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M e d i c a l T e r m i n o l o g y

Instructors Edition

NOT FOR PRINTING OR INSTRUCTIONAL USE


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Medical Terminology

Series Product Managers: Charles G. Blum and Adam A. WilcoxDevelopmental Editor: Laurie Perry

Copyeditor: Cathy Albano

Series Designer: Adam A. Wilcox

COPYRIGHT 2009Axzo Press

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work may be reproduced, transcribed, or used in any form or by any

meansgraphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or

information storage and retrieval systemswithout the prior written permission of the publisher.

For more information, go to www.axzopress.com.

Trademarks

ILT Series is a trademark of Axzo Press.

Some of the product names and company names used in this book have been used for identification purposes only andmay be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective manufacturers and sellers.

Disclaimer

Wereserve the right to revise this publication and make changes from time to time in its content

without notice.

ISBN 10: 1-4188-6227-4

ISBN 13: 978-1-4188-6227-5

Printed in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 5 GL06 05 04 03



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C o n t e n t s

Introduction iii

Topic A: About the manual............................................................................... ivTopic B: Setting student expectations ............................................................. viiiTopic C: Classroom setup..................................................................................xTopic D: Support............................................................................................... xi

Common root and musculoskeletal terms 1-1Topic A: Common root terms .......................................................................... 1-2Topic B: Common musculoskeletal terms...................................................... 1-12Unit summary: Common root and musculoskeletal terms .............................. 1-21

Integumentary and digestive terms 2-1Topic A: Integumentary system terms ............................................................. 2-2

Topic B: Digestive system terms .................................................................... 2-11Unit summary: Integumentary and digestive terms......................................... 2-21

Cardiovascular and respiratory terms 3-1Topic A: Cardiovascular system terms ............................................................ 3-2Topic B: Respiratory system terms................................................................. 3-14Unit summary: Cardiovascular and respiratory terms..................................... 3-25

Urinary and reproductive terms 4-1Topic A: Urinary system terms........................................................................ 4-2Topic B: Reproductive system terms.............................................................. 4-12Unit summary: Urinary and reproductive terms.............................................. 4-23

Neurosensory terms and root-term review 5-1Topic A:Neurosensory system terms.............................................................. 5-2Topic B: Review of root terms .......................................................................5-13Unit summary:Neurosensory terms and root-term review ............................. 5-28

Prefixes and suffixes A through H 6-1Topic A: Prefixes and suffixes A through C.................................................... 6-2Topic B: Prefixes and suffixes D through E .................................................... 6-7Topic C: Prefixes and suffixes F through H ................................................... 6-12Unit summary: Prefixes and suffixes A through H ......................................... 6-17

Prefixes and suffixes I through O 7-1Topic A: Prefixes and suffixes I through K ..................................................... 7-2Topic B: Prefixes and suffixes L through M ................................................... 7-7Topic C: Prefixes and suffixes N through O................................................... 7-11Unit summary: Prefixes and suffixes I through O........................................... 7-15

Prefixes and suffixes P through Z 8-1Topic A: Prefixes and suffixes that start with P............................................... 8-2Topic B: Prefixes and suffixes R through S ................................................... 8-10Topic C: Prefixes and suffixes T through X ................................................... 8-16Unit summary: Prefixes and suffixes P through Z .......................................... 8-21



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ii Medical Terminology

Color prefixes and suffixes and medical titles 9-1Topic A: Color prefixes and suffixes .............................................................. 9-2Topic B: Medical title abbreviations............................................................... 9-7Unit summary: Color prefixes and suffixes and medical titles ....................... 9-10

Common medical abbreviations 10-1Topic A: Common medical abbreviations...................................................... 10-2Unit summary: Common medical abbreviations ........................................... 10-14

Hospital and lab abbreviations 11-1Topic A: Hospital area abbreviations ............................................................. 11-2Topic B: Lab tests, chemistries, and symbol abbreviations ........................... 11-5Unit summary: Hospital and lab abbreviations.............................................. 11-10

Directional terms and word combinations 12-1Topic A: Directional terms............................................................................. 12-2Topic B: Word combinations ......................................................................... 12-5Unit summary: Directional terms and word combinations ............................ 12-22

Course summary S-1Topic A: Course summary............................................................................... S-2Topic B: Continued learning after class .......................................................... S-4

Index I-1



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iii

M e d i c a l T e r m i n o l o g y

Introduction

After reading this introduction, you will knowhow to:

A Use ILT Series trainingmanuals in

general.

