Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint - uniba.sk · biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, ... •...
Transcript of Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint - uniba.sk · biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, ... •...
1st Lecture
2. Position of the biology in pharmaceutical sciences.
1. Introduction to the biology. Division of the biological sciences.
Definition of Biology subject– general - bio = live
logos = science
- focused – basic principle of living organisms
1st Lecture2. Position of the biology in pharmaceutical
sciences.
A, Backround for all medical disciplines of pharmaceutical study: physiology, pathology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, pharmacology, clinical pharmacology
B, General principles of biological active molecules - drugs
2nd Lecture
Origin of life. The chemical evolution hypothesis. Origin of cells and multicellular organisms. Kingdom Animalia and phylogenesis.
Darwin’s visit to the Galapagos
• Darwin visited the Galapagos as ship’s naturalist on a round-the-world scientific expedition in 1835
• The Beagle spent 5 weeks crusing the Galapagos• During that time Darwin spent 19 days ashore, visiting San
Christobal (at the time known as Chatam), Floreana (Charles), Isabela (Albermarle), Santiago (James) documenting their flora and fauna
I never dreamed that islands, about fifty or sixty miles apart, and most of them in sight of each other, formed of precisely the same rocks, placed under a quite similar climate, rising to a nearly equal height, would have been differently tenanted.
In conclusion, it appears to me that nothing can be more improving to a young naturalist, than a journey in distant countries - Charles Darwin
A simulating experimentfor the abiotic productionof biomolecules: Simulated what might happened in one billionyears in one week.
Inorganic atoms and moleculesSimple organic moleculesComplex organic moleculesMacromoleculesBiological active supramoleculesThe first simple cellsCellsTissue Simple organismsanimals and plantsHuman
• Origin of Life• Universal predictor• Prokaryontes• Eukaryotes• Chordata• Vertebrales• Mammalia• Primates• Hominoids
Evolution
• Chimpans- human divergence
The cell theory
• Cell is basic functional and structural entity of living organisms
• Activity whole organism is depended on activity of individual cell as well as collective coordinate activity of cells
• Activity of cells is depended on specific subcellularstructures
• Origin of cell are cells
Cell Specialization and Tissues• Main advantage of multicellular organisms is
cellular differentiation• Tissue: group of cells with specific function
– Humans have 14 major tissue types (bones, muscles, nerves, blood, etc.)
• Humans have more than 200 specialized cell types that differ in– Size (nerve cell vs. blood cells)– Lifetime (nerve cells vs. bone marrow cells)
• Note: all cells have exactly the same genetic code; the difference comes from differences in gene expression
Cell principle of live
• Summary– Cell is unit with all necessary
for livechange º disease
– Complexity• The same atoms and molecules• Organization to different
structures an organelles– Difference and variability
• Neuron • Blood cells
Darwin's diagram of the "principle of divergence”
The only illustration in The Origin of Species, 1859
The History of the Tree
• Scientists from Aristotle to Linneausrecognized plants and animals comprised the two great groups of life
• Ernst Haeckel was a contemporary of Darwin who first tried to organize the taxonomic 3 groups of the age into the first “tree of life”, recognizing the protists as a third kingdom
Tree of Life• Three major groups:
– Archaea– Bacteria– Eukaryotes
• Animals• Green Plants• Fungi• Protists
– Viruses
Salt lake, Kang Island, AustraliaSalt lake, Kang Island, Australia
Archaea
Yellowstone National Park, USA
Evolutionary Time• Basic Assumption:
– the diversity of life arose by inherited variation through an unbroken line of descent
• Estimates of divergence times:– Archaeology– Phylogenetic genetic sequence analysis
• Major events:– Life began 3.8 billion years ago– Eucaryotes formed 2 billion years ago– Multicellular organisms 1 billion years ago
Diversity of Life• Life is extraordinary varied
• tiny archebacterium living in a superheated sulphurvent at the bottom of the ocean
• a two-ton polar bear roaming the arctic circle
– Genome size (length of DNA) varies• from 5,000 (SV40 virus) to 3*109(humans) -1011 (higher plants)
• All organism share basic properties– Made of cells (membrane-enclosed sacks of chemicals)– Carry basic reactions (e.g. core metabolic and
developmental pathways)
Species Diversity (percent)
Humans 0.08 - 0.10.12 - 0.172
5HIV1 30
ChimpanzeesDrosophila simulansE. coli
Genetic variation among humans
Origins of hominids
• Sahelanthropustchadensis
• Chad (Central Africa)• Dated to 6 – 7 million
years ago• Posture uncertain, but
slightly later hominids were bipedal
‘Toumai’, Chad, 6-7 MYABrunet et al. (2002) Nature 418, 145-151
Origins of the genus Homo
• Homo erectus/ergaster~1.9 million years ago in Africa
• Use of stone tools• H. erectus in Java ~1.8
million years ago
Nariokatome boy, Kenya, ~1.6 MYA
Additional migrations out of Africa
• First known Europeans date to ~800 KYA
• Ascribed to H. heidelbergensis
Atapueca 5, Spain,~300 KYA
Origins of modern humans (1)
• Anatomicallymodern humans in Africa ~130 KYA
• In Israel by ~90 KYA
• Not enormously successful
Omo I, Ethiopia, ~130 KYA
Expansions of fully modern humans
• Two expansions:• Middle Stone Age
technology in Australia ~50 KYA
• Upper Palaeolithic technology in Israel ~47 KYA
Lake Mungo 3, Australia, ~40 KYA
Routes of migration?archaeological evidence
50 KYA
47 KYA40 KYA
39 KYA
50 KYA
47 KYA40 KYA
39 KYA
MiddleStone Age
Upper Paleolithic
~130KYA