hY[ ijs pRkwr AMgryzI swihq ivc ‘kwiszm’
pScwqX tYmpU ijsdy ivc vwd “kwiszm” AQvw
“romwitiszm” sI ausy dw hI A`gy pirvrqn rUp
ieh pRgqIvwd hY[ ies pRgqIvwd dI jVH ieMglYNf
smwjk pRikirAw ie`Cq idSw smwjk kImqW nwl sMbMiDq
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ivc l`gI ies qoN bwd pRgqIvwd lyKk sMG dI
sQwpnw hY[10
vwsqv ivc swihq pRgqISIl huMdw hY, ikauNik swihq dw kwrj mnu`K nUM
jW mnu`KI smwj nUM Ax-auicq qoN auicq dy v`l lY ky jwxw huMdw hY pr ieQy ijs
“vwd” ivSyS ivc pRgqI nUM r`iKAw jw irhw hY, auh mwrks dy is`DWqw dw pRbl
smrQk hY jo pRgqI dy dwiery nUM sMKyp rUp ivc pyS krdw hY[ vwd: sMgXw,
crcw, iksy drSn (Swsqr) dw inSicq kIqw is`DWq, ijvyN ik AdvYqvwd
drSn hovy, mwnvqwvwdI hovy qW siQqI AnurUp kwiv pRgqISIl ho jWdw hY[
mnu`KI siBAqw dw Awidm qoN vrqmwn q`k ivkws ausdI pRgqISIlqw dw hI
pRqIk hY[ pRgqIvwd jIvn dI ivigAwnk idRStI hY, pRgqISIl Aqy pRgqIvwd
dI rcnw pRivrqI smwn hY[ dovyN hI smwjk sm`isAwvW nUM auTwauNdIAW hn qy
inmn vrg leI sMGrS krdIAW hn[ pRgqIvwdI swihq jnqw dI qr&dwrI
krn vwlw swihq hY[ pRgqIvwdI dy is`Dy ArQ BwvyN pRgqI jW ivkws nwl sMbMD
r`Kx vwly ivcwr hn, pr pRgqI ivSyS idSw ivc pu`itAw auh kdm hY, ijsdI
buinAwd mnu`KI kdrW-kImqW aupr AwDwirq hY[ pRgqIvwd dw sMklp bhuq
ivsiqRq hY[ ies dIAW mwnqwvW ies pRkwr hn:
• pRgqIvwdI idRStIkox BOiqkvwd qy AwDwirq hY[ iesdw eISvr, Awqmw
Awid dwrSink BwvnwvW nwl koeI sMbMD nhIN hY[
• pRgqI AMdrUnI guxW dy kwrn nhIN huMdI, sgoN ieh qW mnu`K dy cyqn XqnW dw
istw huMdI hY[ pRgqI krn leI tIcy nUM pihloN inrDwirq krnw zrUrI hY[
iPr sMklp nUM AwDwr bxw ky Xqn krny pYNdy hn[ jdoN aunHW XqnW ivc
s&lqw imldI hY Aqy inrDwirq tIcw pRwpq ho jWdw hY qW ausnUM pRgqI
AwKdy hn[
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• pUMjIvwd swmrwjvwd Awid pRiqikirAwvwdI q`qW dw AMq krky smwjvwd dI
sQwpnw krnw hI ausdw audyS hY[ ies audyS dI pUrqI leI nYiqk,
rwjnIqk Aqy swihqk prMprwvW dw ivroD krnw Av`Sk smJdw hY[
• pRgqIvwd swihq ivc smwj nUM ivSyS mh`qv pRdwn krdw hY Aqy ivAkqI
auqy ausdy inXMqrx dI zrUrq AnuBv krdw hY[
• pRgqI smwjk kImqW duAwrw inrDwirq huMdI hY[ ijs dyS kwl ivc jo
smwjk kImqW hoxgIAw aunHW Anuswr aunw dI pRgqI dw ivcwr hovygw[
pRgqI dy pirAwievwcI iek hor Sbd vI hY, ausdw vI izkr krnw lwzmI
hY Aqy auh hY kRWqI (Revolution), kRWqI vI iek pRkwr dw pirvrqn hY[ mnu`KI
smwjW dy lMmy smyN dy ieiqhws ivc iek mh`qvpUrn GVI (Movement), iek
Gtnw (Event) hY jo kdI hI AwauNdI hY[ kRWqI iek qrHW dI isKr hY jo mnu`KI
smwj dy ieiqhws nUM spSt rUp ivc pihlW Aqy ipCoN dy do p`KW jo iek dUjy qoN
iblku`l v`Kry hox ivc vMfdI hY[ kRWqI duAwrw ilAWdy gey pirvrqn dw pRBwv
kyvl vrqmwn smwj auqy hI nhIN blik mnu`KI smwj ivc Biv`K ivc hox vwly
ivkws auqy vI Aijhy FMg nwl pYNdw hY, mu`F ivc AsIN kdy soc jW ivSvws nhIN
kr skdy sI ik iesdy Aijhy fUMGy is`ty jW pirxwm inklxgy[ vwsqv ivc
kRWqI smwj dI vrqmwn siQqI ijs nUM nw-mnzUr (unacceptable) Aqy
AishXog kih id`qw igAw hovy, nwloN sMbMD qoVnw hY[ kRWqI iek pUrx qOr ’qy
iBMn smwjk Aqy mwnvI sMswr nUM punr sQwipq krn dy ierwdy (will ) dw
pRgtwvw krdI hY[ ies qrHW kRWqI dy nqIjy vjoN iek smUihkqw (collectivities)
dw dUjI smUihkqw dy iek Bwg dy mYNbr dI cyqnMqw (consciousness) Aqy
rv`eIey (Attitude) ivc fUMGw pirvrqn huMdw hY[ iesdy nwl hor vI pirvrqn
dohrI mwniskqw ivc (In Mentality) Aqy smwjk sMgTn (Social
Organization) ivc huMdy hn[ srl SbdW ivc jdoN smwjk pirvrqn iek dm
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huMdw hY Aqy bwhrI SkqI vI Awpxw Xogdwn pwauNdI hY qW ausnUM kRWqI kihMdy
hn[
kRWqI mu`K qOr qy smwjk sMdrB ivc AwauNdI hY Aqy iesdy iqMn mu`K kwrn
huMdy hn:
1. smwjk-ivSyS dy bhu-igxqI lokW dI vrqmwn siQqI nUM pirvrqn
krn dI mMg[
2. s&lqw pRwpqI dI aumId Aqy sMGrS dI pRoVqw[
3. s`qwDwrI vrg dI kmzorI ivc ivSvws[
sMKyp ivc kRWqI bhuq izAwdw ivAwpk, pUrn Aqy Acwnk Awey smwjk
pirvrqnW qoN huMdI hY[ ijnHW dy nqIjy vjoN nvIN smwjk ivvsQw dI sQwpnw
huMdI hY[ pr pRgqI qy kRWqI ivc &rk ieh hY ik pRgqI AihMswqmk,
pRcwrk/ivAwpk qy smUhkqw nUM klwvy ivc lY ky ivcrdI hY jdik kRWqI bhuqI
vwr ihMsk GtnwvW qy kuJ vrg qk sIimq ho ky ivgsdI hY[
(a) pRgqIvwd is`DWqk p`K Aqy ieiqhwsk ipCokV
pRgqI dy sDwrn ArQ qW aunqI Aqy ivkws nwl juVy hoey hn pr Awpxy
Swbidk ArQW qoN pwr ieh smwj, siBAwcwr Aqy mnoivigAwnk Awid p`KW qoN
hoNd gRihx krdw hY Aqy iehnW p`KW nUM moVvyN rUp ivc pRBwivq vI krdw hY[
pRgqI nUM ies sMdrB ivc ilAw jw skdw hY ik iesdw mnorQ jIvn pRgqI nUM
gqI pRdwn krn ivc hY[ pRgqIvwd dy is`Dy ArQ BwvyN pRgqI jW ivkws nwl
sMbMD r`Kx vwly hn, pr AwDuink swihq dI SwbdwvlI ivc ieh Sbd Awpxw
iek ivSyS ArQ r`Kdw hY, pRgqIvwdI swihq smwj nUM ivSyS mh`qv pRdwn
krdw hY Aqy ivAkqI auqy ausdy inXMqrx dI zrUrq AnuBv krdw hY[
pRgqIvwdI swihq swmrwj, swmMqvwd, Dwrmk AMD ivSvws, jmwqI lu`t-Ksu`t,
zwq-pwq, iesqrI jwqI dw dmn Awid iviSAW nUM pRgt krdI hY, auQy dUjy pwsy
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Zulwm mulkW/kOmW dI AwzwdI, mnu`KI brwbrI, sMswr Amn, rwStrI eykqw,
Dwrmk qy sMpRdwiek Bwvnw nUM AwDwr bxwauNdI hY[ ieh smkwlI smwjk
SkqIAW dI bOiDk pDr qy AgvweI krky smwjvwd dI sQwpnw krdw hY[ fw.
Aqr isMG dy ivcwr Anuswr:-
pRgqIvwdI swihq dw Bwv Aijhy swihq qoN hY ijhVw
auBr rhIAW smwjk SkqIAW dI bOiDk qOr qy
AgvweI krky smwjk pVwA smwjvwd dI sQwpnw
dI pRyrnw idMdw hY[11
AwDuink ivSv swihq nUM gWDI, mwrks, nIqSy Aqy Prwief ny bhuq
pRBwivq kIqw[ aus qoN pihlW jo swihq ricAw jWdw sI auh bhuq pRBwvvwdI
sI[ aus ivc izAwdwqr pRikrqI Aqy r`b dw izkr/gungwx kIqw igAw sI[
ausqoN bwAd kulIn vrg aupr iliKAw igAw Aqy jdoN swihq ivc nvIAW
mnu`KI kdrW-kImqW dw Awgmn hoieAw qW auh pRgqIvwdI swihq AKvwieAw[
jykr iesdy isDWqk p`K dI g`l kIqI jwvy qW iesdw is`DWq mwrks dy
dvMdwqmk BOiqkvwd aupr AwDwirq hY, ijhVw AwriQk Asmwnqw Aqy sMGrS
nUM ivkws dw mUl kwrn mMndw hY Aqy ieh jIvn dw ivigAwnk idRStIkox hY[
ieh iksy AidRS SkqI jW AlOikk mwnqwvW ivc ivSvws nhIN r`Kdw[ ieh
dwrSink qy smwjk is`DWq dI mUl jVH hY[ ijs Anuswr isRStI dw mUl pdwrQ
hY qy ieh pirvrqnSIl hY[ BOiqkvwd pdwrQ nUM mn nwloN sRySt smJdw hY[
pdwrQ qy mn ivckwr dvMd hox kwrn iesnUM dvMdwqmk ikhw igAw hY[
dvMdwqmk BOiqkvwd dw isDWq mwrks ny id`qw[
BwvyN Bwrq ivc clIAW rwjsI lihrW rwhIN
pRgqIvwdI rucIAW dw pRcwr huMdw irhw hY pr ivSyS
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idRStIkox qy inSicq ivcwrDwrw vjoN iesdw AwrMB
mwrksvwdI lihr rwhIN hI hoieAw[12
sDwrx SbdW ivc mwrksvwd qoN Bwv kwrl mwrks dIAW (1818-1883)
dwrSink ilKqW qoN hY[ kwrl mwrks dy ivcwrW ivc PrYfirk eyNglz (1820-
1895) dw vI v`fw Xogdwn irhw[ ies leI mwrksvwd ivc Engles dw vI
izkr huMdw hY[ mwrks mUl rUp ivc Awpxy gurU hIgl (Hegel) dy drSn-
Swsqr AwdrSvwd v`l sI, auQy mwrks ny auhnW ivcwrW jW isDWqW nUM
XQwrQvwd ivc vriqAw Aqy AwpxI iek nvIN ivcwrDwrw bxweI ijsnUM
ivigAwnk smwjvwd (Scientific Socialism) ikhw jWdw hY[ mwrks Awpxy smyN
dy AwriQk Aqy rwjnIqk FWcy qoN kwPI nwKuS sI[ ZrIbW dy SoSx qy AmIrW dy
rwj krn dI pRxwlI qoN pRBwivq ho ky mwrks ny iek Aijhy smwj dI sQwpnw
dw sMklp AwrMiBAw ijs ivc smwnqw dw isDWq pRmu`K sI[ AijhI smwjk,
AwriQk Aqy rwjnIqk ivvsQw nUM mwrks ny smwjvwd dw nwm id`qw[ mwrks
dI ivcwrDwrw qoN pRBwivq ho ky 1917 eI. ivc lYinn ny rUs ivc kRWqI ilAWdI
Aqy mwrksvwdI smwj dI sQwpnw kIqI[ 1949 eI. ivc mwau-qusy-quMg ny vI
mwrksvwd qoN pRyirq ho ky cIn nUM Awzwd krvwieAw mOjUdw smyN vI mwrks dI
ivcwrDwrw dy qihq dunIAw Br ivc vDyry rwjnIqk pwrtIAW rwj kr rhIAW
hn[
mwrksvwdI ivcwrDwrw muK qOr qy AwriQk, rwjnIqk jW iPr smwjk
isDWqw dw smUh hY[ ieh ivcwrDwrw kRWqI dy AwDwr qy pUMjIvwdI, AwriQk Aqy
rwjnIqk ivvsQw ^qm krky vrg-rihq smwj dI sQwpnw krnw cwhuMdI hY
ijs ivc ZrIb Aqy AmIr brwbr hoxgy[ Aijhy ivcwr Aqy ienHW dy AwDwrW
vwly isDWqW nUM mwrksvwd jW iPr ivigAwnk-smwjvwd (Scientific
Socialism) Aqy jW iPr pRoloqwrI smwjvwd ikhw jWdw hY[
13
smwjvwd auhnW AwriQk Aqy rwjnIqk isDWqW dw
smUh hY jo vrg-rihq smwj dI vkwlq krdy hn[
ijs ivc auqpwdn dy swDn Aqy vMf dI mlkIAq
rwj kol hovygI jW sMpUrx smwj dy ihq vwly jnqk
smUhW kol[13
mwrks dI ivcwrDwrw vI mUl rUp ivc smwjvwd hY Aqy iesdy smwjvwd
nUM ‘ivigAwnk’ ies leI kihMdy hn ikauNik ieh ieiqhws dy AiDAYn qy
AwDwirq hY, mnu`K dy mOjUdw du`KW-drdW nUM swhmxy r`KidAW pdwrQvwdI soc
nwl bxwieAw hoieAw hY[ iesnUM pRoloqwrI (Proleturian) ies leI kihMdy hn
ikauNik ies Anuswr smwjvwd ivc pRoloqwrIAw dI qwnwSwhI hovygI[ mwrks ny
AwpxI ies mUl ivcwrDwrw sMbMDI ijnHW isDwqW jW mwnqwvW nUM AwDwr bxwauNdw
hY[ ies pRkwr hn:
1. dvMdwqmk pdwrQvwd (Dilectical Material)
2. ieiqhws dI pdwrQvwdI ivAwiKAw (Meterialistic interpretation of
History)
3. bdlwv dI Dwrxw (The concept of change)
4. vrg sMGrS (Class Struggle)
5. vwDU-mu`l dw is`DWq (Theory of surplus-value)
6. mzdUr vrg dI qwnwSwhI (Dictatorship of Proletarians)
7. rwj dw srUp (Nature of the state)
8. Drm sMbMDI ivcwr (views about Religion)
