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Previewing Your Textbook . . . . xivHow Do I Study History . . . . . xxReading Skills Handbook .RH1

Reference AtlasUnited States Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA2United States Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA4United States Territorial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA6Middle America Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA8Canada Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA10Middle East Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA12World Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA14United States Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA16

GeographyHandbook

What is Geography? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1How Do I Study Geography? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2How Do I Use Maps? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4How Does Geography Influence History? . . . . . . . . . . 6Geographic Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Reading for Information . . . . 10

Different Worlds Meet 12Beginnings to 1625CHAPTER 1The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1 Early Peoples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Cities and Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 North American Peoples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

CHAPTER 2Exploring the Americas, 14001625 . . . . 36

1 A Changing World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Early Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Spain in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Exploring North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Colonial Settlement 6615871770CHAPTER 3Colonial America, 15871770 . . . . . . . . . . . 68

1 Early English Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 New England Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 Middle Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 Southern Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

CHAPTER 4The Colonies Grow, 16071770 . . . . . . . . . 98

1 Life in the Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002 Government, Religion, and Culture . . . . . . . . 1083 France and Britain Clash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164 The French and Indian War . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Creating a Nation 12817631791CHAPTER 5Road to Independence, 17631776 . . . . 130

1 Taxation without Representation . . . . . . . . . 1322 Building Colonial Unity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1363 A Call to Arms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1414 Moving Toward Independence . . . . . . . . . . . 147The Declaration of Independence . . . . . . . . . 154

CHAPTER 6The American Revolution, 17761783. . . 160

1 The Early Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1622 The War Continues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1723 The War Moves West and South . . . . . . . . . . 1774 The War Is Won . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

CHAPTER 7A More Perfect Union, 17771790 . . . . . 190

1 The Articles of Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922 Convention and Compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 A New Plan of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Civics in Action: A Citizenship Handbook . . . 216The Constitution of the United States . . . . . . 232

The New Republic 25417891825CHAPTER 8A New Nation, 17891800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

1 The First President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2582 Early Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2633 The First Political Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

CHAPTER 9The Jefferson Era, 18001816 . . . . . . . . . 276

1 The Republicans Take Power . . . . . . . . . . . . 2782 The Louisiana Purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2823 A Time of Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2884 The War of 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

CHAPTER 10Growth and Expansion, 17901825. . . . 304

1 Economic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3062 Westward Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3143 Unity and Sectionalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

The Growing Nation 33018201860CHAPTER 11The Jackson Era, 18241845 . . . . . . . . . . . 332

1 Jacksonian Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3342 Conflicts Over Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3413 Jackson and the Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

CHAPTER 12Manifest Destiny, 18181853 . . . . . . . . . . 354

1 The Oregon Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3562 Independence for Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3623 War with Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3694 New Settlers in California and Utah . . . . . . . 375

CHAPTER 13North and South, 18201860 . . . . . . . . . . 384

1 The Norths Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3862 The Norths People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3913 Southern Cotton Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3974 The Souths People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

CHAPTER 14The Age of Reform, 18201860. . . . . . . . 410

1 Social Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4122 The Abolitionists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4183 The Womens Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Civil War andReconstruction 43218461896CHAPTER 15Road to Civil War, 18201861 . . . . . . . . . 434

1 Slavery and the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4362 A Nation Dividing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4413 Challenges to Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4454 Secession and War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

CHAPTER 16The Civil War, 18611865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

1 The Two Sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4602 Early Years of the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4663 A Call for Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4734 Life During the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4785 The Way to Victory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

CHAPTER 17Reconstruction andIts Aftermath, 18651896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

1 Reconstruction Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5002 Radicals in Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5043 The South During Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . 5094 Change in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

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Contents

Modern America Emerges 5241877PresentCHAPTER 18Reshaping the Nation, 18771929 . . . . . 526

1 The Western Frontier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5282 Invention and Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5343 Reform at Home, Expansion Abroad . . . . . . . 5404 World War I and Its Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . 546

CHAPTER 19The Making of Modern America,1929Present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

1 Depression and a Second World War . . . . . . 5562 Turning Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5643 Modern America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5724 The War on Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One? . . . . 589Primary Sources Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590Presidents of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606Documents of American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611Supreme Court Case Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624Gazetteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648Acknowledgements and Photo Credits . . . . . . . . . . 669

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Contents

Padre on Horseback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Foothold in the New World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Eve of Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Into the Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286Trail of Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346Antietam: The Bloodiest Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Lakota legend: White Buffalo Calf Woman Brings the First Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

Columbus Crosses the Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593J. Crevecoeur: What is an American? . . . . . . . . . 594Ben Franklin: Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595William Penn: Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595Thomas Paine: Common Sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596The Bold Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596Surviving at Valley Forge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597German Immigrant: Life in America . . . . . . . . . 597Washingtons First Inaugural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598Song of Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599Travelers: On the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599Newspaper Account: Trail of Tears . . . . . . . . . . 600Delicia Patterson: Life Under Slavery . . . . . . . . . 601James Finley: Religious Camp Meeting . . . . . . . 601Spiritual: Swing Low, Sweet Chariot . . . . . . . . . 602George Sargent: The Fire of Battle . . . . . . . . . . . 603Frederick Douglass: On the Plight of

African Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603Lee Greenwood: Proud to Be an American . . . . 604George W. Bushs Address to Congress . . . . . . . 604