B Use prerequisites, a target studentdescription, course objectives, and a skills

inventory to properly set students

expectations for the course.

C Set up a classroom to teach this course.

D Get support for setting up and teaching this

course.



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iv Medical Terminology

Topic A: About the manual

ILT Series philosophy

Our goal is to make you, the instructor, as successful as possible. To that end, our

training manuals facilitate students learning by providing structured interactionwith the subject matter itself. While we provide text to help you explain difficult

concepts, the hands-on activities are the focus of our courses. Leading the students

through these activities will teach the skills and concepts effectively.

We believe strongly in the instructor-led classroom. For many students, having a

thinking, feeling instructor in front of them will always be the most comfortable way to

learn. Because the students focus should be on you, our manuals are designed and

written to facilitate your interaction with the students, and not to call attention to

manuals themselves.

We believe in the basic approach of setting expectations, then teaching, and providing

summary and review afterwards. For this reason, lessons begin with objectives and end

with summaries. We also provide overall course objectives and a course summary toprovide both an introduction to and closure on the entire course.

Our goal is your success. We encourage your feedback in helping us to continually

improve our manuals to meet your needs.

Manual components

The manuals contain these major components:

Table of contents

Introduction

Units

Course summary

Index

Each element is described below.

Table of contents

The table of contents acts as a learning roadmap for you and the students.

Introduction

The introduction contains information about our training philosophy and our manual

components, features, and conventions. It contains target student, prerequisite,

objective, and setup information for the specific course. Finally, the introductioncontains support information.



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Introduction v

Units

Units are the largest structural component of the actual course content. A unit begins

with a title page that lists objectives for each major subdivision, or topic, within the unit

Within each topic, conceptual and explanatory information alternates with activities.

Units conclude with a summary composed of one paragraph for each topic, and an

independent practice activity that gives students an opportunity to practice the skills

theyve learned.The conceptual information takes the form of text paragraphs, exhibits, lists, and tables.

The activities contain various types of questions, answers, activities, and other graphics,

and other information. Throughout a unit, instructor notes are found in the left margin.

Each unit title page lists an estimated time for completion, but you have a great deal of

control over how long it will actually take to get through the material. Many of the

activities have questions or scenarios designed to stimulate discussion. You can adjustthe amount of time a unit takes by deciding how many students you ask to respond and

how long you allow a discussion to continue.

Course summary

This section provides a text summary of the entire course. It is useful for providingclosure at the end of the course. The course summary also indicates the next course in

this series, if there is one, and lists additional resources students might find useful asthey continue to learn about the subject matter.

Index

The index at the end of this manual makes it easy for you and your students to find

information about a particular component, feature, or concept.



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vi Medical Terminology

Manual conventions

Weve tried to keep the number of elements and the types of formatting to a minimum

in the manuals. We think this aids in clarity and makes the manuals more classicallyelegant looking. But there are some conventions and icons you should know about.

Instructor note/icon Convention Description

Italic text In conceptual text, indicates a new term or feature.

Bold text In unit summaries, indicates a key term or concept. In anindependent practice activity, indicates an explicit item

that you select, choose, or type.

Instructor notes. In the left margin, provide tips, hints, and warnings for

the instructor.

Warning icon.Warnings prepare instructors for potential classroom

management problems.

Tip icon. Tips give extra information the instructor can share withstudents.

Setup icon.Setup notes provide a realistic business context for

instructors to share with students, or indicate additionalsetup steps required for the current activity.

Projector icon.Projector notes indicate that there is a PowerPoint slide

for the adjacent content.

Hands-on activities

The hands-on activities are the most important parts of our manuals. They are usually

divided into two columns, with a question or concepts on the left and answers and

explanations on the right. To the far left, instructor notes provide tips, warnings, setups,

and other information for the instructor only. Heres a sample:

Do it! A-1: Discussing the brainstorming process

Exercises

1 Place the following brainstorming steps in the correct order.

Begin generating ideas.

Select the purpose.

Organize for the session.

Ask questions and clarify ideas.

Review the rules.

Select the purpose.