dvMdwqmk pdwrQvwd: pdwrQvwd qoN Bwv auh q`q-ivigAwnk (Metaphysical)
isDWq hY jo pdwrQ nUM hI sB kuJ mMndw hY[
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pdwrQ jW BUq jw mwdw inrMqr gqISIl hY qy iesdy
ivkws nwl hI cyqnw hoNd ivc AwauNdI hY qy iPr
cyqnw vI isRStI dy ivkws auqy moVvW Asr pwauNdI
hY[ ies qrHW pdwrQ qy cyqnw dw dvMd sQwpq huMdw
hY[14
i&aurwbwK dI pdwrQvwdI ivcwrDwrw rwhIN mwrks vI pdwrQvwdI bx
igAw[ iesnUM dvMdwqmk ies leI AwiKAw jWdw hY ikauNik ieh ‘dvMd dI
ivDI’ (The Method of Dialects) qy ADwirq hY[
dvMd (Dialectic) – ieh Sbd gRIk BwSw dy Dialegin
qoN bixAw hY, ijs dw ArQ hY – bihs krnw (To
argue or converse) plYto dy smyN ies dw ArQ–
pRSn Aqy auqrW rwhIN dlIl bwzI dw rUp sI (A
form of Argumentation through questions and
answers)15
hIgl ny iesnUM qwrikkqw qoN q`q ivigAwnk bxw ky vriqAw[ aus Anuswr
Awqmw (Spirit) dy ivkws dI pRikirAw Dialects dy qOr qy huMdI hY[ aus Anuswr
AiDAwqmk (Idealistic) ivkws dI pRikirAw qrk dy AwDwr qy huMdI hY, ijsnUM
hIgl dvMdwqmk kihMdw hY[ ies ivc pRmu`K iqMn AvsQwvW huMdIAW hn:
1. p`K (Thesis)
2. ivp`K (Anti-Thesis)
3. sMslySx (Synthesis)
hr mu`Flw ivcwr iek p`K hY Aqy Awaux vwly smyN ivc jo ivcwr ies
pihly ivcwr dw ivroDI huMdw hY, auh ivp`K hY[ ivroD hox dy dovW nUM imSrq hoxw
pYNdw hY Aqy ies imSrq qoN bwAd jo vI bxdw hY ausnUM sMslySx kihMdy hn Bwv
15
iek ivcwr dw jdoN koeI hor ivcwr ivroD krdw hY qW iek nvW ivcwr pYdw
huMdw hY, iesnUM ieMJ smJ skdy hW:
Thesis Anti Thesis
Synthesis Anti Thesis
Synthesis Anti Thesis
Synthesis ……………
hIgl Anuswr koeI vI ivkws ies dvMdwqmk pRikirAw qoN ibnW AsMBv
hY[ mwrks Anuswr pUMjIvwd smwj ivc AmIr (ijsnUM mwrks ny Bourgeoisie
jW Have ikhw hY) p`K hn Aqy smW Awaux qy ZrIb (ijsnUM ausny Proletarian
jW Have notes) ikhw hY ivp`K dI BUimkw inBwauxgy Aqy dovW tkrwA hovygw
ijsnUM auh vrg-sMGrS (class struggle) Aqy ies ivcoN iek nvyN smwj dI
sQwpnw hovygI (sMslySx), ijsnUM auh smwjvwd kihMdw hY[ ies qrHW mwrks ny
hIgl dI dvMdwqmk ivAwiKAw nUM AwdrSvwd ivcoN ilAw ky pdwrQvwd ivc
lwgU kIqw hY[ ies sMbMDI mwrks ilKdw hY:
myrI dvMdwqmk ivDI hIgl dy dvMDW qoN Al`g hI
nhIN; blik ault hY, mYnUM hIgl dy dvMD isr Bwr
KVy nzr Awey mYN auhnW nUM pYrW Bwr kr idqw[16
ieiqhws dI pdwrQvwdI ivAwiKAw: mwrksvwd dw dUsrw mh`qvpUrn is`DWq hY
ieiqhws dI pdwrQvwdI ivAwiKAw[ mwrks dvMdwqmk pdwrQvwd rwhIN
Awpxy smwjvwd nUM iek ivigAwnk AwDwr dyxw cwhuMdw sI[ ies leI ausny
ieiqhws dI ivAwiKAw Awpxy ivcwrW nwl kIqI[ ijQy hIgl ieiqhwsk ivkws
ivc dYvI q`qW nUM pRDwn mMndw hY, auQy mwrks pdwrQk q`qW dI mh`qqw spSt
16
krdw hY[ ieQy pdwrQvwd qoN Bwv auh isDWq jo jIvn leI zrUrI BOiqk vsqW
nUM pRDwn mMndw hY, AwriQk zrUrqW mnu`K ivc sB qoN pihlW hn[ mwrks nUM
ieiqhws ivc ieh AwriQk zrUrqW hI nzr AweIAW, iesy AwDwr qy auh
ilKdw hY ik ieiqhws ivc hr AvsQw ivc vrg sMGrS cldw irhw hY[
ieiqhws dI hr Gtnw Aqy pirvrqn AwriQk SkqIAW dw is`tw hn[
mwrks-eyNglz ny pUMjIvwd smwj-pRbMD dy AiDAYn
qoN smwjk ivkws dy ijnHW smwnX (General) nymW dI
sQwpnw kIqI hY[ aunHW nUM hI ieiqhwsk BOiqkvwd dw
nW id`qw jWdw hY[17
iesy AwDwr ’qy mwrks ieiqhws nUM pMjw XugW ivc vMfdw hY:
1. pRwcIn Xu`g (Primitive Communism)
2. dws Xu`g ( Slave Epoch)
3. swmMq Xu`g ( Feudal Epoch)
4. pUMjIvwdI Xug (Capitalistic Epoch)
5. smwjvwdI Xu`g (Socialistic Epoch)
Aw^rI Xug bwry ausdI Dwrxw ieh hY ik iesdI sQwpnw qW hovygI jd
smwj ivc koeI vrg Aqy nw hI vrg sMGrS hovygw[
pirvrqn dI Dwrxw: smwjk Aqy AwriQk ivvsQwvW bdlwaux dI pRikirAw
ivc hn[ mwrks vI sQweI ivvsQwvW dy ivcwrW nUM nkwrdw hY[ pirvrqn qoN
Bwv hY nvyN FWicAW/nvyN rUpW dw inrmwx[
vrg sMGrS: mwrksvwdI idRStIkox qoN mu`K vrgW ivckwr sMbMD prspr
inrBrqw (Mutual Dependance) Aqy sMGrS (conflict) dw hY[ mwrks
Anuswr pUMjIvwdI smwj ivc do mu`K vrg burzuAw Aqy pRoloqwrI hn[ AwDuink
smwj ivc ieh auc Aqy inmn vrg (Ruling class) jW SoiSq (Subject class)
17
dy rUp ivc vyKx nUM imldw hY[ iehnW nUM jykr hor srl smJxw hovy qW ies
qrHW drjw bMdI hovygI:
1. pUMjIpqI aucyrw vrg (The Propetyless class)
2. sMpqI hIx s&yd kwlr mzdUr (The Propertyless white collor workers)
3. Coty pUMjIpqI (Petty Bourgeoise)
4. h`Q dI ikrq jw srIrk imhnq krn vwlw mzdUr (The Manual
working class)
mwrks ny AwpxI pusqk dws kYptIl (dass capital) dI qIsrI ijld
(voll III ) ivc vrg dy sMklp dw ivvsQw pRiqpwdn AwrMB kIqw hY qy ikhw ik
pUMjIvwdI smwj iqMn mu`K vrg hn: pUMjIpqI, BoN-mwlk Aqy mzdUr[
“smu`cy qOr qy smwj v`D qoN v`D do ivroDI iDrW do
mhwn vrgW jo pRq`K ’qy iek dUsry dw swhmxw jw
mukblw krdy hn, burzuAw Aqy pRoloqwrI ivc
ivBwijq ho irhw hY[18
vwDU mu`l dw is`DWq: vrg-sMGrS dy is`DWq ivc mwrks ny pUMjIvwd ivc hI
pUMjIvwd ƒ Kqm krn dy bIjW dI g`l kIqI hY[ 19vIN sdI ivc ArQ
SwsqrIAW ny pRvwn kr ilAw sI ikrq hI vsqU dw mu`l inrDwirq krdI hY
(Labour creats the value of a commodity) ies dlIl qoN mwrks Awpxy
isDWq dI SurUAwq krdw hY[ hr auqpwdn dI AslI kImq ausdI lwgq Aqy
mzdUrW dI imhnq dy AwDwr ’qy huMdI hY, pr mwlk ausnUM bwzwr ivc vwDU mu`l
qy vycdy hn[ ies vwDU mu`l nUM pUMjIpqI Awp hI r`K lYNdy hn[ mwrks dw kihxw
hY, pUMjIpqIAW duAwrw Awpxy kol r`iKAw igAw ieh Dn hI ‘vwDU mu`l’ hY[ iek
mzdUr jo imhnq krdw hY ausdw mu`l Aqy auh jo Asl ivc pRwpq krdw hY
ivckwr AMqr hI vwDU mu`l hY[
18
“ijhVy ivAkqI ikrq dy swDnW dy mwlk bx ky
Awp ikrq nhIN krdy jw AwpxI kIqI ikrq nwloN
aupj ivcoN v`D ih`sw lY jWdy hn auh ikrqIAW dI
kmweI dy isr qy ijauNdy hn[ ieho ikrq dI lut
(Exploitation) AKvwauNdI hY[19
rwj dw srUp : mwrks Anuswr rwj jW rwjnIqk ivvsQW iek vrgI sMsQw
(class Institution) hY[ ieh hmySw hI AmIr vrgW nUM ZrIb vrg qy SoSx krx
ivc shwiek huMdw hY[ iesdw ZrIb nUM koeI Pwiedw nhIN huMdw[ rwj dI mdd
nwl SoSk (Exploition) SoSq (Exploited) qy AwpxIAW ieCwvW Qopdw hY[ rwj
ijQy ZrIbW dy vwDU mu`L Koh ky AmIrW nUM idMdw hY auQy hI ZrIbW AMdr ieh
Bwvnw Brdw hY ik rwj ivruD ivdroh eISvr pRqI pwp hY[ ies qrHW rwj kyvl
iek dmndwrI sMsQw (oppression Institution) hY[
Drm sMbMDI ivcwr: mwrks Drm nUM jnqw dI A&Im (opium) kihMdw hY[ ieh
AmIrW rwhIN ZrIbW qy SoSx krn dw swDn hY[
Drm lokW leI A&Im dw kMm krdw hY, ieh mnu`KI
mnW ivc auhnW bwhrI SkqIAW dw isAwsI prqO hY
ijhVIAw aus dy rozwnw jIvn auqy kMtrol r`KdIAW
hn[ iek Aijhw prqO, ijs ivc sMswrk SkqIAW
pRw-sMswrk SkqIAW dw rUp Dwrn krdIAW hn[20
rwjy Aqy SwskW dI qrHW pUMjIvwdI vI Drm nUM swDn vjoN vrqdy hn[ mwrks dw
ivcwr hY Drm, prmwqmw Aqy Dwrimk gqIivDIAW AmIrW rwhIN ZrIbW nUM id`qI
geI A&Im hY qW jo auh nSy ivc hI rihx Aqy auhnW qy SoSx krdy AmIr
AwpxI AYSo-ieSrq (Luxry) brkrwr r`K skx[
19
mwrksvwd ny smwj ivigAwnW ivc iek qrHW dI kRWqI lY AWdI[ ieh
ivvhwr ivc sB qoN kwmXwb irhw smwj drSn hY[ mwrks dI ivcwrDwrw qoN
pRBwivq ho ky lYinn, stwiln, mwau-qusy-quMg ny ies qihq rUs Aqy cIn ivc
rwjnIqk q^qw plitAw[ ies ivcwrDwrw qihq bxIAW rwjnIqk pwrtIAW
vI kw&I kwmXwb hoeIAW hn[ Bwrq ivc mOjUdw (UPA) dI srkwr iesy pwrtI
(CPM) qy AwDwirq hY[ iesy qrHW p`CmIN bMgwl ivc ipCly 28 swlW qoN auqy
kyrlw ivc iesy pwrtI dIAW srkwrW hn[ Aijhy smyN ivc rwjnIqk,
AwriQk, Dwrimk smwjk qrutIAW nUM dUr krn leI punr jwgrn AMdoln
cilAw[ ieQy auhnW ivdvwnW dw izkr vI lwzmI bxdw hY, ijhnW ny iesnUM
ivhwrk rUp ivc ApxwieAw[
PrYNfirk eyNglz : eyNglj vI mwrks dI qrHW gMBIr Aqy suihrdqw vwly
dUrdrSI sn[ auhnW ny CotI aumr ivc hI bhuq swrIAW ikqwbW ilK idqIAW[
eyNglz BwvyN ^ud vI SyRSt lyKk sn pr iPr vI auh mwrks dI pRiqBw qoN bhuq
izAwdw pRBwivq sn[ auh mwrks dI AiDAYn, qrk, ivSlySx Aqy ivcwr-
idRStI dy pRSMsk sn[ iehnW dovW ivc ieqnI dosqI dw kwrn dovW dy ivcwrw
ivc bhuq h`d q`k smwnqw sI[ eyNglz dy Anuswr, ieiqhws dI BOiqkvwdI
idRStI qoN ieiqhws dw inrxwiek q`qv vwsqv ivc auqpwdn AQvw pRiq-
auqpwdn hY[ Agr koeI ieh kihMdw hY ik AwriQk q`q hI eyk-mwqr
inrxwiek q`q hY qW iPr ienHW mwnqwvW qoN ieh spSt hY ik mwrks mwnvI
cyqnw nUM vsqU-AwDwirq, pirsiQqI AwDwirq Aqy smwj AwDwirq mMndy hn[
iehI cyqnw swihq drSn nUM jnm idMdI hY[ auqpwdn dy swDnW dy ivkws nwl
hI smwj ny ivkws kIqw Aqy ies ivkws-kwl ny smwj ivc iviBMn rUp Dwrn
kIqw[ iesdw qqkwlIn swihq qy vI pRBwv ipAw[ eyNglz ny mwrks dy nwl
20
imlky qW iliKAw hI sI, ausqoN ielwvw auhnW ny bhuq swry lyK mwrks dI
qr&oN mwrks dy nwm ilKy[
mwrks ijnHW idnW ivc Awpxy gRMQ “kYptIl” aupr
kMm kr rhy sn auhnW idnW ivc hI auhnW nUM
“inauXwrk fylI itRibaun” ivc ilKx dw kMm
imilAw, pr auh eyny izAwdw msrU& sn ik auhnW
kol A^bwr leI ilKx dw vkq nhIN sI, ies leI
ieh kMm auhnW ny eyNglz nUM sOipAw, Aqy Awp
Awpxw iDAwn “pUMjI” gRMQ ilKx v`l lgw ilAw[21
eyNglz ny mwrks dI mh`qvpUrn pusqk (capital) ivc vI Awpxw
Xogdwn pwieAw[ jdoN mwrks nUM ieh pqw l`gw ik ibmwrI dI kwrn auh hux
nhIN ilK skxgy, qW auhnW ny AwpxI swrI smgrI eyNglz dy hvwly krky
ikqwb dy Agly KMf iqAwr krn vwsqy ikhw[ eyNglz ny vI AwpxI swrI aUrjw
Aqy idRStI muqwibk Agly KMf iqAwr kIqy[ ies qoN ielwvw mwrks dw
ApRkwiSq swihq vI pRkwiSq krvwieAw[