The Magna Carta, 1215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611The Mayflower Compact, 1620 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639 . . 612The English Bill of Rights, 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613The Articles of Confederation, 1781 . . . . . . . . . 613The Federalist, No. 10, 1787 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614The Federalist, No. 51, 1788 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614The Federalist, No. 59, 1788 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615Washingtons Farewell Address, 1796 . . . . . . . . 615The Star-Spangled Banner, 1814 . . . . . . . . . . . . 616The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616The Seneca Falls Declaration, 1848 . . . . . . . . . . 617The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 . . . . . . . 617The Gettysburg Address, 1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618I Will Fight No More, 1877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619The Pledge of Allegiance, 1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619The Americans Creed, 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620The Fourteen Points, 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . 621John F. Kennedys Inaugural Address, 1961 . . . 622I Have a Dream, 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

vii

Who Had the Right to Claim the Americas? . . . . . 47I Claim This Land! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118The War Between Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Is American Slavery Compassionate or Cruel? . . . 420Union or Secession? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

The Columbian Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60The First Thanksgiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78The Boston Tea Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Government Under the Articles of Confederation . . 196The Alien and Sedition Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271The Oregon Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Immigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394Living Under Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404The Underground Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Spanish Galleon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Colonial Printing Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112The Conestoga Wagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Textile Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307The Cotton Gin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Civil War Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Astrolabe to Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Women in War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Great Seal of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211The Nations Capital, Washington, D.C. . . . . . . . 280Modern Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324Jeans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376From Hardtack to MREs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

Washington Had Stepped Down? . . . . . . . . . . . 178The Defenders Had Not Stayed at the Alamo? . . . 364Lincoln Had Survived? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

Navigate or Get Lost! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Lets Go West! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382Quilting History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

New Ways to the New World: Prehistory . . . . . . . . . 20Colonial America: 16001650 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114From Protests to War: 17741777 . . . . . . . . . . . 170New Horizons: 17901820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312A Developing Nation: 18201850 . . . . . . . . . . . 416Looking Westward: 18501860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Farming and the Growth of Civilization . . . . . . . . 24The Great Awakening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Surveying the Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Tying the Nation Together: The National Road . . . 316The Seneca Falls Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426The Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17European Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44The Great Awakening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110The Slave Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120The Revolutionary War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142French-American Alliance in 1778 . . . . . . . . . . . 174Political Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Westward Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

viii

Juana Ins de la Cruz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Anne Hutchinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Margaret Brent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Benjamin Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109Abigail Adams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149Thomas Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166Peter Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186James Madison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Benjamin Banneker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Dolley Madison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299Robert Fulton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Osceola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344Stephen F. Austin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Harriet Tubman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406Harriet Beecher Stowe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442Clara Barton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480Frederick Douglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511Condoleezza Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Iroquois Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Americas Flags: Spanish Banner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49The First Thanksgiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Americas Flags: Flag of New France . . . . . . . . . . . 62Banning Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106The Albany Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119The Boston Massacre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137The Battle of Bunker Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145Americas Flags: Continental Colors . . . . . . . . . . .148Independence Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151Americas Flags: First Stars and Stripes . . . . . . . . .167John Hanson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198Americas Flags: Betsy Ross Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259American Heroes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270Americas Flags: The First Star-Spangled Banner . . . 300Legendary Heroes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319Americas Flags: Flag of 1818 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322Americas Flags: The Great Star Flag . . . . . . . . . . 322Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358The Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360Americas Flags: Texas Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368Growth of Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393Before They Were Presidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Names of Battles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Americas Flags: Confederate Battle Flag . . . . . . . . 486Americas Flags: Seventeenth Flag of the Union . . . 486Presidential Elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

Critical ThinkingUnderstanding Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120Distinguishing Fact from Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . .146Making Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Recognizing Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440Identifying the Main Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Social StudiesUnderstanding the Parts of a Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Reading a Time Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Reading a Bar Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Reading a Military Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169Reading a Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Reading a Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320Understanding Longitude and Latitude . . . . . . . . 361Reading a Circle Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Study & WritingWriting a Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Analyzing Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Taking Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

TechnologyEvaluating a Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Building a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

Morning Girl by Michael Dorris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50The Kidnapped Prince by Olaudah Equiano . . . . . 107Johnny Tremain by Esther Forbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Night Flying Woman by Ignatia Broker . . . . . . . . . 295A Son of the Middle Border by Hamlin Garland . . . . 379The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane . . . . 465

The Lowell Girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308One-Room Schoolhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414

Chapter 1 The First AmericansChristopher Columbus, on his discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Hiram Bingham, Machu Picchu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Hernn Corts, Tenochtitln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Bernal Daz del Castillo, Tenochtitln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Natchez legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Dekanawidah, Iroquois constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Chapter 2 Exploring the AmericasChristopher Columbus, voyage to the Americas . . . . . . . . . . 46Christopher Columbus, on his discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Red Jacket, on white aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Spanish conquistador, on the Americas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Aztec poem, on the destruction of Tenochtitln . . . . . . . . . . . 53Martin Luther, on recanting his statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Chapter 3 Colonial AmericaJohn Smith, on Indian kindness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67John White, on the Powhatan people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Virginia colonist, on joint labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Philip Henry, on witnessing a beheading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82William Penn, on government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Roberta Mason, on being enslaved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86John Locke, on rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Junpero Serra, on Native Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Chapter 4 The Colonies GrowAndrew Burnaby, on American diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Olaudah Equiano, on the Middle Passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Benjamin Franklin, from Poor Richards Almanack. . . . . . . . . 108Nathaniel Ames, on American riches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Benjamin Franklin, on colonial disagreement . . . . . . . . . . . 119Chief Pontiac, warning to the colonists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121George Washington, on British military technique. . . . . . . . . 122Chief Pontiac, declaration of war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Chapter 5 Road to IndependencePatrick Henry, on liberty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129James Otis, on taxation without representation . . . . . . . . . . 134Bostonian, on the British presence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Bostonian, Boston Massacre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Samuel Adams, Boston Tea Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Colonial song, The Bold Americans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Patrick Henry, at the Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142British officer, on colonial preparations for war . . . . . . . . . 142Thomas Gage, instructions to march to Concord . . . . . . . . . . . . 143John Parker, at Lexington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Minuteman, at Lexington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Thomas Jefferson, on the Declaration of Independence . . . . 147Richard Henry Lee, resolution for independence. . . . . . . . . 150Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence . . . . . . . . . 151

Chapter 6 The American RevolutionBritish officer, on fighting the colonists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162John Adams, on the length of the war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Connecticut Loyalist, on loyalists and rebels . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Nathan Hale, last words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166British soldier, on colonists mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Jonathan Austin, to Ben Franklin on the war . . . . . . . . . . . 172Patriot officer, on troop strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Marquis de Lafayette, on the future of America . . . . . . . . . 174Abigail Adams, letter to John Adams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175African Americans in New Hampshire, on freedom . . . . . 176Benjamin Rush, criticism of Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178George Rogers Clark, letter to Patrick Henry . . . . . . . . . . . 180Buchanan Parker Thompson, on Bernardo Glvez . . . . . . . 181Bernardo de Glvez, letter to Patrick Henry. . . . . . . . . . . . . 182British childrens song, on disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183American soldier, on marching South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Hessian soldier, on scene at Yorktown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185George Washington, resigning from the Army . . . . . . . . . . 186George Washington, on Americans spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Chapter 7 A More Perfect UnionJohn Jay, on the Mississippi River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198George Washington, on the Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Farmers, complaint to the government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Alexander Hamilton, Constitutional Convention . . . . . . . . . 201Ben Franklin, on the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Ben Franklin, on a republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207John Locke, on individual rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Thomas Jefferson, on The Federalist Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Mercy Otis Warren, on freedom and government . . . . . . . . . 212

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A variety of quotations and excerpts throughout the text express thethoughts, feelings, and life experiences of people, past and present.

Abigail Adams

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Civics in Action A CitizenshipHandbook

Preamble to the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Barbara Jordan, on the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222James Madison, on checks and balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224Declaration of Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Chapter 8 A New NationGeorge Washington, on foreign policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255John Langdon, letter to George Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Opponents, on Hamiltons plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261George Washington, from Farewell Address . . . . . . . . . . . 266Alexander Hamilton, on the public in politics . . . . . . . . . . . 269Thomas Jefferson, on democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269George Washington, on Hamilton and Jefferson . . . . . . . . . 269

Chapter 9 The Jefferson EraThomas Jefferson, on Monticello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279Harriet Martineau, on Americans heading west . . . . . . . . . 282Francis Rogers, seafarer, on storms at sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288Tecumseh, on white aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292Tecumseh, on failure to keep peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292Patriotic song, on Englands foolishness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296American journal, on burning of Washington, D.C. . . . . . . . 301

Chapter 10 Growth and ExpansionEnglish journalist, on American farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306European, on American women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306European, on American efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306Lucy Larcom, on working in Lowells mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309James Monroe, on America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Abigail Adams, letter to sister. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Chapter 11 The Jackson EraDaniel Webster, on liberty and union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331Andrew Jackson, on preserving the Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339John C. Calhoun, on liberty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Speckled Snake, on the Great Father . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Cherokee protest, over their removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Kentucky man, on Cherokee marching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344Black Hawk, on government oppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Andrew Jackson, on the rights of the president . . . . . . . . . . 348Andrew Jackson, on democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349NY protest signs, over Panic of 1837 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Chapter 12 Manifest DestinyMartha Gay, on moving west . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356Fur trade clerk, on mountain men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Amelia Stewart Knight, on the Oregon Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Catherine Sager Pringle, on the Oregon Trail . . . . . . . . . . . 359Davy Crockett, on political campaigning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362William Travis, Appeal for Aid at the Alamo . . . . . . . . . . . . 364Sam Houston, on securing Texan independence . . . . . . . . . 366William Travis, on the Alamo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366The Texas Declaration, declaring independence . . . . . . . . . 366Josiah Gregg, on the Santa Fe Trail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369William Marcy, on California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371James Marshall, on discovering gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375Miner, on lawlessness in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Chapter 13 North and SouthCharles Dickens, traveling by rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386Northern mill worker, on the mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Visitor to Mobile, Alabama, on cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397Texan politician, on the Southern economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 400Enslaved man, letter to his wife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401Josiah Henson, on slave quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404Spiritual, Didnt My Lord Deliver Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405Moses Grandy, on runaways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

Chapter 14 The Age of ReformHenry David Thoreau, on civil disobedience . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Emily Dickinson, Hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415William Lloyd Garrison, on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418Benjamin Lundy, on abolitionism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Harriet Tubman, on escaping slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Sojourner Truth, on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420Jeremiah Jeter, on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420Angelina Grimk, on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420Frederick Douglass, speech on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

They have driven us fromthe sea to the lakeswe can go no farther.Tecumseh

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Henry Box Brown, on his escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422Song, Follow the Drinkin Gourd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422Nancy Howard, on being a fugitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Speaker at womens rights meeting, on rights

of women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Seneca Falls Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Chapter 15 Road to Civil WarAbraham Lincoln, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433Connecticut newspaper, Missouri Compromise. . . . . . . . . . 436Henry Clay, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438Daniel Webster, on union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439The Republican Leader, on popular sovereignty . . . . . . . . . 440John C. Calhoun, on societal divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440Anglo-African Magazine, on John Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445Abraham Lincoln, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Stephen Douglas, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Southern newspapers, responses to Harpers Ferry . . . . . . . . 449Abraham Lincoln, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Jefferson Davis, on secession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Abraham Lincoln, on reconciliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Abner Doubleday, witness to Fort Sumter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