lYinn: lYinn rUs dy rwjnIqk Aqy dwrSink ivdvwn sn, ijnHW ny pihlI vwr
mwrks dIAW mwnqwvW nUM ApxwieAw[ auhnW ny klpnw nUM swihq leI rOick
q`q mMinAw lYinn dw ieh dwAvw sI ik swihq Awpny Xu`g dIAW pRivrqIAW qoN
ApRBwivq nhIN rih skdw[ smwj dy srUp ivc pirvrqn auqpwdn pRxwlI
krky AwauNdw hY Aqy ieh pirvrqn smwj ivc nvyN swihq dw inrmwx krdw
hY[
lYinn ny klw Aqy swihq dIAW DwrwvW hI nhIN sgoN
swrIAW pRikirAwvW dw vrg-idRStIkox qoN ivcwrn
dI idRStI auqy bl idqw[ auhnW ny iliKAw hY, ivSv
21
mwnv nUM sMquSt krn ivc sdw hI AsmrQ irhw hY,
Aqy mn`uK ausnUM Awpxy qrIky nwl bdlx dw Xqn
krdw hY[22
plYKwnov: kwiv-kwl auqy mwrksvwdI idRStIkox qoN ivcwr krn vwly rUsI
icMqkW ivc lYinn qoN bwAd plYKwnov dw sQwn mh`qvpUrn hY[ plYKwnov ny klw
jW swihq nUM smwjk pirsiQqIAW dw pRqIPl ikhw, auhnW dy Anuswr mnu`K dy
smwjk sMbMD hI ausdy jIvn nUM pRBwivq krdy hn[ klw Aqy swihq dy Kyqr
ivc auhnW dI idRStI aupXogqwvwdI rhI[ auhnW dw m`q hY ik
klw kyvl mnu`K dy BwvW dI hI nhIN sgoN ausdy BwvW
Aqy ivcwrW dovW dI AiBivAkqI krdI hY[ ausdw
mwiDAm koeI vI ho skdw hY[23
iksy vI ivAkqI dI klw dw inrDwrn ausdI mwnisk siQqI duAwrw
huMdw hY[ ausdI mwnisk siQqI ausdI pirsiQqI dI dyx hY[ AMiqm ivSlySx
ivc ausdw inrDwrn ausdy auqpwdn swDn AQvw ausdy auqpwdn dy sMbMD dy
AwDwr auqy huMdw hY[ auh klw dy sMbMD ivc BOiqkvwdI idRStI r`Kdy hn Aqy
klw nUM ivAkqI dI mwnisk siQqI dI dyx mMndy hn[ klw Aqy smwj dy
prspr sMbMD bwry Awpxw m`q pyS krdy hoey auhnW ikhw ik kuJ lokW dI idRStI
ivc klw mwnvI cyqnw Aqy smwjk ivvsQW dy ivkws dw swDn hY[
mYkism gorkI : sovIAq kRWqI qoN bwAd mwrksvwdI ivcwrDwrw nUM lY ky swihq
Aqy klw dy Kyqr ivc ijs “smwjvwdI XQwrQ” dI SurUAwq hoeI ausdy
jnmdwqw mYkism gorkI hn[ vIhvIN sdI dy pihly crn ivc sovIAq BUmI
ivc ijs swihq dw inrmwx hoieAw, aus dIAW Anyk ivSySqwvW sn[ auhnW
ikhw sI:
22
rUsI jnqw dw XQwrQvwdI rUp pOrwixk AMD-ivSvwsW
nUM jkVy, mwr Kwey ikswnW dw hY[24
gorkI ny iehnW mwnqwvW nUM lY ky Awpxy swihq dw inrmwx kIqw[ auhnW
dy Anuswr smwjvwdI XQwrQ dy pRkwS ivc do audySW dI pUrqI Av`Sk hY:
1. mnu`K dI pRgqI ivc rukwvt pwaux vwlIAW swrIAW SkqIAW aupr rok
lgwauxI[
2. nvyN XQwrQ dI s&lqw nUM klwqmk rUp dy ky sMXonw, inrDwirq krnw
Aqy nwiek nUM AwdrS rUp ivc pRsquq krnw[25
smwjvwdI XQwrQvwdI swihq dy Kyqr ivc iek swihqkwr dy rUp ivc
hI nhIN sgoN iek mhwn icMqk dy rUp ivc vI mYkism gorkI dI dyx mh`qvpUrn
hY[
ikRstoPr kwfvY~l: ikRstoPr kwfvY~l mwrksvwdI is`DWqW dI sQwpnw krn vwly
pihly ivdvwn hn[ auhnW ny dvMdwqmk BOiqkvwd dI ip`T-BUmI ivc swihq dy
jo ieiqhwsk ivkws dI ivAwiKAw pRsquq kIqI, auh bhuq mh`qvpUrn hY[
auhnW ny klw Aqy swihq dw ivvycn smwj SwsqrI idRStI qoN kIqw[ auhnW dy
Anuswr:
“ieiqhwisk BOiqkvwdI idRStI hI smwj SwsqrI
idRStI hY[ auhnW ny kwiv dw audBv Aqy ivkws dw
ivvycn iesy idRStI qoN kIqw[ auhnW d`isAw ik
Awidm Xu`g ivc mnu`KI jIvn swmUihk sI[ aus dIAW
ikirAwvW Aqy kMm vI swmUihk sn[ kudrqI Aw&qW,
bwhrI hmly dI siQqI ivc vI swirAW dI
pRqIikirAw swmUihk rUp ivc hI huMdI sI[ iesdw
iek pRmu`K kwrn ieh hY ik mnu`K dw ivAkiqqv
23
ivkws nhIN sI hoieAw[ hOlI-hOlI mwnv jIvn ivc
AiDkwr dI lwlsw pYdw hoeI[ ies lwlsw ny vrg-
Byd nUM jnm id`qw[26
kwfvY~l ny PrwiefvwdI iQaurI qW ApxweI pRMqU ausdw swr AMS Awpxy BwvW
duAwrw kIqw[ ausny supny Aqy kivqw ivc AMqr d`isAw[ supny ivc mnu`K mno-
ivkwrW dw dws huMdw hY, jdik kivqw ivc mno-ivkwrW dw suAwmI huMdw hY[
mwau-qusy-quMg: mwau-qusy-quMg vI lYinn dI qrHW hI mwrks dIAW mwnvqwvW Aqy
AwdrSW nUM smwjk jIvn ivc swkwr vyKx dy icMqk hn[ auhnW ny swihq qy
klw dy jo ivcwr ivAkq kIqy auh mwrksvwd AQvw pRgqIvwd dy srUp qoN
smJx vwlI idRStI qoN mh`qvpUrn hn[ auhnW ny mu`K rUp ivc do g`lW auqy
pRkwS pwieAw:
1. swihq iks dy vwsqy hY?
2. swihq Awpxy audyS dI pUrqI iks pRkwr krdw hY?
swihq nUM aupjwaux vwlIAW pirsiQqIAW smwjk jIvn ivcoN aupjdIAW
hn Aqy iehnW pirsiQqIAW dw Asr smwjk jIvn ivc AsiQrqw pYdw krdw
hY qW, bu`DIjIvI vrg ausdI ivroDqw krdy hoey Aijhw swihq rcdy hn jo
AijhIAW siQqIAW dy i^lwP Aqy mwnvI ih`qW dy AnukUl hoey[ AijhI ilKq
pVH ky jdoN sDwrn lokW ivc cyqnw AwauNdI hY Aqy auh vI iesdw smrQn
krdI hY qW ies pRkwr swihq dy audyS dI pUrqI huMdI hY[ mwau-qusy-quMg, klw
swihq Aqy audyS nUM Awpxy Anuswr ivAkq krdy hoey ilKdy hn:
AsI dvMdwvwdI BOiqkvwdI hW[ AsIN audyS Aqy
pirxwm dovW nUM iek dUjy nwl imlw ky vyKx ivc
ivSvws r`Kdy hW[ ieh donoN iek dUjy qoN v`K nhIN
kIqy jw skdy[ Agr lokW leI koeI kMm krn nwl
24
koeI pirmwx nhIN inkldw jW ausdy pirxwm dw lokI
svwgq nhIN krdy qW auh ivArQ hY[27
klwqmk mwpdMf dI idRStI qoN klw Aqy swihq dw mulWkx zrUrI hY pr
klw dI idRStI qoN ausdw cMgw jW mwVw pRBwv dw inrxw aus smwj qy pYx vwly
pRBwv dI ksOtI qy krnw cwhIdw hY[
(A) pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw: kOmI Aqy kOmWqrI p`Dr qy ivkws
vIhvIN sdI dy pihly dhwikAW dw smW Aijhw smW AwiKAw jw skdw hY
ijs ivc AMqr-rwStrI p`Dr aupr bhuq swrIAW GtnwvW vwprIAW sn[
Pwiszm qy swmrwjI hmly, smwjvwdI mulkW dI riKAw, kOmWqrI mzdUr lihr
qy lokqMqrI AiDkwrW dI AwzwdI leI nvIN idSw dw inrdyS kIqw jwvy[
ikauNik ikrqIAW Aqy srmweydwrW dy ih`q iek dUjy qoN ault sn[ ieh iKcoqwx
qy AwpsI AsiQrqw hI pihly ivSv XuD dw kwrn bxI[ ies qoN ielwvw
ivigAwn Aqy audXog dIAW l`BqW sdkw pYdwvwrI SkqIAW ny ivkws kIqw[
iBMn-iBMn pRkwr dIAW vsqW dIAW mMgW vDx l`gIAW Aqy AMqr-rwStrI mMfI
dw rUp inKrn l`gw[ ieQoN hI mSInI Xu`g dw AwrMB hoieAw izAwdw jldI Aqy
izAwdw imkdwr ivc mwl mSInW rwhIN hI sMBv sI, GrylU audXog Aqy
dsqkwrI ieqnI jldI iehnW kMmW nUM AMzwm nhIN sI dy skdI[ pYdwvrI
SkqIAW dy ivkws sdkw pYdwvr pihlW nwloN guxwqmk Aqy igxwqmk p`KoN
bhuq vDI[ v`D munw&w kmwaux Aqy nvIAW mMfIAW kwiem krn dI loV ny
swmrwj nUM jnm id`qw[ ies vD munw&y vwly dOr ivcoN ivroDwBws aupjxw SurU ho
igAw[ ijsdy krky srmweydwrI ivvsQw nUM iqMn qrHW dy buinAwdI ivroDW dw
swhmxw krnw ipAw[ pihlW ikrq Aqy srmwey ivclw ivroD hY[
ijsny mzdUr jmwq nUM Awps ivc joiVAw hI nhIN sgoN swmrwj Aqy
burjUAwzI ivr`uD f`t ky KVw kIqw[ burzUAwzI h`QoN lutINdI ikrqI jmwq ny
25
Awpxy ih`qW dI sur`iKAw leI XUrp dy v`K-v`K dySW ivc iq`Ky Gol kIqy[ pihlw
ieh Gol AMsgiTq Aqy Awp muhwry sn, ijsdy krky izAwdw s&lqw nhIN
imlI[ smwjk nymW nUM smJx vwsqy ivigAwnk isDwqW dI loV sI[
ies pRkwr pRoloqwrI AMdoln dy ivkws ny hI ivigAwn
dy swhmxy iek bVw mh`qvpUrn kMm ilAw KVw kIqw,
iek kRWqIkwrI is`DWq isrjx pUMjIvwd dy ivru`D Aqy
smwjvwd dy hk ivc ivcwrDwrk hiQAwr GVn dw
kMm Aqy ivigAwn ny ijsdI pRqIinDqw mwrks Aqy
eyNglz krdy hn[28
dUjw ivroD inrBr dySW dIAW kOmW Aqy aunHW dI lu`t-Ksu`t krn vwly
swmrwjI ivclw ivroD hY[ ijsny inrBr dySW ivc swmrwjI rwjW ivru`D ivdroh
dI Bwvnw pYdw kIqI, AwriQk Aqy rwjsI svwDInqw pRwpq krn leI rwStrI
AMdolnW nUM jnm id`qw[ iek hor bhu-idSwvI ivroD-^ud iehnW swmrwjI dySW
ivckwr k`cy mwl dI pRwpqI leI Aqy mMfIAW dI AzwrydwrI leI c`l ipAw[
ivSv dw pihlW Aqy dUjw Xu`D iesy dI dyx hY[ sMswr ivc ies qrHW pihlW kdy
vI Aijhy ivnwSkwrI Xu`D nhIN hoey[ aunHIvIN sdI Aqy vIhvIN sdI dy AwrMB qoN
hI p`CmI dySW ivc kuJ AijhIAW GtnwvW vwprn l`gIAw, ijnHW ny dunIAw dw
iDAwn Awpxy v`l iK`c ilAw[
sMn 1917 ivc rUs ivc lYinn dI AgvweI ivc
mhwn smwjvwdI kRWqI s&l hoeI[ ieh smwjvwdI
kRWqI sMswr dI auh mhwn ieiqhwsk Gtnw sI ijsny
rUs dI kwieAw-klp kIqI pr nwl hI ivSv Br dI
SoiSq-pIiVq mwnvqw dy swhmxy srv-p`KI SkqI dw
drvwzw vI Kol id`qw[29
26
sMswr ivc ies jyqU ienklwb dy qjrby ny sWJy ienklwbI AwdrSW dI
cyqnw jgweI[ bsqIvwdI Aqy ArD-bsqIvwdI dySW ivc cl rhy rwStr mukqI
AMdolnW Aqy smwjvwdI kRWqIkwrI lihrW nUM nvW auqSwh Aqy bl bKiSAw[ pr
dUjy pwsy ihtlr dI nwjIvwd ivc sQwpnw nwl sMn 1933 ivc ieh SkqIAW
Awpxy is^r qy phuMc cukIAW sn Aqy ivSv Amn leI iek gMBIr ^qrw bx
geIAW sn[ kimauinstW auqy dmn c`kr qoN ielwvw ienHW SkqIAW ny
audwrvwdI ivcwrW vwly buDImwnW Aqy swihqkwrW auqy vI dmn krnw SurU kr
id`qw[ iesdw nqIjw ieh hoieAw ik bhuq swry swihqkwrW klwkwrW Aqy
bu`DIjIvIAW ny AwpxI jwn-mwl dI r`iKAw krky jrmnI Aqy ietlI ivcoN bwhr
ho gey[ ies v`Ddy AiqAwcwr ivruD iek m`uT ho ky sMGrS krn leI jUn 1933
eI. ivc pYirs dy plyA hwl ivc kimauinstW v`loN iek kWgrs dw AwXojn
kIqw igAw[
XUrp dy qIh l`K qoN vI AiDk mzdUrW dy pRiqinD
kimauinst, kuJ smwjk jnvwdI mzdUr Aqy
pRgqISIl bu`DIjIvI ieQy aupsiQq sn… kWgrs dw
mu`K svr smsq PwiSSt-ivroDIAW dw ivAwpk
AwDwr auqy jMgI sMXukq morcw bxwaux dw ivcwr sI,
cwhy auh PwiSSt ivroDI iksy vI pwrtI ivc inSTw
r`Kdy hox, iksy vI Drm dy AnuXweI hox Srq isr&
ieh sI ik auh Pwiszm dw q^qw aultwaux Aqy
swmrwjvwdI jn-sMhwr rokx leI sihXog krn leI
iqAwr hox[30
27
PwiSstvwd iek ^qrw bx igAw sI, jnvwdI Aqy AmnpsMd SkqIAW
leI, iehnW SkqIAW nUM Awpxy h`kW Aqy hoNd dI r^vwlI leI sMGrS krnw
lwzmI ho igAw[
sMn 1934 ivc &rWs ivc bxy sMXukq morcy ny sMswr
dy dUjy dySW A`gy PwSIvwd ivru`D lVn leI iek
pRyrnwdwiek audwhrx pyS kIqI[31
sMswr dy pRmu`K mulkW ivc ieko BYA Aqy icMqw sI ik, iksy nw iksy qrHW