Chapter 16 The Civil WarUnion captain, story of Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460William Sherman, on the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464William Stones sister Kate, on William Stone . . . . . . . . . . 464Witness, on Confederate army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466Albert Riddle, on the First Battle of Bull Run . . . . . . . . . . . . 467Ulysses S. Grant, terms for surrender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Union officer, Battle of Antietam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472Abraham Lincoln, on saving the Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . . . . . . 474Frederick Douglass, Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . . . . . 474Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475Louisiana soldier, on a soldiers life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478Confederate private, on the Fourth of July . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Mary Chesnut, on women and the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . 480Confederate soldier, on patriotism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Gettysburg Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487William Sherman, total war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address. . . . . . . . . . . . 490Robert E. Lee, on surrendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Chapter 17 Reconstructionand Its Aftermath

Illinois veteran, on returning home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500Charles Sumner, on President Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508Emancipated African American, on equality . . . . . . . . . . . . 509African American convention petition, on equality . . . . . . 509Carl Schurz, on the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510Attorney General, on enforcing Reconstruction. . . . . . . . . . 513Republican, on Southern politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address. . . . . . . . . . . . 516Rutherford B. Hayes, on compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517John Lynch, on discrimination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517W.E.B. Du Bois, on African Americans plight. . . . . . . . . . . . 520W.E.B. Du Bois, on Southerners attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Charlotte Forten, on teaching freedmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523Fifteenth Amendment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Chapter 18 Reshaping the NationGeorge W. Bush, on America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525The Gold Seekers Song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528Observer, on the cattle trail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Nebraska settler, on settling the prairie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530Sitting Bull, on defending rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532Chief Joseph, on suffering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532Railroad song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534Jane Addams, on Hull House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539Jacob Riis, on life in the tenements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540Ida Tarbell, on education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541Ida B. Wells, on equal rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Chapter 19 The Making of Modern America

Observer, on the plight of the homeless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556Unemployed man, on effect of unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . 557Joseph Stalin, on Allied plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream speech . . . . 567Richard Nixon, on visiting China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572George W. Bush, on economic growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577Survivor, on the World Trade Center attack . . . . . . . . . . . . 579George W. Bush, on unity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582George W. Bush, on fighting terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584

Frederick Douglass

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Unit 1American Wealth Sent to Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Unit 2The First English Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Population of Six English Colonies, 1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Founding the Thirteen Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91African Slave Trade, 15001800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Unit 3The Fighting Forces, 1777 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Township: American Building Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Powers of the Federal Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206The Great Seal and the Number Thirteen . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Major Principles of the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218The Federal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219How the Constitution is Amended . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220The Bill of Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221The American System of Checks and Balances . . . . . . . . 224How a Bill Becomes a Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225Flag Etiquette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Unit 4Differences Between the First Political Parties . . . . . . . . . 269How Banks Work Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Imports and Exports, 18001820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Population Growth, 18001840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310Urban and Rural Population, 1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310The National Road and Other Major Highways . . . . . . . . 317Canal Mileage, 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Unit 5Election of 1824 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335Annual Immigration, 18201860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394Agricultural and Nonagricultural Workers, 18401870. . . 396Cotton Production, 18001860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398Southern Population, 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403Populations of the North and South in 1860 . . . . . . . . . . 409School Enrollment, 18502000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Unit 6Comparing Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462Union Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475War Casualties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488Agricultural Production in the South, 18501890 . . . . . . 519

Unit 7Urban and Rural Population Growth, 18601900 . . . . . . 538Where Americans Lived, 19011960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

Reference AtlasUnited States Political. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA2United States Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA4United States Territorial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA6Middle America Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA8Canada Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA10Middle East Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA12World Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA14

Geography HandbookPhysical Regions of the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Latitude and Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Climate Regions of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Unit 1Prehistoric Migrations Through the Americas . . . . 18Empires of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Native American Cultures Before 1500 . . . . . . . . . 30Native American Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Hunters, Gatherers, and Fishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Selected Sites of the Mound Builders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35African Trading Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41European Voyages of Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Spanish Explorers, 15131598 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52French Explorers, 15351682 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Missions in New Spain by the 1800s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Unit 2The First English Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72The New England Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77The Middle Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83The Southern Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Settlement of the British Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Triangular Trade Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Thirteen Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111North America in 1754 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117The French and Indian War, 17541763 . . . . . . . 123National Origin of Colonists, 1760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

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Unit 3Proclamation of 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133The Battles of Lexington and Concord . . . . . . . . . 143The Revolutionary War, 17761777 . . . . . . . . . . . 165Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169The Revolutionary War in the West, 17781779 . 180The Revolutionary War in the South, 17781781 181Land Claims in North America, 1783 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189The Northwest Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Unit 4Native American Campaigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265The Louisiana Purchase and Western Exploration 284Territorial Growth, 18001820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Land Taken from Native Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294The War of 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Election of 1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Population of the United States, 1820 . . . . . . . . . 310Major Roads Before the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316American Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Canals, 18201860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318The Missouri Compromise, 1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323Acquisition of Florida, 1819 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Unit 5Removal of Native Americans, 18201840 . . . . . . 342Election of 1828 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Oregon Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Texas War for Independence, 18351836 . . . . . . 367The War with Mexico, 18461848 . . . . . . . . . . . . 372Manifest Destiny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380The Oregon and California Trails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Major Railroads, 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388Cotton Production, 18201860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398The Underground Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Unit 6The Compromise of 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443The Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443Seceding States, 18601861 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Election of 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457The Early Battles, 18611862 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470Turning Points, 18621863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487The Civil War: Battles and Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488The Final Battles, 18641865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489Battle of Gettysburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Military Reconstruction Districts, 1867 . . . . . . . . . 507Disputed Election of 1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515MotionIn

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Unit 7Western Native American Lands, 18601890 . . . . . . . . . 531Voting Rights for Women, 1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542The Spanish-American War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544Europe after World War I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549The Cattle Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553World War II in Europe and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560World War II in the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562The Vietnam War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Terrorism Against Americans, 19702005 . . . . . . . . . . . . 581Election of 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

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The American Republic To 1877 - Kentucky EditionKentucky Core Content for Social Studies Assessment, Grade 8Table of ContentsCore Content for Social Studies Assessment, Grade 8Correlation to the Core Contents for Social Studies Assessment, Grade 8Preparing for the Kentucky Core Content Test for Social StudiesCountdown to the KCCT, Grade 8Focus on KentuckyDepth of Knowledge Levels

Table of ContentsPreviewing Your TextbookScavenger HuntHow Do I Study History?Reading Skills HandbookIdentifying Words and Building VocabularyReading for a ReasonUnderstanding What you ReadThinking About Your ReadingUnderstanding Text StructureReading for Research

National Geographic Reference AtlasUnited States PoliticalUnited States PhysicalUnited States Territorial GrowthMiddle America Physical/PoliticalCanada Physical/PoliticalMiddle East Physical/PoliticalWorld PoliticalUnited States Facts

National Geographic Geography HandbookWhat Is Geography?How Do I Study Geography?How Do I Use Maps?How Does Geography Influence History?Geographic Dictionary

Reading for InformationUnit 1: Different Worlds Meet, Beginnings to 1625Chapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492Section 1: Early PeoplesSection 2: Cities and EmpiresSection 3: North American PeoplesChapter 1 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 14001625Section 1: A Changing WorldSection 2: Early ExplorationSection 3: Spain in AmericaSection 4: Exploring North AmericaChapter 2 Assessment and Activities

Unit 2: Colonial Settlement, 15871770Chapter 3: Colonial America, 15871770Section 1: Early English SettlementsSection 2: New England ColoniesSection 3: Middle ColoniesSection 4: Southern ColoniesChapter 3 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 16071770Section 1: Life in the ColoniesSection 2: Government, Religion, and CultureSection 3: France and Britain ClashSection 4: The French and Indian WarChapter 4 Assessment and Activities

Unit 3: Creating a Nation, 17631791Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 17631776Section 1: Taxation Without RepresentationSection 2: Building Colonial UnitySection 3: A Call to ArmsSection 4: Moving Toward IndependenceThe Declaration of IndependenceChapter 5 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 17761783Section 1: The Early YearsSection 2: The War ContinuesSection 3: The War Moves West and SouthSection 4: The War Is WonChapter 6 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 17771790Section 1: The Articles of ConfederationSection 2: Convention and CompromiseSection 3: A New Plan of GovernmentChapter 7 Assessment and Activities

Civics in Action: A Citizenship HandbookSection 1: The ConstitutionSection 2: The Federal GovernmentSection 3: Citizens' Rights and ResponsibilitiesHandbook Assessment

The Constitution of the United States

Unit 4: The New Republic, 17891825Chapter 8: A New Nation, 17891800Section 1: The First PresidentSection 2: Early ChallengesSection 3: The First Political PartiesChapter 8 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 18001816Section 1: The Republicans Take PowerSection 2: The Louisiana PurchaseSection 3: A Time of ConflictSection 4: The War of 1812Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 17901825Section 1: Economic GrowthSection 2: Westward BoundSection 3: Unity and SectionalismChapter 10 Assessment and Activities

Unit 5: The Growing Nation, 18201860Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 18241845Section 1: Jacksonian DemocracySection 2: Conflicts Over LandSection 3: Jackson and the BankChapter 11 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 18181853Section 1: The Oregon CountrySection 2: Independence for TexasSection 3: War with MexicoSection 4: New Settlers in California and UtahChapter 12 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 13: North and South, 18201860Section 1: The North's EconomySection 2: The North's PeopleSection 3: Southern Cotton KingdomSection 4: The South's PeopleChapter 13 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 18201860Section 1: Social ReformSection 2: The AbolitionistsSection 3: The Women's MovementChapter 14 Assessment and Activities

Unit 6: Civil War and Reconstruction, 18461896Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 18201861Section 1: Slavery and the WestSection 2: A Nation DividingSection 3: Challenges to SlaverySection 4: Secession and WarChapter 15 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 16: The Civil War, 18611865Section 1: The Two SidesSection 2: Early Years of the WarSection 3: A Call for FreedomSection 4: Life During the Civil WarSection 5: The Way to VictoryChapter 16 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 18651896Section 1: Reconstruction PlansSection 2: Radicals in ControlSection 3: The South During ReconstructionSection 4: Change in the SouthChapter 17 Assessment and Activities

Unit 7: Modern America Emerges, 1877PresentChapter 18: Reshaping the Nation, 18771929Section 1: The Western FrontierSection 2: Invention and IndustrySection 3: Reform at Home, Expansion AbroadSection 4: World War I and Its AftermathChapter 18 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 19: The Making of Modern America, 1929PresentSection 1: Depression and a Second World WarSection 2: Turning PointsSection 3: Modern AmericaSection 4: The War on TerrorismChapter 19 Assessment and Activities