PwSIvwd SkqIAW nUM hrwieAw jwvy[ ies krky sMswr dIAW swrIAW AgWh-vDU
SkqIAW dI nIqI cwhy auh ikqy vI KVy hox, PwSIvwd ivru`D roh nUM auBwrnw sI[
spny dI GrogI jMg iesdI audwhrx hY, ijQy AMqr-
rwStrI bRIgyf lVn leI igAw ijs ivc dunIAw Br
dy au~Gy ivdvwn i&lws&r Aqy lyKk vI Swiml hoey[
ies jMg ivc hI do supRis`D ivdvwn icMqn ikRstoPr
kwfvY~l Aqy rwlP Pwks ShId hoey[32
sMn 1934 ivc swry PwiSst ivroDIAW duAwrw sMXukq kwrvweI dw
kimauinstW v`loN id` qw ivcwr pRgqISIl bu`DIjIvIAW dy mn ivc bYT igAw[
ies qrHW ies lihr dI kOmWqrI pDr qy ipT BUmI iqAwr ho geI[ swihqk qOr
qy pRgqIvwdI pRivrqI dw AwrMB qih krnw hovy qW inrsMdyh ieh vIhvIN sdI dy
mu`Fly dhwikAW q`k jw phuMcdw hY[ ies ivkwsvwdI icMqnDwrw ny mnu`KI smwj
nUM rYfIkl (suDwrvwdI) dwrSinkqw pRdwn kIqI Aqy iesdI suhjwqmk idRStI
qoN pRgqIvwd Aqy smwjvwd vrgy nvyN sMklp pYdw hoey[ iesdy nwl hI smwjk
XQwrQ dw iek nvW pihlU swhmxy AwauNdw hY[ fw. jsbIr isMG dy kQn
Anuswr:
28
pRgqIvwdI pRBwv hyTW m`DvrgI ivAkqIvwd ny nvIN
smwjkqw AQvw nvyN smwjI irSiqAW nUM mwnvvwd dy
pRkwS Aqy Awqm pUrqI leI iek mwiDAm dy qOr qy
qs`vr kIqw sI pr ikauNik mDvrgI mwnvvwd dw
AWqirk qrk, pRgqIvwd dy ivcwrDrweI ru^ nwl
ieksur nhIN sI, ies leI dohW dw AwpsI dvMd
smwjI siQqI bdlx nwl auBr ky swhmxy AwieAw
Aqy romWitk pRgqIvwd XQwrQvwd dy ivgTn dw
kwrn bixAw[ pRgqIvwd ivc do prspr ivroDI
rucIAW rs rhIAW vyKIAW jw skdIAW hn[ iek
pwsy bwhrmu`KI vwsqivkqw nUM pkV lYx leI hU-b-hU
pySkwrI dI pRivrqI hY Aqy dUjy pwsy siQqI nUM vwd-
sWcy ivc Fl ky pUrvinSicq nwm rUp ivc pRgtwaux
dI rucI hY[33
ies ivcwrDwrw ny drswieAw ik A`q-ivksq dySW nwloN pihlW,
ienklwb pCVy dySW ivc hoeygw[ pRgqIvwdI Dwrw dohrI nIqI dy ADIn ivcrdI
hY, ieh ivroDwBws Aqy aupdySwqmk idRStI lY ky aupjI[ ivroDwBws; qqkwlIn
siQqIAW pirsiQqIAW aupr ktwKS dy rUp ivc ivgsI Aqy aupdySwqmk,
AwdrSwqmk smwjk Aqy mwnvvwdI BwvnwvW dI AiBivAkqI dI pySkwrI
kIqI[
ies ivkwsvwdI pRivrqI ny smu`cy ivSv-swihq nUM pRBwivq kIqw[ pihly
ivSv Xu`D (1914-18) dI iBAMkr qbwhI kwrn XUrpI smwj nUM AwriQk mMdvwVy
dw swhmxw krnw ipAw sI[ ies smyN dOrwn ietlI ivc msoilnI dw Pwiszm
Aqy ihtlr dw nwzIvwd lokqMqr auqy ^qrw bx ky mMfrwaux l`gy[
29
mncUrIAw aupr jpwn dy hmly, ietlI dw ieQopIAw
nUM hVp kr lYxw Aqy jrmn-ietlI dy h`QoN spyn
gxrwj dy ^wqmy ny ‘lIg Aw& nySn dw Bog pw
id`qw[ ienHW pirsiQqIAW ivc swrI dunIAw dy icMqk
Aqy klwkwr TMbr jhy gey sn[34
iehnW pirsiQqIAw ny hI dUjy ivSv Xu`D dI ip`T BUmI iqAwr kIqI[ dUjy
ivSvXu`D (1939-45) dI iBAwnk qbwhI/qRwsdI auprMq XUrpI smwj AwriQk
mMdvwVy dI jkV ivc Ps igAw sI[ AijhI siQqI ivc swihq Aqy siBAwcwr
dI r`iKAw leI buDIjIvI iek mMc qy iek`Ty hox l`gy[ ies sbMDI ryKw AvsQI
dI it`pxI hY ik:
pRgqISIl AMdoln ivSv dy PwSIvwd ivroDI AMdoln
dw vI ie`k AMg sI aunHW ienW ivc nwzI jrmnI
mhWXu`D dIAW zbrdsq iqAwrIAW ivc l`igAw
hoieAw sI, cIn qy jpwnI swmrwjvwdIAW ny hmlw
kr id`qw sI[ XuDvwdI SkqIAW Awpxy dyS dIAw
siBAwcwrk SkqIAW nUM dbwA ky pRgqISIl ikqwbW
dI holI jlw ky PwSIvwd ivroDI lyKkW nUM Anyk qsIhy
dy ky UnI AwqMk kwiem kr rhIAW sn[ Xu`D dIAW
iqAwrIAW krn vwsqy mwnvqw dw Biv`K sMkt ivc
sI[35
sovIAq XUnIAn ivc kimauinstW h`QoN rwj s`qw dI vwgfor Cut jwxw,
KulHI mMfI dI AwriQkqw v`l JukwA hoxw Aqy hor soSilst dySW dI hwlq dw vI
inGrxw Awid, ijs nUM bu`DIjIvI vrg ny gMBIr sm`isAw dy rUp ivc ilAw[
30
ipCly do ku swlW AMdr ijhVIAW qbdIlIAW pUrbI
XUrp qy sovIAq dySW AMdr AweIAW aunHW nUM AnykW
isAwxy AKvwaux vwly BwrqI icMqk mUl rUp ivc hr
ieiqhwsk Gtnw qy smwjk vrqwry pRqI hmySw Bwvuk
pRqIkrm hI pRgtwauNdy Awey hn[36
buDIjIvIAW ny ivSv p`Dr qy siBAqw Aqy siBAwcwr dI suriKAw leI
iek mMc qy iekqr hox dy sMklp v`l Agrsr hoey[ ienHW lyKkW ny mnu`Kqw
pRqI AwpxI izMmyvwrI nUM mihsUs kIqw Aqy swihq nUM iek hiQAwr bxw ky
Pwiszm Aqy qwnwSwhI dy ivru`D sMGrS krn leI vcnb`D hoey[ julweI 1935
eI. ivc ivSv Br dy ivdvwnW dI iek kwn&rMs hoeI, ijs ivc mYkism gorkI,
Qwms mwn, rolw bwrQ, AWdry mwrqIny Aqy Bwrq v`loN ijnHW ivdvwnW ny
numwieMdgI kIqI, auh sn fw. mulk rwj AwnMd qy s`jwd zhIr[ fw. primMdr
isMG Anuswr:
ieh pihlw mOkw sI jd pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw r`Kx
vwly dunIAW Br dy lyKk iek lihr vjoN iek
plytPwrm qy iek`Ty hoey[ ies Avsr qy sMswr Br
dy lyKkW dy nW ijhVI ApIl jwrI kIqI geI aus
ivc ikhw igAw- lyKk swQIE mOq dy ivruD izMdgI
dw p`K pUro[ swfI klm, swfI klw, swfw igAwn,
aunHW SkqIAW ivru`D vriqAw jwvy ijhVI mOq nUM s`dw
idMdIAW hn, jo mnu`Kqw dw glw GutdIAw hn, pYsy dy
zor nwl rwj krdIAW hn Aqy Pwiszm dy iBMn-iBMn
rUp Dwr ky swihmxy AwaudIAW hn Aqy iehI
31
SkqIAW hn ijhVIAW inqwxy lokW dw Kun cUsdIAw
hn[37
ies ivSv p`DrI ivcwrDwrk lihr qoN pRBwivq ho ky, BwrqI
ividAwrQIAW ny ijhVy aus vyly XUrp dIAW Al`g-Al`g XUnIvristIAW ivc
aucyrI ividAw pRwpq kr rhy sn[ auhnW aupr ivdvwnW dw qy auhnW dI
ivcwrDwrw dw bhuq Asr hoieAw[ iehnW BwrqI ividAwrQIAW 1935 eI. ivc
iek swihqk kyNdr dI sQwpnw kIqI ijs ivc s`Xwd zhIr, fw. mulk rwj
AwnMd, fw. jXoqI GoS Aqy pRmod sYn gupq qy fw. mhuMmd dIn qwsIr Swml
sn[ sB ny iml ky ies swihqk sBw dw nW ieMfIAn pRogrYisv rweItrz
AYsosIeySn (Indian Progressive Writers association) riKAw igAw[ fw.
mulk rwj AwnMd nUM iesdw pRDwn inXukq kIqw igAw[ iehnW BwrqI
ividAwrQIAW dw mnorQ ieh sI ik lyKkW dw ieh sMG bxwieAw jwvy qW auh
smwj dy kilAwx qy AwzwdI dI lVweI ivc Awpxw Xogdwn pw skx[ sovIAq
ienklwb dy Asr hyT munSI pRym cMd dI lihr qoN pRBwivq ho ky Bwrq ivc
ies lihr dI rwhdwrI bxweI, qy iPr lVIdwr sMmylnW dw islislw SurU
hoieAw[ AijhI ivvsQw auqy ryKw AvsQI it`pxI krdI ilKdI hY,
kuJ lok smJdy hn ik lMfn ivc pRgqIvwdI lyKk
sMG sQwipq krn dw PYslw hoieAw qy Bwrq ivc
lwgU ho igAw[ Aijhy lok srl bxdy hn qy hr
AMdoln dy AMdr kMm kr rhy Anyk qrHW dy q`qW dy
sUqrW dy jitl sMbMDW nUM nw smJ ky aus vyly
srlIkrn qy auqwrU ho jWdy hn[ ihMdusqwn dy AMdr
jo sMgTn bxwaux dIAW koiSSw ho rhIAW sn aunHW dy
sUqrDwr pRym cMd sI Aqy pYirs, mwsko qy lMfn ivc
32
jo kuJ vI srgrmIAW Aqy hlcl sI, aus ivc
s`Xwd, zhIr Aqy mulk rwj AwnMd Swml sI[38
iehnW BwrqI ividAwrQIAw ny Bwrq ivc Awpxy im`qrW nUM iek p`qr
iliKAw qy Awpxy mnorQ bwry jwxU krvwieAw qy nwl hI ies sMG dI iek lVI
Bwrq ivc clwaux dI qwkId kIqI[ ies pqr ivc iliKAw igAw:
BwrqI smwj ivc in`q nvyN pirvrqn ho rhy hn[
pRwcIn rUVIvwdI ivcwrW Aqy ivSvwsW dIAW jVW ihl
rhIAW hn Aqy ies pRkwr iek nvyN smwj dw jnm
hox jw irhw hY[ ies qrHW ieh bhuq zrUrI hY ik
BwrqI swihqkwr ieQoN dy jn-jIvn ivc hox vwly
ies kRWqIkwrI pirvrqn nUM Sbd Aqy rUp dyx Aqy
ies qrHW rwStr dI pRgqI ivc shwiek hox[ AsIN
BwrqI siBAqw dI rwKI krdy hoey Awpxy dyS dIAW
pqn-mu`KI pRivirqIAw dI s^q Awlocnw krnI hY[
iesy qrHW AwpxIAW Awlocnwqmk ikrqW duAwrw auh
swDn jutwauxy hn ijhVy swnUM Awpxy lkS dI pUrqI
ivc shwiek ho skdy hn[ Bwrq dy nvyN swihq dw
swfy vrqmwn jIvn dy mUl q`QW nwl kRmb`D hoxw
zrUrI hY Aqy auh qQ hn swfI dirdrqw, swfw
smwjk Xqn Aqy swfI rwjnIqk pRwDInqw[39
pRgqIvwdI swihqk AMdoln nw koeI AxhoxI Aqy nw hI koeI Acwnk
vwprI Gtnw sI, ijs nUM iksy iek ivAkqI ivcwr jW idRStkox ny pRBwivq
kIqw hovy[ sgoN ieh smyN-smyN aucIAW ivcwrDwrwvW qy loVW dw imilAw juilAw
33
pRqIkRm/pRqIPl sI[ ies pRgqISIl lyKk sMG bwry fw. iSv kumwr imSr ilKdy
hn:
sMn 1936 ivc lKnaU ivc ies sMsQw dw pihlW
sMmyln sMpMn hoieAw ijsdy pihly sBwpqI ihMdI dy
pRmu`K klwkwr munSI pRym cMd sn[ sMjog dI g`l hY
ik ieh sMmyln TIk aus smyN hoieAw jd lKnaU ivc
hI BwrqI rwStrI kWgrs dw sMmyln ho irhw sI[
auDr dyS dy rwjnIqk mMc qoN rwStrI kWgrs dy
sBwpqI pM. pMifq nihrU smwjvwd dI GoSxw kr rhy
sn, ieDr dyS dy swihqk mMc qoN munSI pRym cMd
swihqkwrW nUM smwjvwdI ivcwrDwrw qoN nvIN rOSnI
gRihx krn dI slwh dy rhy sn[40
iesy GoSxw p`qr ivc sMG dy audySW auqy rOSnI pwauNdy hoey ikhw:
swfy sMG dw audyS swihq Aqy dUjIAW klwvW
ijhVIAW hux q`k rUVIvwdI vrgW dy h`QW ivc pY ky
inrjIv huMdIAW hn jw rhIAw hn nUM mukq krw ky
auhnW jnqw dy nyVy ilAwauxw hY iesnUM jIvn dI
pySkwrI Aqy Biv`K dI auswrI dw kwrgr vsIlw
bxwauxw hY[41
pRgqIvwd lyKk sMG dw dUsrw lVIvwr sMmyln dsMbr 1938 ivc klk`qw
ivKy hoieAw[ iesdI pRDwngI rivdr nwQ tYgor ny krnI sI pr ishq ^rwb
hox krky auhnW Awpxw sMdyS p`qr Byj idqw[ auhnW Awpxy sMdyS ivc dyS dI
q`qkwlIn, AwriQk, smwjk qy swihqk siQqI auqy cwnxw pwieAw[ rUVIvwdI
34
pRMprw Aqy k`tVpMQI DrwvW AwdrSvwd dI Awlocnw kIqI geI[ ies GoSxw
p`qr ivc ikhw igAw:
hryk BwrqI lyKk dw kr`qv hY ik auh BwrqI
jIvn ivc hox vwly pirvrqnW nUM AiBivAkqI dyvy
Aqy swihq ivc ivigAwnk buDIvwd dw vwDw krky
dyS ivc smwjk kRWqI dI Bwvnw nUM izAwdw qoN
izAwdw ivkisq Aqy suidRV bxwaux dw Xqn kry[
aunHW nUM swihqk smIiKAw dI AijhI idRStI dw
ivkws krnw cwhIdw hY, ijhVI pirvwr, Drm, kwm,
Xu`D Aqy smwj dy clMq pRSnW qy sDwrn rUp ivc
pRiqikRAwSIl Aqy rUVIvwdI pRivrqIAW dw ivroD
kry[ auhnW nUM AijhIAW swihqk pRivrqIAW dw vI
ivroD krnw cwhIdw hY ijhVIAw sMpRdwiek-Bwvnw,
jwqI Byd Aqy mnu`K duAwrw mnu`K dy SoSx dI Bwvnw