AppendixWhat Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One?Primary Sources LibraryPresidents of the United StatesDocuments of American HistorySupreme Court Case SummariesGazetteerGlossarySpanish GlossaryIndexAcknowledgments and Photo Credits

Feature ContentsNational Geographic Geography & HistoryPrimary Sources LibraryDocuments of America's HeritageTwo ViewpointsMore AboutTechnology & HistoryLinking Past & PresentWhat IfYou DecideTIME NotebookWhy It MattersCauses and EffectsWhat Life Was LikeAmerica's LiteratureSkillBuilderCritical ThinkingSocial StudiesStudy & WritingTechnology

People in HistoryFact Fiction FolklorePrimary Source QuotesCharts and GraphsNational Geographic Maps

Student WorkbooksActive Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492Section 1: Early PeoplesSection 2: Cities and EmpiresSection 3: North American Peoples

Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 14001625Section 1: A Changing WorldSection 2: Early ExplorationSection 3: Spain in AmericaSection 4: Exploring North America

Chapter 3: Colonial America, 15871770Section 1: Early English SettlementsSection 2: New England ColoniesSection 3: Middle ColoniesSection 4: Southern Colonies

Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 16071770Section 1: Life in the ColoniesSection 2: Government, Religion, and CultureSection 3: France and Britain ClashSection 4: The French and Indian War

Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 17631776Section 1: Taxation Without RepresentationSection 2: Building Colonial UnitySection 3: A Call to ArmsSection 4: Moving Toward Independence

Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 17761783Section 1: The Early YearsSection 2: The War ContinuesSection 3: The War Moves West and SouthSection 4: The War Is Won

Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 17771790Section 1: The Articles of ConfederationSection 2: Convention and CompromiseSection 3: A New Plan of Government

Chapter 8: A New Nation, 17891800Section 1: The First PresidentSection 2: Early ChallengesSection 3: The First Political Parties

Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 18001816Section 1: The Republicans Take PowerSection 2: The Louisiana PurchaseSection 3: A Time of ConflictSection 4: The War of 1812

Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 17901825Section 1: Economic GrowthSection 2: Westward BoundSection 3: Unity and Sectionalism

Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 18241845Section 1: Jacksonian DemocracySection 2: Conflicts Over LandSection 3: Jackson and the Bank

Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 18181853Section 1: The Oregon CountrySection 2: Independence for TexasSection 3: War with MexicoSection 4: New Settlers in California and Utah

Chapter 13: North and South, 18201860Section 1: The North's EconomySection 2: The North's PeopleSection 3: Southern Cotton KingdomSection 4: The South's People

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 18201860Section 1: Social ReformSection 2: The AbolitionistsSection 3: The Women's Movement

Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 18201861Section 1: Slavery and the WestSection 2: A Nation DividingSection 3: Challenges to SlaverySection 4: Secession and War

Chapter 16: The Civil War, 18611865Section 1: The Two SidesSection 2: Early Years of the WarSection 3: A Call for FreedomSection 4: Life During the Civil WarSection 5: The Way to Victory

Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 18651896Section 1: Reconstruction PlansSection 2: Radicals in ControlSection 3: The South During ReconstructionSection 4: Change in the South

Chapter 18: Reshaping the Nation, 18771929Section 1: The Western FrontierSection 2: Invention and IndustrySection 3: Reform at Home, Expansion AbroadSection 4: World War I and Its Aftermath

Chapter 19: The Making of Modern America, 1929PresentSection 1: Depression and a Second World WarSection 2: Turning PointsSection 3: Modern AmericaSection 4: The War on Terrorism

Activity Workbook - Student EditionLocal history activitiesActivity 1: The First AmericansActivity 2: Exploring the AmericasActivity 3: Colonial AmericaActivity 4: The Colonies GrowActivity 5: Road to IndependenceActivity 6: The American RevolutionActivity 7: A More Perfect UnionActivity 8: A New NationActivity 9: The Jefferson EraActivity 10: Growth and ExpansionActivity 11: The Jackson EraActivity 12: Manifest DestinyActivity 13: North and SouthActivity 14: The Age of ReformActivity 15: Road to Civil WarActivity 16: The Civil WarActivity 17: Reconstruction and Its AftermathActivity 18: Reshaping the NationActivity 19: The Making of Modern America

Haitian Creole SummariesChapit 1: Premye Ameriken-yo, Soti Preyistwa rive ane 1492Chapit 2: Esplore Amerik- yo, 14001625Chapit 3: Amerik Kolonyal la, 15871770Chapit 4: Koloni yo Devlope, 16071770Chapit 5: Sou Wout Endepandans, 17631776Chapit 6: Revolisyon Ameriken an, 17761783Chapit 7: Yon Inyon Ki Pi Pafe, 17771790Chapit 8: Yon Nouvel Nasyon, 17891800Chapit 9: Epok Jefferson nan, 18001816Chapit 10: Devlopman ak Ekspansyon, 17901825Chapit 11: Epok Jackson nan, 18241845Chapit 12: Manifest Destiny, 18181853Chapit 13: No ak Sid, 18201860Chapit 14: Refom la, 18201860Chapit 15: Nan Wout pou Ge Sivil, 18201861Chapit 16: Ge sivil la, 18611865Chapit 17: Rekonstriksyon ak Sa Ki Vin Touswit Apre l' Yo, 18651896Chapit 18: Chanje Figi Nasyon an, 18771929Chapit 19: Mete Amerik Modn nan sou Pye, 1929Kounye-a

KCCT Practice WorkbookContentsOverviewGuide to Analyzing GraphicsKentucky Core Content for Assessment, Grade 8Depth of Knowledge LevelsDiagnostic TextStandardized Test PracticeActivity 1: Interpreting MapsActivity 2: Interpreting DigramsActivity 3: Interpreting Maps and DiagramsActivity 4: Interpreting Primary SourcesActivity 5: Perceiving Cause-and-Effect RelationshipsActivity 6: Distinguishing Between Fact and OpinionActivity 7: Drawing ConclusionsActivity 8: Detecting BiasActivity 9: Making InferencesActivity 10: Comparing and Contrasting

Practice Test

Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492Study Guide 1-1: Early PeoplesStudy Guide 1-2: Cities and EmpiresStudy Guide 1-3: North American Peoples

Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 14001625Study Guide 2-1: A Changing WorldStudy Guide 2-2: Early ExplorationStudy Guide 2-3: Spain in AmericaStudy Guide 2-4: Exploring North America

Chapter 3: Colonial America, 15871770Study Guide 3-1: Early English SettlementsStudy Guide 3-2: New England ColoniesStudy Guide 3-3: Middle ColoniesStudy Guide 3-4: Southern Colonies

Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 16071770Study Guide 4-1: Life in the ColoniesStudy Guide 4-2: Government, Religion, and CultureStudy Guide 4-3: France and Britain ClashStudy Guide 4-4: The French and Indian War

Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 17631776Study Guide 5-1: Taxation Without RepresentationStudy Guide 5-2: Building Colonial UnityStudy Guide 5-3: A Call to ArmsStudy Guide 5-4: Moving Towards Independence

Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 17761783Study Guide 6-1: The Early YearsStudy Guide 6-2: The War ContinuesStudy Guide 6-3: The War Moves West and SouthStudy Guide 6-4: The War Is Won

Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 17771790Study Guide 7-1: The Articles of ConfederationStudy Guide 7-2: Convention and CompromiseStudy Guide 7-3: A New Plan of Government

Chapter 8: A New Nation, 17891800Study Guide 8-1: The First PresidentStudy Guide 8-2: Early ChallengesStudy Guide 8-3: The First Political Parties

Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 18001816Study Guide 9-1: The Republicans Take PowerStudy Guide 9-2: The Louisiana PurchaseStudy Guide 9-3: A Time of ConflictStudy Guide 9-4: The War of 1812

Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 17901825Study Guide 10-1: Economic GrowthStudy Guide 10-2: Westward BoundStudy Guide 10-3: Unity and Sectionalism

Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 18241845Study Guide 11-1: Jacksonian DemocracyStudy Guide 11-2: Conflicts Over LandStudy Guide 11-3: Jackson and the Bank

Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 18181853Study Guide 12-1: The Oregon CountryStudy Guide 12-2: Independence for TexasStudy Guide 12-3: War with MexicoStudy Guide 12-4: New Setters in California and Utah

Chapter 13: North and South, 18201860Study Guide 13-1: The Norths EconomyStudy Guide 13-2: The Norths PeopleStudy Guide 13-3: Southern Cotton KingdomStudy Guide 13-4: The Souths People

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 18201860Study Guide 14-1: Social ReformStudy Guide 14-2: The AbolitionistsStudy Guide 14-3: The Womens Movement

Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 18201861Study Guide 15-1: Slavery and the WestStudy Guide 15-2: A Nation DividingStudy Guide 15-3: Challenges to SlaveryStudy Guide 15-4: Secession and War

Chapter 16: The Civil War, 18611865Study Guide 16-1: The Two SidesStudy Guide 16-2: Early Years of the WarStudy Guide 16-3: A Call for FreedomStudy Guide 16-4: Life During the Civil WarStudy Guide 16-5: The Way to Victory

Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 18651896Study Guide 17-1: Reconstruction PlansStudy Guide 17-2: Radicals in ControlStudy Guide 17-3: The South During ReconstructionStudy Guide 17-4: Change in the South

Chapter 18: Reshaping the Nation, 18771929Study Guide 18-1: The Western FrontierStudy Guide 18-2: Invention and IndustryStudy Guide 18-3: Reform at Home, Expansion AbroadStudy Guide 18-4: World War I and Its Aftermath

Chapter 19: The Making of Modern America, 1929PresentStudy Guide 19-1: Depression and a Second World WarStudy Guide 19-2: Turning PointsStudy Guide 19-3: Modern AmericaStudy Guide 19-4: The War on Terrorism

Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionCaptulo 1: Los primeros americanos, prehistoria a 1492Gua de estudio 1-1: Los primeros pueblosGua de estudio 1-2: Ciudades e imperiosGua de estudio 1-3: Pueblos norteamericano

Captulo 2: La exploracin de las Amricas, 14001625Gua de estudio 2-1: Un mundo cambianteGua de estudio 2-2: Primeras exploracionesGua de estudio 2-3: Espaa en AmricaGua de estudio 2-4: Exploracin de Norteamrica

Captulo 3: La Amrica colonial, 15871770Gua de estudio 3-1: Primeros asentamientos inglesesGua de estudio 3-2: Colonias de Nueva InglaterraGua de estudio 3-3: Colonias del CentroGua de estudio 3-4: Colonias del Sur

Captulo 4: Las colonias prospera, 16071770Gua de estudio 4-1: La vida en las coloniasGua de estudio 4-2: Gobierno, religin y culturaGua de estudio 4-3: Choque entre Francia e InglaterraGua de estudio 4-4: La guerra francesa e india

Captulo 5: El camino hacia la independencia, 17631776Gua de estudio 5-1: Impuestos sin representacinGua de estudio 5-2: Formacin de la unidad colonialGua de estudio 5-3: Un llamado a las armasGua de estudio 5-4: Avanzar hacia la independencia