nUM auqSwihq krdIAW hn[42
ies lyKk sMG dw qIsrw sMmyln id`lI ivc meI 1942 eI. ivc hoieAw[
ies sMmyln nUM BwrqI Pwisst ivroDI sMG dw nW idqw igAw, ijs ivc &wiszm
ivroDI swry lyKkW Aqy bu`DIjIvIAW nUM bulwieAw igAw[ Pwisjm dy mwnvqw qy
sMsikRqI ivroDI rv`eIey dI s^q inMdw kIqI geI Aqy XUrp ivc hox vwly
Pwiszm ivroDI sMmyln nUM vI iek p`qr ByijAw igAw[ ies sMmyln dy GoSxw
p`qr ivc ikhw igAw:
hr dyS ivc Pwiszm dI ij`q ny pRgqISIL AMdoln
Aqy ivcwrW nUM Tys phuMcweI hY, sWsikRqk
AiBivAkqI dy mUl sroq nUM bMd kr id`qw igAw hY,
35
jnqw dy auqr-AiDkwrIAW dw byrihmI nwl Kwqmw
kIqw igAw hY[ A`j dI dunIAW ivc Pwiszm dI ij`q
dw ArQ iek nvyN AMDkwr dI SurUAwq hovygI Aqy
ies sMkt nUM dUr krn ivc jnqw nUM Awpxw krqv
pUrw krnw hovygw[43
pRgqISIl lyKk sMG dw cOQw sMmyln sMn 1943 ivc smwjvwdI nyqw sRI
AMimRqpwl fWg dI pRDwngI ADIn bMbeI ivc hoieAw[ qIsry sMmyln dI qulnw
ivc iesdw AwDwr izAwdw ivAwpk sI[ ies sMmyln ivc vI lyKkW ny mwnvqw
dy duSmx Pwisst pRqI Awpxy qIbr ivroDI BwvW nUM duhrwieAw[ iesdy nwl hI
brqwnvI swmrwj dy dmn c`kr dI vI kTor SbdW ivc inMdw kIqI[ ies
GoSxw p`qr ivc ikhw igAw:
ies gMBIr sMkt dy smyN ihMdUsqwn dy pRgqISIl
lyKkW dw krq`v hY ik auh rwStr dy mnobl nUM idRV
bxwaux[ aunHW dw Prz hY ik auh swhs Aqy sMklp
nUM mzbUq krn qW jo swfI AzwdI dw idn nzdIk
Awey, swfI sMsikRqI Aqy siBAqw suriKAq rhy,
aunHW dI aunqI hovy Aqy AsIN kiTn sMktkwl ivcoN
suqMqr, SkqISwlI Aqy sMgTq ho ky inkl skIey[
pRgqISIl lyKk hmySW qoN hI Bwrq dI suqMqrqw Aqy
dyS ivc iek inAwSIl auicq smwjk Aqy AwriQk
ivvsQw leI lVdy rhy hn[ ieh hI nhIN aunHW ny hr
pRkwr dI smwjk pRikirAw Aqy pRgqI ivroDI
ivcwrDwrw ivru`D vI sMGrS kIqw hY[ ihMdUsqwn dI
suqMqrqw nUM auhnW ny ivSv dI suqMqrqw dy iek
36
AiBn AMg dy rUp ivc smiJAw hY Aqy ijQy
buinAwdI AiDkwrW dI GoSxw kIqI hY, auQy auhnW ny
Pwiszm dw ivroD vI kIqw hY, ijhVw swmrwjvwdI
s`qw dw KUMKwr rUp hY[44
ies sMG dw pMjvW sMmyln meI 1949 eI. ivc bMbeI ivc hoieAw[
Aijhw ies leI hoieAw ikauNik bMbeI ivc rok lgw id`qI geI sI[ ieh
Awzwd Bwrq ivc pRgqISIl lyKk sMG dw pihlW sMmyln sI[ ies sMmyln ivc
ijhVw GoSxw p`qr iqAwr kIqw igAw auh ieiqhwsk p`KoN bhuq mh`qqw r`Kdw
hY[ ies GoSxw p`qr ivc ikhw igAw ik AzwdI qoN bwAd BwrqI pUMjIpqI vrg
Aqy swmrwjvwd dw gT-bMDn ho igAw hY, ijhVw BwrqI jnqw dI ies ie`Cw dw
ivroDI hY ik dyS ivc iek pUrn suqMqr srv ivAwpk lokqMqr rwj dI sQwpnw
kIqI jwvy[ AwzwdI dI lVweI dy ies dOr ivc lyKk vI do DiVAw ivc vMfy hoey
hn[ iek DVy ivc auh ijhVy smwjvwd SoSx mukq ivvsQw leI jnqw dy
sMGrS Aqy purwxI smwjvwd ivroDI sMsikRqI dI ivrwsq dy p`K ivc hn[ dUjy
DVy ivc auh Swiml hn jo ihMdusqwn nUM swmrwjwd dy ipClg bxwaux dy p`K
ivc hn Aqy hr purwxy dyS-BgqI BrpUr swihq dIAW srvSySt pRMprwvW nUM
nkwrdy hn[ ieMnHW dovW iDrw ivc inrp`K koeI vI nhIN[ jo inrp`Kqw dI g`l
krdy hn auh dUsry DVy nUM mdd phuMcwaudy hn[
ies GoSxw p`qr dy mUl mu`dy sn:
1. swihq dw mhwn nYiqk audyS lyKkW pwsoN mMg krdw hY ik auh Awpxy
swihq nUM Asrdwiek, lokipRX Aqy suMdr bxwaux ijs qoN swfI jnqw
pRyrxw lvy[
37
2. sMdyhpUrn qy sMBwivq qIjy mhW-XuD dy pVXMqr ivc AYglo-AmrIkI
swmrwjvwd SrIk hY Aqy ieh sovIAq sMG Aqy swrI dunIAW dy kOmI
mukqI AMdoln dw duSmx hY[
3. nihrU-ptyl dI AgvweI ivc rwStrI srkwr hr jnvwdI AMdoln nUM
kucl rhI hY, pUMjIvwdI sMsikRqI nUM Cot vI dy rhI hY Aqy jnvwdI qy
smwjvwdI sMsikRqI dy pRXqnW dw glw Gu`t ky dmn dI kwrvweI vI kr
rhI hY[
4. AzwdI qoN bwAd BwrqI pUMjIvwdI vrg smwjvwd dw gTbMDn ho igAw hY,
ijhVw BwrqI jnqw dI ies ie`Cw dw ivroDI hY ik dyS ivc iek pUrn
suqMqrn srv ivAwpk prjwqMqirk rwj sQwipq kIqw jwvy[45
ies ‘pRgqISIl lyK sMG’ dy lVIvwr sMmylnW dw AwKrI 6vW sMmyln
id`lI ivc sMn 1953 ivc ikRSn cMd dI pRDwngI ivc hoieAw[ ies p`qr ivc
ies g`l aupr zor idqw igAw ik sMG nUM hor ivAwpk srUp idqw jwvy, swihq
Aqy klw dw ivkws swfI sWsikRqk ivrwsq qy rwStrI pRMprw dy Anuswr hoxw
cwhIdw hY[ ies ivc ivSv BweIcwrw sQwpq krn Aqy ivSv Amn dI ie`Cw
pRgt kIqI geI Aqy ies g`l auqy zor id`qw igAw hY ik swfw swihq mwnvqw
dI Bwvnw, jIvn ivc ivSvws Aqy auv`jl Biv`K dI AwSw nwl Eqpoq hoxw
cwhIdw hY[ iesy GoSxw p`qr ivc ikhw igAw,
ivSv BweIcwrw sQwipq krn Aqy ivSv-Amn dI
ie`Cw pRgt kIqI geI Aqy ies gl auqy zor id`qw
igAw ik swfw swihq mwnvqwvwdI Bwvnw, jIvn
ivc AwsQw auqy au~jl Biv`K dI AwSw nwloN Eqpoq
hoxw cwhIdw hY Aqy aunHW nUM AwpxIAW rcnwvW duAwrw
38
KuSI Aqy KuShwlI jIvn dI pRwpqI ivc shwiek
bnxw cwhIdw hY46
ies qoN auprMq sMn 1967 q`k ies sMG dw koeI vI sMmyln nw ho sikAw[
ies qrHW BwrqI pRgqIvwdI AMdoln ijhVw 1936 ivc sMgiTq rUp ivc hoNd ivc
AwieAw sI, ies ivc KVoq Aw rhI pRqIq huMdI sI:
pr AslIAq ivc iek lihr vjoN ies AMdoln ivc
koeI KVoq nhIN sI AweI[ ipCly pMj dhwikAW ivc
ilKIAW geIAw swihqk rcnwvW dw srvyKx ieh
sp`St krdw hY ik swfw swihq mwnvvwdI kdrW-
kImqW dy hk ivc Aqy SoSx ivruD AwpxI Awvwz
inrMqr bulMd krdw irhw hY[47
pr ies sB dy bwvjUd vI pRgqISIl AMdoln ijhVw sMn 1936 eI. ivc
sMgiTq hoNd ivc AwieAw sI, AwpxI imAwd izAwdw nw vDw sikAw[ ikauNik
bu`DIjIvIAW dy ivcwrW ivc ies lihr nUM lY ky mqByd pYdw ho gey qw, rWgy
rwGv Anuswr:
auh lok Bwrq dy ieiqhws Aqy sMsikRqI nUM kuJ
AMgryzI AnuvwdW dy mwiDAm rwhIN hI pV sky sn[
AwrMB qoN hI ijhVI nINh r`KI ausdI ie`t tyFI igrI
Aqy mwVI iksmq nUM ausdy aupr dI iemwrq vI zrw
iqrCI hI auTI[ ijs dyS dI jnqw jwgrUk nhIN ho
jWdI auQy pRwrMiBk nyqw ies qrHW dIAW ieiqhwsk
aulJxW ivc rihMdy hn[ auh nyqw XUrpI idRStIkox qoN
Bwrq nUM dyKdy hn Aqy XUrpI lok aunHW dI ip`T Tokdy
sn[48
39
hMsrwj rihbr ny ies pRivrqI ipCy ieiqhwsk kwrn mMinAw, auhnW
iliKAw hY ik:
1930 qoN ipCoN jdoN rwjnIqI ivc AwdrSvwd dI
sImw tu`tI qW swihq ivc vI tu`tI[ ieh iek
guxwqmk pirvrqn sI ijhVw ivcwr Aqy icMqn ivc
AwieAw[ ies guxwqmk pirvrqn nUM smiJAw nhIN
igAw[ ies ivc nvyN swihq dI idSw Aqy mMizl
inSicq nhIN ho skI[49
pRgqIvwdI lihr aupr iek hor Awrop l`gw ik:
pRgqIvwdI jIvn drSn sMkIrx hY[ jIvn dI kyvl
AwriQk ivAwiKAw sMgq nhIN[ mwrksvwd ny mwnv
ieiqhws dI jo AwriQk ivAwiKAw kIqI hY, auh
ADUrI Aqy Anyk QwvW qy AsMgq qy ZYr-BrosyXog
hY[50
ijMnHW pirsiQqIAW nUM pRgqIvwdI lihr ny Awpxw AwDwr bxwieAw sI,
aunHW nUM Fwh lgI[ ieh kOmI Aqy kOmWqrI p`Dr qy iek SkqISwlI sMgTn sI,
auQy iehI q`Q pRgqIvwdI lihr vjoN aupjI sI Aqy jdoN ivroDI iDr (kOmI pYmwny
auqy swmrwj) nw rhI qW ies qoN pYdw huMdIAw hwlqW ivc AwpxI siQqI
inSicq kr skxI ies vwsqy muSikl ho geI[
nkslvwdI jw juJwr ivdrohI lihr nUM BwvyN pRgqIvwdI lihr dw hI
Aglw pVwA mMinAw jwdw hY pr ieh nvIAW pirsiQqIAw ivc iek v`Krw
pRqIkrm pyS krdI sI[ hiQAwr bMd qy ihMswqmk ivdroh iesdw inSwnw sI[
ies lihr ivc Bwvukqw nhIN sI grmzoSI sI, ihMswp`KI is`DWqkwr vI Ku`lyHm
Ku`ly rUp ivc hiQAwrbMd ienklwbW dI hmwieq krdy sn Aqy ienklwbI ihMsw
40
dI vrqoN nUM auicq TihrwauNdy sn[ hiQAwrbMd ienklwb leI Fu`kvW smW vyK ky
bMgwl dy cwrU mjUmdwr Aqy kwnUM swinAwl Awidk lIfrW ny nkslbwVI (qrweI
dw ielwkw) qoN hiQAwrbMd Gol dw AYlwn kr id`qw[ pr ies lIfriSp ny
bhuq kwhl qoN kMm ilAw[
(e) pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw: pMjwbI swihq ivc pRvyS
jykr ghu nwl ivcwirAw jwvy qW ies qoN pihlW rcy swihq ivc vI ieh
AMS mOjUd sI[ BgqI kwiv iesy mno-ibrqI aupr ADwirq hY[ mDkwlIn pMjwbI
kivqw dw auNJ suBway mwnvvwdI Aqy lok-pKI sI, ies leI AwDuink kvIAW nUM
pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw ivc koeI Eprwpn nhIN lgdw ies swihq dI sB qoN
v`fI ivSySqw ieh hY ik ieh smyN dy hwx dw ho ky cldw hY Aqy hlwqW nwl
ivcrn leI pRyrnw idMdw hY[ pRgqIvwdI ivcwrW dw mu`F pMjwbI kivqw 20vIN
sdI dy ArMB ivc bJ igAw sI[
pMjwb iek Aijhw rwj hY, ijQy K`by-pKI qwkqW
1917 qoN pihlW hI Awpxw kw&I pRBwv bxw cukIAW
sn[ nw kyuvl pMjwb sgoN smu`cy Bwrq ivc hI Kby-
p`KI lihr nUM sQwipq krn ivc pMjwb Bwrq ivcoN
pihlW rwj sI[51
m`DkwlIn BwrqI smwj dI swmMqk bxqr nUM pihlI vMgwr BgqI/is`K
lihr Aqy sU&I-sMqW v`loN pYxI SurU hoeI[ BgqI kvIAW, is`K gurU swihbwn Aqy
sU&I sMqW ny mwnvvwdI AwDwr auqy swmMqI bxqr aupr ausr rhIAW auhnW
siBAwcwrk mu`lW nUM cuxOqI id`qI, jo kulIn Aqy pujwrI vrg dy ihqW dy AnuswrI
BgqI/is`K Aqy sU&I lihr ny iPaufl dy iKlwP auT rhIAW kMmI, ikswn,
kwrIgr Aqy dsqkwr Awid jmwqW dy AnukUl nvIAW jIvn-kImqW dI isrjxw
kIqI[ pMjwbI kIvqw ny mnu`KI brwbrI, sWJIvwlqw, Drm inrp`Kqw Aqy
41
AwzwdI dy sunyhy nUM Gr-bwr phuMcwieAw[ rwjnIqk jwgrx dI aupj ies
kivqw ivc suDwrvwdI AwSy qoN smwjk kurIqIAW dw KMfn, Drm inrp`Kqw Aqy
sWJIvwlqw dw pRcwr Aqy brqwnvI swmrwj Aqy swmMqI jbr dy dmn dw ivroD
Aijhy AMS hn jo aus ieiqhwsk pRsMg ivc pMjwbI kivqw dI pRgqISIlqw dy
sUck hn[ies smyN ivc ijhVI pMjwbI kivqw rKI jWdI rhI[ aus aupr
mwrksI is`DWqW dw pRBwv sI[
AwDuink Xu`g dy nvyN irSiqAW nUM TIk rUp ivc
smJx Aqy pRgtwaux leI hor bhuq swry BwrqI Aqy
pMjwbI lyKkW dy nwl-nwl pMjwbI kvIAW ny Acyq jw
sucyq, ies jIvn i&lws&I nUM ikDry ADUry rUp ivc
Aqy ikDry sMmpUrx rUp ivc ApxwieAw hY[ iehnW
kvIAW dI kwiv rcnw nUM pRgqIvwdI kivqw ikhw
jWdw hY[52
1936 qoN 1947 dw smW Bwrq qy pMjwb leI kw&I mh`qv rKdw hY,
ikauNik ies smyN dOrwn rwStrI suMqqrqw lihr kw&I zor pkV cukI sI[ 1940
ivc musilm lIg v`loN pwiksqwn dI sQwpnw dw mqw pws kIqy jwx qy kWgrs,
musilm lIg qy AkwlI lihr ivckwr Gol iq`Kw ho igAw sI[ 1942 dy “Bwrq
C`foN AMdoln” nwl rwStrI suqMqrqw ivc iek nvW auBwr AwieAw qy nwl hI
ies smyN bMgwl ‘c pey mhWkwl ny iek qrwsidk siQqI nUM jnm id`qw[
AijhIAW nvIAW auBr rhIAW siQqIA ny pMjwbI lyKkW qy bhuq gihrW pRBwv
pwieAw[ pMjwbI kivqw ivc pRgqIvwd dy pRvyS qoN bwAd iesdw ivksq rUp
keI pVwvW nUM qih krdw hY ies sMdrB ivc kysr isMG dy kQn Anuswr:
pMjwbI ivc pRgqIvwdI kwiv-pRivrqI dI ivkws-ryKw
nUM Awm qOr qy do BwgW ivc vMifAw jWdw hY[ 1935 qoN
42
1960 q`k pRgqIvwdI Aqy 1970 qoN bwAd dy smyN nUM
nv-pRgqIvwdI Aqy 1970 qoN bwAd dy smyN nUM nv-
pRgqIvwdI jw juJwrvwdI nW id`qw igAw hY[ s`TivAW
dw dhwkw ies pRivrqI dI mMd gqI, KVoq AQvw
d`bI sur dw dOr hY[ pihly pVwA dy do dhwikAW ivc
hI ies kwiv-pRivrqI ny kimauinst lihr dy
siBAwcwrk muhwz nwl sur imlw ky ‘qy mwrksI
ivcwr-pRbMD qoN nvyN ivcwrW nUM gRihx krky Awpxy
Awp nUM sQwipq kr ilAw[ ieh auh smW hY jdoN
ies pRivrqI dI kwiv-idRStI mDvrgI audwrvwd qoN
mwrksI ivcwrDwrw dy boD q`k ivkws krdI hY[
BwrqI BwSwvW dy swihq ivc ieh smW, pRgqIvwdI
swihqk lihr dw smW hY ies leI swihq pRivrqI nUM
pRgqIvwd dw nW id`qw igAw[53
pMjwb ivc pRgqIvwdI swihqk lihr nUM ivksq krn leI nwmvr
SKsIAqW, kvIAW Aqy sMsQwvW dI vI v`fI dyx hY[ pMjwbI swihq dy iek
pRis`D icMqk/ivdvwn ny ies lihr dI bulMdI prpkqw Aqy ivkws dr 1940 nUM
mMinAw hY…
pMjwb AMdr pRgqIvwdI lihr nUM pRcwrn ivc v`fw
h`Q fw. mhuMmd dIn qwsIr dw sI[ ijhVy aus smyN
AMimRqsr dy nvyN nvyN musilm kwlj dy ipRMsIpl sn[
auhnW dw sMprk Kby-p`KI ivcwrW nwl auhnW dy
ieMglYNf AiDAYn smyN qyz hoieAw[ ijQoN auh qwzw-
qwzw pVH ky Awey sn[ swihbzwdw kXUm mhuMd zPr
43
Aqy ausdI pqnI rsId jhwn Aqy PYz Aihmd PYz
ijhVy bwAd ivc aurdU dy pRis`D kvI bxy, auhnW dy
cyilAW ivcoN sn[ ^wlsw kwlj AimRqsr dy pRo. mohn
isMG Aqy pRo. sMq isMG syKoN nUM iehnW ny pRgqIvwdI
sBw ivc imlx dI pRyrnw id`qI[ ies qrHW pRgqIvwdI
lihr dw pRBwv 1940 qoN AwrMB huMdw hY[54
ies lihr dw sB qoN izAwdw pRBwv pMjwbI kivqw ny svIkwirAw[ pMjwbI
kivqw dy Kyqr ivc pRgqIvwd dw Asr 1936 eI. ivc “srb BwrqI pRgqISIl
sMG dI sQwpnw auprMq hI proK rUp ivc dyKx nUM imilAw hY[ pRgqIvwdI
kivqw ivigAwnk ADwrW vwlI jnvwdI Aqy cyqn ivcwrDrweI idRStI nUM
Apnwaux vwlI sI[ sMG dy hoNd ivc Awaux nwl kvI ies pRivrqI rwhIN
rwStrI Aqy AMqr-rwStrI vrqwirAW ivc Awpxy rwStr dIAW sm`isAWvW
pyS krn l`gy sn[ BwrqI kOmI AwzwdI dI lihr ivc AnykW lok-p`KI somy pey
sn[
smW pw ky ies pRgqISIl dw sMklp pRgqIvwd dy ivSwl kYnvs qy PYl
igAw[ pRgqIvwd dI igRPq ivc sB qoN pihlW mohn isMG, AMimRqw pRIqm, bwvw
blvMq Aqy pRIqm isMG s&Ir Awid Awey sn[ ies pRgqIkwl ivc ilKI jw
rhI rcnw dI klw p`KoN kwiv-ivSySqw ieh sI ik:
ieh dOr Xu`g-cyqnw dw dOr sI, ieho kwrn hY ik
ies Xu`g dy kvIAW ny aupdySwqmk qy kQw SYlI nUM
iqAwg ky nvIn soc nUM Awpxw ADwr bxwieAw Aqy
Awm AwdmI dI gl kIqI[ ieMnHW ny pMjwbI kivqw nUM
Dwrimk rUVIAW qoN mukq kIqw Aqy jIvn dy nyVy dI
g`l vDyry kIqI[55
44
iehnW qoN ielwvw sMqoK isMG DIr, ipAwrw isMG sihrweI, drSn isMG
Avwrw, eISvr icqrkwr Aqy hIrw isMG drd ny pRyrnw sRoq dw kMm id`qw[ BwvyN
bhuq swry kvIAW ny pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw nUM ApxwieAw[ pr iehnW ivcoN
bhuq swry keI kvI Aijhy vI sn ijMnHW ny mwrks lYinn dy isDwqW dI hU-b-hU
nkl nw krn dI bjwey AwpxI kwiv rcnw ivc auh kuJ pyS kIqw jo kuJ Asl
jIvn ivc auhnW ny Awpxy ipMfy qy hMFwieAw sI[ fw. kulbIr isMG kWg ilKdy
hn:
jdoN sMswr ivc audXogIkrn AwrMB hoieAw hY Aqy
pUMjI ny iek vKrw rUp Dwrn kIqw hY qd qoN smwjI
irSiqAW ivc iek iBAwnk qbdIlI jnm lY rhI
hY[ m`DkwlI pRsiQqIAW ivc lokW dIAW loVW
auplbD pYdwvr huMdIAw sn[ bySk v`fy izMmIdwr qy
jwgIrdwr qy jwgIrdwr pRQw audoN vI lokW nUM qMg
krky lokW dy jIvn nUM nrk bxw dyNdy sn pr iPr vI
iek iekweI ivc eynIAW qryVW nhIN sn pYNdIAw[
iek pirvwr qW kI smu`cy ipMf ivc bhuq swrIAW
BwvnwvW dI sWJ huMdI sI[ du`K-s`uK sWJy sn pr ijs
vyly swfw jIvn ngr siBAqw v`l pRvyS krdw hY[
pUMjI Aqy pUMjIdwr jmwq jnm lYNdI hY, isky dw
pwswr v`Ddw hY qW nIvIN Aqy inmn m`d vrg SRyxI dy
GrW ivc Bwvk eykqw KMf-KMf ho jWdI hY[ iesy
krky dunIAW dy pUMjIvwdI mulkW ivc ijQy injI
jwiedwd dI loV SurU hoeI qy kuJ lokW ny dOlqW dy
45
sMswr ivAwpI BMfwr bxw ley hn auQy vI bySumwr
GrW ivc ZrIbI kurbl-kurbl kr rhI hY[56
kivqw Ku`ly rUp ivc rwjnIqk hiQAwr vjoN auBr ky swhmxy AweI Aqy
“klw smwj leI” Dwrxw nUM AMg bxw ky pyS hox l`g peI sI[ ies smyN ies
lihr nUM hor izAwdw ivAwpk p`Dr qy mzbUq krn leI kuJ prcy vI k`Fy gey
jo lyKk sMG dI sQwpnw kwrn inrol pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw nUM lY ky swihq ivc
ausdw pRcwr krn lg pey sn[ ieMnHW ivcoN pRmu`K, ikswnI lihr, Zdr lihr,
b`br AkwlI lihr, PUlvwVI, pRIqlVI, pMj dirAw Awid rswly Cwpxy SurU
kIqy[ ieMnHW pricAW ivc CpdIAW kivqwvW lokDwrw vWg lok-ivSvws Aqy
pRyrnw dy vDIAw sRoqW vjoN pyS kIqIAW geIAW sn[ vIhvIN sdI dy pihly
dhwikAW ivc AwriQk mMdvwVw, Bu`KmrI Aqy jMgI-ivsMgqI ny swihq ivc iq`Ky
rUp ivc pyS hoxw SurU kr id`qw sI[ swihqk rcnwvW ivc pyS hox vwlIAW
ivAMgAwqmk cotW-iqKIAW Aqy spSt ho geIAW sn[ BwrqI pRgqIvwdI lyKk
sMG dy pRBwv kwrn AwdrSvwdI rumWitk ivcwrW rwhIN mnu`KI cyqnw nUM
AMqrrwStrI vrqwirAw Aqy GtnwvW nwl is`dy rUp ivc joV id`qw sI[ lihr
kwrn kivqw rumWitk kImqW nUM C`f ky izMdgI dy XQwrQ ƒ pyS krnw SurU kr
id`qw [ ies smyN ilKq swihq qoN ibnHw AilKq swihq vI hoNd ivc AieAw jo
isDy rUp ivc swfy pyNfU siBAwcwr ivc rwjsI cyqnw Aqy AgWh vDU Kyq mzdUr
dw svY-ic`qr pyS krn leI vriqAw jWdw irhw hY [ 1950 eI. ivc ivSv dy
AgwWh vDU swihqkwrW dIAW nzmW ƒ vI pMjwbI ivc Anuvwd krky, smwjvwdI
ivcwrW dy PYlwA leI hiQAwr vjoN vrqxw SurU kr id`qw igAw sI[ pRgqIvwdI
pMjwbI kivqw ivSv-kRWqIkwrIAW nwl Awpw joVdI hY Aqy ivSv Amn lihr
dwe smrQn vI krdI hY [
46
mwsko dy jwieAw
r`q ƒ hI qyl kr
qy sqwiln Sihr dy
Pty purwxy p`Dr cuMm cuMm
Cu`tI imhnq dw roh lY ky
vIr qly sn Biv`K dy57
ieh smW pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI swihqwrW leI cVHq dw smW sI[ AzwdI qoN
pihlW dy smyN ijhVy lyKk pRgqIvdI swihq rc rhy sn, aunHW ivc hor izAwdw
pRBwv qy in^wr Awauxw SurU ho igAw[ pihlI pIVHI dy pRmu`K kvIAW ivc igAwnI
hIrw isMG drd, mohn isMG joS, jrnYl isMG ArSI, ipAwrw isMG sihrweI,
Avqwr isMG Azwd Aqy dyivMdr siqAwrQI Awid hn [ ienHW kvIAW dIAW
rcnwvw auqy pRgqIvwd dw pRBwv hY [ pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI kivqw dy dUjy dOr ivc,
pRo. mohn isMG, bwvw blvMq, AMimRqw pRIqm, sMqoK isMG DIr, surjIq rwmpurI,
eISvr icqrkwr, gurcrn rwmpurI, qwrw isMG Awid dy nW pRmu`K hn [
pRo. mohn isMG (1905-1978) pRgqIvwdI dOr dw pRmu`K kvI hY [ aus
duAwrw ricq kwiv-sMgRih ies pRkwr hn [ swvY-p`qr (1936), ksMBVw
(1937), k`c s`c (1950), AvwjW (1954), vfw vylw (1958), jMdry
(1964), jYmIr (1968), nnkwiex (mhWkwiv-1970) Aqy bUhY (1979)[
mohn isMG dI soc pUrn smwjvwdI ivcwrDwrw nUM gRihx kr lYNdI hY
pRgqIvwd qy kRWqIkwrI soc dI is^r nUM vI eysy pVwA qy dyiKAw jw skdw hY[
ausnUM smwjk kwxI-vMf qy SRyxI sUJ vrgy ivSy mn BwauNdy l`gx lg pYNdy hn[
auh jmwqI qOr ‘qy smwjk vMf ivc SoiSq vrg nwl
hmdrdI dw pRgtwA krdw hY[ ieQy hI ausnUM
mwrksvwdI icMqn muqwbk DrqI qy DrqI dy lok do
47
ivroDI jutW ivc vMfy idKweI idMdy hn[ iPr auh
imhnqkS nUM lokW qy jwgIrdwrW/srmweydwrW nUM jokW
dI sMigAw dyNdw hY[58
mohn isMG dI kivqw “qwj mh`l” dw izkr kIqw jw skdw hY jo ivSyS
ivcwrDwrw dI rOSnI ivc qwj mh`l dI auswrI krn vwly mzdUrW dw auswrI
krn vwly mzdUrW dw auswrI krwaux vwly bwdSwh vloN SoSx kIqy jwx dw
kwlpink ic`qr pyS krdI hY Aqy qwj mh`l dy ieiqhwsk klwqmk qy
Bwvnwqmk mh`qv nUM AxgOilAw krky ies srlI krx auqy Kqm huMdI hY:
kI auh husn husn hY scmu`c
jW aujyN hI Cldw
l`Kw ZrIbW mzdUrW dy
hMJUAW qy jo pldw60
AMimRqw pRIqm vI mohn isMG vWg rumWitk pRgqIvwdI kwiv-Dwrw nwl
sMbMD r`KdI hY[ ausdI kivqw dy ivSy izAwdwq r AOrq dI AzwdI, dyS dI
AzwdI, dyS vMf dw duKWq, mzdUr vrg dI KuShwlI qy Amn dI sQwpnw ijhy
hn[ AMimRqw pRIqm ny AMimRq lihrW (1936), ijauNdw jIvn (1939), qRyl
Doqy Pu`l (1914), E gIqW vwilE (1942), bdlW dy p`ly ivc (1943), sMJ
dI lwlI (1941), lok pIV (1944) p`Qr gIty (1946) lMmIAW vwtW
(1949), mYN qvwrI^ ihMd dI (1949), srGI vylw (1951) sunyhVy
(1955), ASokw cyqI (1957), ksqUrI (1959), nwgmxI (1964), Aqy
kwgz qy kYnvs (1970) kwiv-sMgRih pRkwiSq hoey[
pRgqIvwdI idRStIkox dy AMqrgq auh smwj dI rUVIvwdI, pRMprw, vihmW
qy pwKMfW nUM inMddI hY jo ikrqIAW dw SoSx krn ivc jgIrdwrW/srmweydwrW
dI mdd krdy hn, Aqy nvIN ivigAwnk soc dy rsqy dI rukwvt bxdy hn:
48
BwrqI smwj dy ieh hor dby=kucly vrg iesqrI dy AiDkwrW dI vkwlq krdI
hY[ swfy mrd pRDwn smwj ivc iesqrI nUM iksy qrHW dw koeI hk pRwpq nhINhY[
ies AinAW dy iKlw& ausny iliKAw,
AMndwqw!