Captulo 6: La Revolucin Estadounidense, 17761783Gua de estudio 6-1: Los primeros aosGua de estudio 6-2: La guerra continaGua de estudio 6-3: La guerra se mueve hacia el Oeste y el SurGua de estudio 6-4: La guerra se gana

Captulo 7: Una unin ms perfecta, 17771790Gua de estudio 7-1: Los artculos de la ConfederacinGua de estudio 7-2: Convencin y compromisoGua de estudio 7-3: Un nuevo plan de gobierno

Captulo 8: Una nueva nacin, 18791800Gua de estudio 8-1: El primer presidenteGua de estudio 8-2: Primeros retosGua de estudio 8-3: Los primeros partidos polticos

Captulo 9: La era de Jefferson, 18001816Gua de estudio 9-1: Los republicanos toman el poderGua de estudio 9-2: La compra de LouisianaGua de estudio 9-3: Una poca de conflictoGua de estudio 9-4: La guerra de 1812

Captulo 10: Crecimiento y expansin, 17901825Gua de estudio 10-1: Crecimiento econmicoGua de estudio 10-2: Rumbo al OesteGua de estudio 10-3: Unidad y seccionalismo

Captulo 11: La era Jackson, 18241845Gua de estudio 11-1: Democracia jacksonianaGua de estudio 11-2: Conflictos por la tierraGua de estudio 11-3: Jackson y el banco

Captulo 12: El Destino Manifiesto, 18181853Gua de estudio 12-1: El pas de OregnGua de estudio 12-2: Independencia para TexasGua de estudio 12-3: Guerra con MxicoGua de estudio 12-4: Nuevos colonos en California y Utah

Captulo 13: El norte y el sur, 18201860Gua de estudio 13-1: La economa del NorteGua de estudio 13-2: La gente del NorteGua de estudio 13-3: El reino sureo del algodnGua de estudio 13-4: La gente del Sur

Captulo 14: La era de la reforma, 18201860Gua de estudio 14-1: Reforma socialGua de estudio 14-2: Los abolicionistasGua de estudio 14-3: El movimiento femenino

Captulo 15: El camino a la Guerra Civil, 18201861Gua de estudio 15-1: La esclavitud y el OesteGua de estudio 15-2: Una nacin divididaGua de estudio 15-3: Retos para la esclavitudGua de estudio 15-4: Secesin y guerra

Captulo 16: La Guerra Civil, 18611865Gua de estudio 16-1: Los dos bandosGua de estudio 16-2: Los primeros aos de la guerraGua de estudio 16-3: Un llamado a la libertadGua de estudio 16-4: La vida durante la guerra civilGua de estudio 16-5: El camino a la victoria

Captulo 17: La Reconstruccin y sus consecuencias, 18651896Gua de estudio 17-1: Planes de reconstruccinGua de estudio 17-2: Los radicales toman el controlGua de estudio 17-3: El Sur durante la reconstruccinGua de estudio 17-4: Cambio en el Sur

Captulo 18: La reforma de la nacin, 18771929Gua de estudio 18-1: La frontera del oesteGua de estudio 18-2: Inventos e industriaGua de estudio 18-3: Reforma en casa, expansin en el extranjeroGua de estudio 18-4: La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus consecuencias

Captulo 19: La creacin de una nacin moderna, 1929presenteGua de estudio 19-1: Depresin y una Segunda Guerra MundialGua de estudio 19-2: Momentos decisivosGua de estudio 19-3: El moderno Estados UnidosGua de estudio 19-4: La guerra contra el terrorismo

Spanish SummariesCaptulo 1: Los primeros americanos, prehistoria a 1492Captulo 2: La exploracin de las Amricas, 14001625Captulo 3: La Amrica colonial, 15871770Captulo 4: Las colonias prospera, 16071770Captulo 5: El camino hacia la independencia, 17631776Captulo 6: La Revolucin Estadounidense, 17761783Captulo 7: Una unin ms perfecta, 17771790Captulo 8: Una nueva nacin, 18791800Captulo 9: La era de Jefferson, 18001816Captulo 10: Crecimiento y expansin, 17901825Captulo 11: La era Jackson, 18241845Captulo 12: El Destino Manifiesto, 18181853Captulo 13: El norte y el sur, 18201860Captulo 14: La era de la reforma, 18201860Captulo 15: El camino a la Guerra Civil, 18201861Captulo 16: La Guerra Civil, 18611865Captulo 17: La Reconstruccin y sus consecuencias, 18651896Captulo 18: La reforma de la nacin, 18771929Captulo 19: La creacin de una nacin moderna, 1929presente

Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student EditionObjectives Addressed in the ActivitiesWorkbook OverviewPreparing for a Standardized TestActivity 1: Arranging Events in Sequential OrderActivity 2: Interpreting Charts and TablesActivity 3: Using Bar Graphs to Interpret DataActivity 4: Using the Scale of Distance on a MapActivity 5: Distinguishing Between Fact and NonfactActivity 6: Descriptive Writing About a VisualActivity 7: Comparing and ContrastingActivity 8: Making InferencesActivity 9: Drawing ConclusionsActivity 10: Interpreting DiagramsActivity 11: Perceiving Cause-and-Effect RelationshipsActivity 12: Outlining Information for WritingActivity 13: Classifying Facts and DetailsActivity 14: Recognizing Point of ViewActivity 15: Detecting BiasActivity 16: Evaluating the Consequences of DecisionsActivity 17: Identifying the Main IdeaActivity 18: Persuasive Writing About an IssueActivity 19: Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials

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