myrI jIB qy qyrw lUx ey
qyrw nW myry bwp idAw hoTW qy
mYN ikvyN bolW
myry bolx qoN pihlW bol pYNdw ey qyrw AMn60
pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI kivqw dI iek hor idSw iesnUM jMgW-Xu`DW dy ivruD KVw
kr idMdI hY[ ijs smyN pRgqISIl lyKk sMG dI sQwpnw hoeI sI aus smyN pihlW
ivSv-Xu`D ho cukw sI Aqy dUjw ivSv Xu`D iqAwrIAw qy sI[ ieh Xu`D
qwnwSwhI, PwsIvwd auqy mwnvdYKI SkqIAW vloN Amn psMd Aqy suqMqrqw
srgrmIAW auqy QoipAw jw irhw sI, AMimRqw pRIqm vI Aijhy vwqwvrn qoN
pRBwivq ho ky ilKdI hY,
iPr kxk dy pwlkW nUM, lwm nw s`dy koeI
iPr jvwnI auTdI nUM pYr nw imDy koeI
Drq AMbr swVnI, iPr A`g nw BVky koeI
Pyr doDy dwixAw qy, zihr nw iCVky koeI61
pMjwbI kwiv Dwrw AMdr bwvw blvMq hI iek Aijhw kvI hY ijsny sucyq
p`Dr qy m`DkwlI, rhsvwdI soc nUM iqAwg ky ies lok-ihq Dwrw nUM AwpxI
kivqw dw AwDwrw bxwieAw[ auh lokp`KI kvI sI, ausny lok msilAW nUM
auBwirAw[ mzdUrW Aqy ikswnW dy h`kW ivc kivqwvW ilKIAW[ bwvw blvMq ny
mhWnwc (1941), AmrgIq (1942), juAwlwmu`KI (1943), bMdrgwh
49
(1951) kwiv swgr (1954), iks iks qrHW dy nwc (1957), sugMD smIr
(1958) kwiv-sMgRih rcy[ ausdI kivqw ijAwdwqr pRyrxw, nwAry, BwSx qy
joSIly pRcwr dy rUp ivc Aqy smwjk sMGrSW dI ij`q ivc ivSvws Aqy smwjk
pirvrqn dI Aws nwl BrpUr hY[
qUM hI DVkx BUcwlW dI, ibjlI dw pY jwxw,
nrkI BYA dy qu^m aufw dy, pihn mjITI bwxw!
SyrW nUM ZS pwey qyrI AxKI grj, jvwnW,
Drq AwkwSw dy QIm ihlwvy, iek nwArw msqwnw[
qyrI iek Tokr nv-jIvn hY sujIx ikswnW,
swrI DrqI pUMjI qyrI swrw jgq jgw dy
au~T dunIAW nUM aultw dy62
pUMjIvwdI smwj in`jI mwlkI dw AwDwr hY, zorwvr iDr ny grIb nUM nw
isr& srIrk blik mwnisk p`Dr qy vI lokW nUM Drm, r`b qy svrg Awid
Zulwm bxw ky riKAw hY[ AwDuink pMjwbI kwiv ivc pRIqm isMG s&Ir ny
pRgqIvwd ƒ AgWh qoirAw[ s&Ir dI kivqw ivc mwnvI ie^lwk, AOrq dI
qRwsdI smwjk sMGrS/bMdSW dy rUp ivc auBr ky swhmxy AweIAw[ pRIqm isMG
s&Ir dw kwiv-meI s&r; k`qk kUMjW (1941), pwp dy soihly (1942), rkq
bUMdW, rwg irSmW (1946), Awid-jugwid (1958), Apwr AnUp (1978)
Aink ibsQwr (1980) Agm Agocr (1981), sMXog ivXog (1982), Awpy
bhu-rMgI (1998) Awid kwiv sMgRih rcy[
s&Ir dw pihlW kwiv sMigRih k`qk kUMjW ausdI pRgqIvwdI sUJ-smJ nUM
pRq`K krdw hY[ ausqoN bwd pwp dy soihly Aqy rkq bUMdW ies ivcwrDwrw nUM
lVIbD krdIAW hn:
1. l`KW k`qk Awey lMG gey,
50
l`KW kUMjW moeIAw[
l`KW Drm qy l`KW kOmW,
qIvIauN pYdw hoeIAw[63
s&Ir sWJIvwlqw dw pRcwrk hY, auh ikrqI dI lu`t krn vwlI iDr nUM
inhory mwrdw hoieAw AwKdw hY:
iksy dy ^Un coN inKirAw hY
qyrI pgVI dw sPYd kMvl
prwey ^Un ‘c rMgI hY
qyry mihlW dI nuhwr65
sdIAW qoN mzdUr vrg dI siQqI nUM auh ieiqhwsk vrqwrw mMndw hY,
ijs ivc mzdUr SyRxI dI lu`t-Ksu`t jwrI rihMdI hY[ pUMjIvwdI smwj dy Kwsy dw
ivroD krdw hoieAw auh Awqmw nUM jgwaux dI loV qy zor dyNdw hY[ pRgqIvwdI
pRBwv nUM aus dIAW pihly pVwA dIAW kivqwvW ivcoN dyiKAw jw skdw hY[
kivqw qoN ielwvw pMjwbI glp Aqy nwtk vI ies ivcwrDwrw dw ihsw
bxy[ pMjwbI nwvl dI nINh qW BwvyN BweI vIr isMG ny kIqI auhnW dy ivSy
ieiqhwsk Aqy pRMprwgq sn, BweI vIr isMG ny suMdrI (1847), ibjY isMG
(1899), sqvMq kOr (1900) Aqy bwbw nOD isMG (1921) Awid dI rcnw
kIqI[ BweI vIr isMG qoN bwAd BweI mohn isMG vYd Aqy crn isMG ShId ny
smwj-suDwrk nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ pRgqIvwdI nwvlW dI SurUAwq nwnk isMG
dy nwvlW qoN hoeI[ ipAwr dI dunIAW Aqy ZrIb dI dunIAw ivc mzdUrW Aqy
ikrqIAW dw icqrx krky SurUAWq kIqI[ nwnk isMG ny AOrq dI qRwsdI dy
smwj ivc inGrdI hwlq nUM bVI sMjIdgI nwl pyS kIqw, jIvn sMgrwm
A`DiKiVAw Pu`l Aqy tu`tI vIxw Awid[ aus qoN bwAd suirMdr isMG nrUlw dy
51
nwvl ipau pu`qr (1946), rMg mihl (1950), dIn dunIAW (1951), nIlI
bwr (1952), lok duSmx (1952), j`g bIqI (1954), idl dirAw
(1963) Aqy is`l AlUxI (1965) Awid nwvlW ivc mwrksvwdI icMqn
duAwrw lokW dIAW smwjk sm`isAwvW nUM auBwirAw[ ausqoN bwAd Awlock sMq
isMG syKo jo ik pRgIqvwd dy numwieMdy vjoN jwixAw jWdw hY ny vI pRgqIvwdI sur
ivc Awpxw plyTw nwvl lhU-im`tI (1946) iek vrnxXog rcnw hY[
pRgqIvwdI nwvl dy pRsMg ivc s. jsvMq isMG kMvl dw Aihm sQwn hY[ ausny
pMjwb dy ikrswnI jIvn qy pyNfU smwj dI XQwrQvwdI Jlk pyS kIqI[ kMvl ny
rwq bwkI hY (1955), lhU dI loA (1976) vrgIAW sMvydnSIl rcnwvW
rcIAW[ pMjwbI nwvl jgq ivc ies ivcwrDwrw dy AMqrgq Awpxw ivSyS
Xogdwn pwieAw[ guridAwl isMG ny dilq vrg dw sQwn qy siQqI bwry Awpxy
nwvlW nUM AwDwr bxwieAw, mVI dw dIvw (1965), Axhoey (1966), kuvylw
(1968) Aqy A`D cwnxI rwq (1972) ivSyS rUp ivc aulyKXog hn[ ies qoN
ibMnHW inrMjn qsnIs, sMqoK isMG DIr, rwm srUp AxKI Aqy im`qr mIq vrgy
lyKkW ny vI pRgqIvwdI nwvlW ivc Awpxw Xogdwn pwieAw[
pRgqIvwd ny swihq dI ivDw khwxI dy Kyqr ivc vI Awpxw Asr
idKwieAw[ ies Dwrw vl sB qoN pihlW iSrkq kIqI pRo. sujwn isMG ny du`K
su`K (1941), du`K-suK qoN ipCoN (1946), sB rMg (1950), mnu`K qy pSU
(1952), nrkW dy dyvqy (1952) Awidk pusqkW ivc mzdUrW, ikswnW,
AiDAwpkW Aqy klrkW Awid vrgW dIAW AwriQk AOkVW dI pySkwrI bVy
pRBwvSwlI qrIky nwl kIqI[ pRgqIvwdI khwxI dy Kyqr ivc iek hor pRBwvI
nwm AwauNdw hY sMq isMG syKoN dw, syKoN ny AwpxI khwxI dw ivSw inmn vrg,
ikrswxI jIvn Aqy nOkrI pySw lokW dIAW AwriQk Aqy smwjk sm`isAwvW dI
52
pySkwrI bVy pRmwxIk FMg nwl kIqI hY[ ausdy khwxI sMgRih smwcwr (1943),
kwmy dy XoDy (1950), Aqy qIjw pihr (1958) Awid[
pRgqIvwdI Dwrw AMdr hor vI keI khwxIkwrW ny sMgRih rcy BwvyN igxqI
p`KoN auh QoVy pr imAwrI ny[ dyivMdr siqAwrQI (dyvqw iq`g ipAw, kuMg poS,
iqMn bUihAw vwlw Gr) sMqoK isMG DIr (is`itAW dI CW, sWJI kMD, svyr hox
q`k) kulvMq isMG ivrk (Cwh vylw, DrqI qy AwkwS, qUVI dI pMf, golHW, nvyN
lok) nvqyj isMG (dyS vwpsI, bwsmqI dI mihk, cwnx dy bIj, nvIN ru`q)
Awid[ smkwlI khwxIkwrW ivc pRo. guridAwl isMG, mohn BMfwrI, AjIq kOr,
hrjIq Atvwl, svrn cMdn, vInw vrmw, jsivMdr isMG pRgqIvwdI
ivcwrDwrw nUM pRvwey hoey khwxIkwr hn[
pRgqISIl swfy swry swihq dI mUl Awqmw hY[ nwtk dw smUh lilq
klwvW dw sMgm hY[ nwtkkwr Awm swihqkwrW nwloN vdyry cyqMn Aqy bOiDk huMdw
hY[ swfw pMjwbI nwtk buinAwdI qOr qy XQwrQvwdI Aqy Awqimk rUp ivc
pRgqISIL hY[ pMjwbI nwtk dw inkws ivkws ivc ivSyS BUimkw norw ircrf dI
hY[ norw ny kwljW ivc pVdy nOjvwn ividAwrQIAW nUM Awpxy smkwlI smwj
dIAW sm`isAwvW bwry nwvl ilKx dI pRyrnw id`qI[ ies Kyqr ivc eISvr nMdw
ny pihl kdmI kIqI Aqy dulhn nwtk iliKAw[ ieh nwtk smwj suDwrk
idRStI qoN ricAw igAw, jo Awpxy Awp hI pRgqISIl rucIAW nwl juV igAw[
iesqoN bwAd suBdrw (1928), vr Gr (1930), soSl srkl (1952)
Awid pRkwiSq hoey[
pRo. sMq isMG syKoN pRgqIvwdI icMqn dw pRmu`K bulwrw irhw hY[ ausny Awpxy
nwtkW ivc vI pMjwbI jn-jIvn dw pRgqISIl idRStI qoN ivSlySx kIqw[
klwkwr (1946), nwrkI (1952), vwrs (1955), moieAw swr nw kweI
(1955), byVw bMD nw sikau (1957) Aqy isAwlW dI n`FI (1968) Awid
53
nwtkW ivc syKoN ny pMjwbI smwj siBAwcwr Aqy ieiqhws nUM mwrks dI idRStI
qoN pyS krn dIAW koiSSW kIqIAW hn[ fw. hrcrn isMG ny SoBw SkqI
(1962), kMcn mwtI (1969), muVky dI KuSboN Awid rcy[
blvMq gwrgI ny vI ies ivSy dy AMqrgq keI nwtk ilKy[ aus duAwrw
ilKy nwtk DUxI dI Ag, sulqwn-rzIAw pRgqIvwdI idRStI dy AMqrgq ilKy[
sYl p`Qr (1949), kysro (1952) Aqy kxk dI b`lI ivc pRgqISIl idRStI
dI pySkwrI hoeI hY[ iesqoN ielwvw guridAwl isMG Koslw (prlo qoN pihlW)
AmrIk isMG (prCwivAW dI pkV) hrSrn isMG (audws lok) kpUr isMG GuMmx
(AxhoxI, ijauNdI lwS) gurSrn isMG (vMgwr, gulwbI p`g, bygwny dI DI) crn
dws isDU (bwbw bMqU, kl kwlj bMd rvygw, BweIAw hwkm ishuM) AwqmjIq
(kbrsqwn) Aqy Ajmyr ismG AOlK (ibZwny bohV dI CW) (iek Awiex hor,
qUVI vwlw koTw) Awid nwtkkwrW ny ies jn-kilAwx ivcwrDwrw nUM Awpxw
AwdrS bxw ky nwtk ilKy[
nwtk Aqy nwtkkwrW bwry crcw krn dy nwl-nwl ieptw (IPTA) bwry
vI izkr zrUrI hY[ pRgqIvwdI AMdoln vWg ieptw dI lihr ny vI 1941 qoN
bwAd zor PiVAw Si:
ieptw dI sQwpnw meI 1943 ivc bMbweI ivc kIqI geI[
ies sMsQw dw pRmu`K mnorQ nwtkW duAwrw Bwrq dy SihrW
Aqy ipMfW ivc smwjvwdI cyqnw nUM jn-sDwrx q`k
phuMcwauxw sI[66
SurU ic id`lI qoN pMjwb AMdr jlMDr qy biTMfw iesdy mu`K kyNdr bxy sn, ieptw
dIAW ivSwl p`Dr qy cwr BwrI kwn&rMs hoeIAw sn[ pihlI 1952 ivc
klk`qw ivc hoeI, dUjI 1954 ivc bMbeI, qIjI 1956 ivc mdrws Aqy cOQI
1958 ivc idlI hoeI sI[ ieptw dI sQwpnw BwvyN dUjy ivSv Xu`D dy lgBg
54
smWnqr hoeI pr ieh pMjwb ivc suqMqrqw qoN auprMq hI phuMc skI[ iesqoN
pihlW nwtk AiDAwqmvwdI ibrqI vwly hMudy sn jW qqkwlI sm`isAw vwly
smwjk ibrqI vwly huMdy sn jo styj qy Kyfy jWdy sn[
pMjwbI swihqkwrW ivc bhuq swry Aijhy nwmW dI SmUlIAq kIqI jWdI
hY, ijhnW ny pRgqIvwdI idRStIkox qoN nwtk ilKy, pMjwb ivc ieptw dI lihr nUM
mu`Flw rUp dyx vwly mhqvpUrn nwm hn: joigMdr bwhrlw, qyg isMG cMn,
jgdIS &irAwdI, hukm cMd ^lIlI, AmrjIq gurdwspurI, suirMdr kOr, pRo.
inrMjn isMG mwn Awid[ pRis`D pMjwbI gwiekw suirMdr kOr pMjwhivAw ivc
ieptw dy AMg-sMg rhI sI[ bwhrlw, cMd, &irAwdI Aqy ^lIlI vrgy Epyrw
lyKk ieptw ny hI pYdw kIqy[
pMjwbI Awlocnw dy Kyqr ivc vI pRgqIvwd ny Awpxw Asr idKwieAw[
syKoN nUM pRQm pRgqIvwdI Awlock ikhw jwdw hY[ syKoN ny AMqrmu`KI pRBwvW vwly
swihq dy suBwA iqAwg ky ivigAwnk idRStIkox qoN is`DWqk-sUqrb`D krky
SurUAwq kIqI[ syKoN ny AwpxI Awlocnw ivDI dw AiDAYn dw ivSw m`DkwlIn
pMjwbI swihq qoN AwDuink pMjwbI swihq dI hr isn& nUM bxwieAw[ syKoN dI
Awlocnw idRStI mwrksvwdI idRStI dy izAwdw kyNdirq hY[ sMq isMG syKoN ny
pihlI vwr swihqk rcnw nUM ausdy smu`cy smwjk-ieiqhwsk pRsMg ivc r`K ky
ausdw mulWkx krn dI iDrq pweI[
syKoN qoN bwAd Aglw swihqk Awlock pRo. ikSn isMG hY[ pRo. ikSn isMG
dw Awlocnwqmk suBwA syKoN qoN v`KrI BWq dw hY[ auh dvMdvwdI pdwrQvwd nUM
vDyry TIk qrIky nwl lwgU krdw hY[
m`DkwlIn pMjwbI swihq ausdy AiDAYn dw kyNdrI
ibMdU hY[ &rId bwxI, gurbwxI qy ik`sw kwiv aus leI
55
mhwn rcnwvW hn ikauNik kwbz inzwm dIAW sB
sMsQwvW dy qUsVy aufwauNdIAW hn[67
ikSn isMG ny AwpxI Awlocnw dw AwDwr ieiqhwsk pirpyK Aqy siBAwcwrk
pRsMg nwl joVky kIqw pRo. ikSn isMG dI Awlocnwqmk pRiqBw smkwlI siQqIAw
dIAW do ivroDI iKcW dy dbwau hyT ivcrdI hY[ iek pwsy cyqnw dujy pwsy
mnorQI krqv[ ausny smIiKAw nUM Bwvnw qoN mukq krn dI iprq pweI[
ies qoN bwAd Aglw swihqk Awlock nzm husYn s`Xd hY[ nzm husYn
ny AwpxI Awlocnwqmk swihqkwrI ivc purwxy pMjwbI swihq ivc kuJ rcnwvW
Aqy kvIAW nUM AwDwr bxw ky aunHW dI rcnw ivcly pRqIkW dw ivSlySx krn dw
Xqn kIqw hY[ nzm husYn dI Awlocnw ivDI dw AwDwr klwsIkl mwrksvwd
hY[ jo pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI Awlocnw dy Kyqr dw kYnvs ivSwl krdI hY[
ivAwiKAw is`DWq ivc FlI hox krky aus ies
Awlocnw nUM pyqlI, prMprwgq, AMqrmu`KI Aqy
iekwihrI iksm dI AwiKAw hY[ s`Xd dy sU&Imq dI
nwbrI ivcoN mnu`K dI AwzwdI qy AxK AnuBv krn
nUM vI auh ikMqU dw ivSw bxwauNdw hY[68
fw. Aqr isMG dw Awlocnw dy Kyqr ivc pRyrnw sRoq sMq isMG syKoN hY[
ijsqoN AgvweI lY ky ausny Awpxw Awlocnwqmk s&r dI SurUAwq kIqI pr
ausny Awpxy rcnwqmk Drwql qy AwpxI mOilkqw brkrwr rKI[ AwDuink
pMjwbI swihq sMbMDI ausdw icMqn gMBIr qy bOiDk soJI Aqy sMvydnw aupr
AwDwirq hY[ swihq dy AMdrly qy bwhrly srokwrW ivckwr dvdwqmk irSqw
sQwipq krdw hoieAw srlqw qoN jitlqw qk dw s&r qYA krdw hY[ AwDuink
swihq ivc kwiv Awlocnw dy Kyqr ivc ausdI ivSyS rucI rhI[
56
fw. rivMdr rvI pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI swihq-icMqk Aqy Awlocnw dw smwj-
SwsqrI ikhw jWdw hY[ ausdy swihqk ruJwvW nUM pRgqIvwdI ivDI rwhIN
siBAwcwrk pirpyK ivc smJ ky aunHW dy pihcwnxXog icMnHW nUM pRBwiSq kIqw[
fw. tI.Awr. ivnod dI Awlocnw dw suBwA qrk ADwirq hY[ swihq
dIAW ivDwvW ivc glp nUM ivSyS qrjIh idqI[ ivnod ny pRgqIvwd dy
sMklpwqmk Gyry nUM ivsiqRq krky iesnUM mkwnkI sMkIrxqw qoN inrlyp kIqw[
fw. kysr isMG mwrksvwdI idRStIkox qoN pRBwivq huMdw hoieAw ausdy
sMkIrx Aqy k`tVpuxy dw iSkwr nhIN huMdw[
smwjk cUl ivc jmwqI sMGrS qy dvMdwqmk idRStI,
smwj qy swihq dy XQwrQ dy pRq`Kx dy ausdy mn
BwauNdy hiQAwr hn[ pRgqIvwd qy pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI
swihq dy sMbMD ivc pihlw ivDI pUrvk Akwdimk
kwrj fw. kysr isMG kysr dw hY[69
hornW swihqk ivDwvW dI qrHW pMjwbI Awlocnw vI AwrMB qoN mOjUdw
hwlwqW ivc ivkws dIAW mMizlW vl A`gy v`D rhI hY[ ieh Awpxy klwvy ivc
Awlocnw idRStI, dvMdwqmk idRStI swihq qy XQwrQ dy pRq`Kx, ivigAwnk
ivDI, mwnvvwdI pirpyK Awid hr pihlU nwl Apxw sMvwd rcwauNdI hY[
smu`cy rUp ivc ikhw jw skdw hY ik pRgqIvwd dy audBv ipCy &wiszm dw
zor PVnw Aqy swmrwjI inzwm dI mOjUdgI vrgy q`Q kMm krk rhy sn[ ijhVy
ik kOmW nUM dbw rhy sn Aqy aunHW dy ivkws nUM jkVI byTY sn iehnW
rwStrI/AMqr rwStrI GtnwvW ny ijQy pRgqIvwdI lihr ny ieh isD kIqw ik
ieh kOmI Aqy kOmWqrI lihr dy pqn dw vI kwrx bixAw[ ieh lihr mu`K qOr
qy ivroD dI lihr vjoN aupjI jdoN ivroDI iDr (kOmI pYmwny qy swmrwj) nw rhI
qW iesqoN pYdw huMdIAw hwlqW ivc AwpxI siQqI inSicq kr skxI ies vwsqy
57
muSikl ho geI[ ieh lihr ZrIb mzdUrW dy hk ivc Aqy srmweydwrW dy
ivruD ieh nwAry lwauNdI rhI[ nvyN Bwrq ivc kudrqI qOr auqy iehI do SRyxIAW
nhIN sn, sgoN ieMnHW dy AMdr vI A`goN aup vMf hoeI sI[ hr aup SRyxI dw smwjk
rol ieko ijhw nhIN ikhw jw skdw[ dUjy pwsy kOmWqrI pDr auqy soSilst kYNp
dy rUp Dwrn krky iek hor qrHW dw ivhwr pYdw kIqw[ pRgqIvwd lihr
soSilSt kYNp auqy inrBr rihx l`g peI[ soSilSt dySW dI cVq nUM AwpxI
pRwpqI smJx lg peI[ ijvyN ik ieh ausy dI hI eyjMt hovy[
swihq dy Kyqr ivc kuJ iek AijhIAW DrwvW pYdw hoeIAw jo pRgqIvwd
Dwrw dIAW kmIAW auqy hI tyk r`KdIAW sn[ pRXogvwdI lihr ijsny mzdUr dI
QW lGU mwnv nUM kyNdrI QW idqI Aqy Ajoky mnu`K dIAW mwnisk guMJlW nUM
auBwrn dI koiSS kIqI[ iesqoN ielwvw pRXogvwdI ny rUp dy p`KoN swihq dIAW
bhuq swrIAW ivDwvW ivc nvyN pRXog kIqy[ ies lihr ny koeI smwjk p`KoN
swriQk BUimkw nw inBweI ijs krky ieh bhuq dyr kwiem nw rih skI[
nkslvwdI jw juJwrvwdI ivdrohI lihr nUM BwvyN pRgqIvwdI lihr dw hI
Aglw pVwA mMinAw jwdw hY[ pr ieh nvIAW pirsiQqIAw ivc iek vKrw
pRqIkrm pyS krdI sI[ pRgqIvwd nwl ieh squMSt nhIN sI[ ivdroh Aqy auh
vI hiQAwr bMd ivdroh dw inSwnw sI[ sp`St hY ik hkIkqW dI pux-CWx
krnw iesdw vI AwDwr nhIN sI[ sgoN ^ws qrHW dI Bwvukqw sI ies aupr
kwbz sI[
pr ies sB dy bwvjUd vI pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI kivqw pMjwbI dI SromxI
kwiv-Dwrw vjoN sQwipq hY[ iesdI sQwpqI imhnqkS lokW dI imhnq Aqy
isrV dw sdkw hY[ BwvyN ieh lihr m`Dm pY geI hY, pr jdoN vI smwj ivc
AxsuKwvW mwhOl jw vrg vMf aupjdw hY[ ieh lihr Awpxy Awp jor PV lYNdI
hY[ iesdw Xogdwn mh`qvpUrn hY[ iesny smwjk XQwrQ dI cyqnw pYdw krn
Aqy iesnUM bdl ky AwdrSk smwjk pRbMD isrjx dI pRyrnw id`qI[
58
hvwly qy it`pxIAW
1. Fundamentals of Social Philosophy, P. 58
2. sM. vrmw. rwjU. fI., ieMgilS-ihMdI ifkSnrI, pMnw 520
3. Fundamentals of Social Philosophy, P. 88
4. pMjwbI swihq koS, pMnw 355
5. ngyNdr, AwDuink ihMdI kivqw dI muKX pRivrqIAW, pMnw 88
6. kysr isMG kysr, pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw qy pMjwbI kivqw, pMnw 58
7. rWgy rwGv, pRgqISIl swihqX ky mwndMf, pMnw 14
8. jsbIr isMG AwhlUvwlIAw (sMpw.) smkwlI pMjwbI swihq-iek AiDAYn,
pMnw 63
9. isrjxw, ApRYl-jUn 1981, pMnw 43
10. iqupwTI, rwmw mUrqI, rh`svwd, pMnw 13,14
11. Aqr isMG, kwiv AiDAYn, pMnw 71
12. pRIqm isMG kYboN, brqwnvI pMjwbI kivqw : iek idRStI, pMnw 59
13. Fundamentals of Social Philosophy, P. 82
14. kysr isMG kysr, pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw qy pMjwbI kivqw, pMnw 26
15. Fundamentals of Social Philosophy, P. 83
16. Loc.cit
17. kysr isMG kysr, pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw qy pMjwbI kivqw, pMnw 27
18. Marx and Fredrich Engles, The Communist Manifesto, P. 142
19. kysr isMG kysr, pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw qy pMjwbI kivqw, pMnw 27
20. Marx & Engles On Religion, Progress Pulalishers Moscow, P 128
21. fw. pRkwS kWq, smwjvwd dw smIhw: jIvn Aqy icMqn, pMnw 97
22. Lenin, On Art and Literature, P. 45
59
23. Art and Social Life, P. 51.
24. iSv vrmw, sovIAq swihq mYN XQwrQvwdI dw ivkws, (smwlock,
XQwrQvwd ivSyS AMk), pMnw 71
25. auhI rcnw, pMnw 73
26. kwfvY~l dI kwiv Alocnw sMbMDI is`DWq, pMnw 263
27. Mao-Tsc-Tung, Tolks at Yenan Faram on Art and Literature, P. 36
28. mwrksvwdI drSn, pMnw 46
29. iSv kumwr imSr, mwrksvwdI swihqX icMqn ieiqhws qQw is`DWq, pMnw
483
30. A.e. sololyv, kimauinst ieMtrnYSnl dw sMkiSpq ieiqhws, pMnw 361
31. auhI rcnw, pMnw 411-415
32. ikrpwl isMG ksyl (sMpw.), pMjwbI swihq dw ieiqhws (Bwg dUjw), pMnw
67
33. jsbIr isMG, AwDuink pMjwbI Awlocnw, pMnw 39
34. bRhm jgdIS isMG, AwDuink pMjwbI kwiv pRmu`K pRivrqIAW, pMnw 41
35. ryKw AvsQI, pRgqIvwd AOr smwnWqr swihq, pMnw 20
36. “BwrqI ivcwrvwn qy smwjvwd,” isrjxw, julweI-sqMbr 1992, pMnw 63
37. primMdr isMG, pRgqIvwdI lihr dw ieiqhwsk ipCokV, pMnw 2-3
38. ryKw AvsQI, pRgqIvwdI AOr smWnqr swihqX, pMnw 8
39. suirMdr kumwr dvySvr, pRgqIvwd, pMnw 30
40. iSv kumwr imSr, mwrksvwd swihqX icMqn-ieiqhws qQw isDWq, pMnw
493
41. iSvdwn cOhwn, pRgqIvwd, pMnw 333
42. auhI rcnw, pMnw 340
60
43. auhI rcnw, pMnw 340
44. auhI rcnw, pMnw 344
45. suirMdr kumwr dvysvr, pRgqIvwd, pMnw 19
46. aumyS cMdr imSr, pRgqIvwd kwvX, pMnw 37
47. hrimMdr kOr, pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI khwxI: punr mulWkx, pMnw 36-37
48. rWGy rWgv, pRgqISIl swihq dy mwndMf, pMnw 7-8
49. pRgqIvwd punr mulWkx, pMnw 10
50. rwm pRswd iqRvydI, AwDuink kwvX kI pRmuK pRivrqIAW, pMnw 93
51. suirMdr kumwr dvySvr, pMjwbI dI mOjUdw isAwsI siQqI syD, nvMbr,
1982, pMnw 3
52. suirMdr kumwr dvySvr, pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw qy pMjwbI kivqw, pMw 38
53. kysr isMG kysr, pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw qy pMjwbI kivqw, pMnw 31
54. ipRMsIpl sMq isMG syKoN, pRo. mohn isMG qy pRgqISIl lihr, pMnw 4
55. Drmpwl isMG, AwDuink kwiv, pMnw A
56. kulbIr isMG kWg, audws lok, pMnw 11-12
57. pRIqlVI, ApRYl 1950, pMnw 27
58. fw. jgdIS rwey Srmw, AwDuink pMjwbI kivqw: is`DWq qy ivhwr , pMnw
41
59. fw. bljIq kOr, vIhvIN sdI dI pMjwbI kivqw, pMnw 115-116
60. AMimRqw pRIqm, p`Qr gIty, pMnw 58
61. AMimRqw pRIqm, sunyhVy, pMnw 69
62. bwvw blvMq, bwvw blvMq kwiv sMswr, pMnw 24
63. pRIqm isMg s&Ir, pwp dy soihly, pMnw 34
64. auhI, pMnw 40