Organize for the session.

Review the rules.

Begin generating ideas.

Ask questions and clarify ideas.



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Introduction vii

PowerPoint presentations

To assist in your presentation and provide students with a visual focus, there is a

PowerPoint presentation file to accompany each unit. Each presentation begins with alist of unit objectives and finishes with a unit summary slide. We strongly recommend

that you run these presentations from the instructors station as you present the course

materials. A copy of PowerPoint Viewer is included, so it is not necessary to have

PowerPoint installed on your computer.

The ILT Series PowerPointadd-in

The CD also contains a PowerPoint add-in that enables you to do two things:

Create slide notes for the class

Display a control panel for the Flash movies embedded in the presentations

To load the PowerPoint add-in:

1 Copy the Course_ILT.ppa file to a convenient location on your hard drive.

2 Start PowerPoint.

3 Choose Tools, Macro, Security to open the Security dialog box. On the Security

Level tab, select Medium (if necessary), and then click OK.

4 Choose Tools, Add-Ins to open the Add-Ins dialog box. Then, click Add New.

5 Browse to and select the Course_ILT.ppa file, and then click OK. A message

box will appear, warning you that macros can contain viruses.

6 Click Enable Macros. The Course_ILT add-in should now appear in the

Available Add-Ins list (in the Add-Ins dialog box). The x in front of

Course_ILT indicates that the add-in is loaded.

7 Click Close to close the Add-Ins dialog box.

After you complete this procedure, a new toolbar will be available at the top of the

PowerPoint window. This toolbar contains a single button labeled Create SlideNotes.

Click this button to generate slide notes files in both text (.txt) and Excel (.xls) format.

By default, these files will be saved to the folder that contains the presentation. If the

PowerPoint file is on a CD-ROM or in some other location to which the SlideNotes files

cannot be saved, you will be prompted to save the presentation to your hard drive and

try again.

When you run a presentation and come to a slide that contains a Flash movie, you will

see a small control panel in the lower-left corner of the screen. You can use this panel to

start, stop, and rewind the movie, or to play it again.



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viii Medical Terminology

Topic B: Setting student expectations

Properly setting students expectations is essential to your success. This topic will help

you do that by providing:

A description of the target student at whom the course is aimed

A list of the objectives for the course A skills assessment for the course

Course prerequisites

There are no specific prerequisites for this course.

Target student

Typical students of this course are those needing to learn about medical terminology

and basic abbreviations that are used in the medical field. For students planning to

continue with courses in the medical field, this course is a good starting point.

Course objectives

You should share these overall course objectives with your students at the beginning of

the day. This will give the students an idea about what to expect, and will also help you

identify students who might be misplaced. Students are considered misplaced when they

lack the prerequisite knowledge or when they already know most of the subject matter

to be covered.

After completing this course, students will know how to:

Identify common root terms and musculoskeletal system terms and their

meanings.

Define integumentary system and digestive system terms and their meanings.

Define cardiovascular system and respiratory system terms and their meanings.

Define urinary system and reproductive system terms and their meanings.

Define neurosensory system terms and their meanings, and review root terms by

recognizing their use in sentences.

Identify common medical prefixes and suffixes A through H.

Identify common medical prefixes and suffixes I through O.

Identify common medical prefixes and suffixes P through Z.

Define prefixes and suffixes used for colors in relation to patients, and recognize

abbreviations of common medical titles, such as RN for registered nurse.

Define common medical abbreviations, such as ss for half and v.s. for vital

signs.

Define abbreviations for specific areas of a hospital as well as abbreviations for

chemistries and terms used in laboratory tests.

Define directional terms, such as lateral and posterior, and determine the

meaning of a long medical word by defining the individual pieces (prefix, root,

suffix).



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Introduction ix

Skills inventory

Use the following form to gauge students skill level entering the class (students have

copies in the introductions of their student manuals). For each skill listed, have studentsrate their familiarity from 1 to 5, with 5 being the most familiar. Emphasize that this is

not a test. Rather, it is intended to provide students with an idea of where theyre

starting from at the beginning of class. If a student is wholly unfamiliar with all the

skills, he or she might not be ready for the class. A student who seems to understand allof the skills, on the other hand, might need to move on to the next course in the series.

Skill 1 2 3 4 5

Defining common root terms used in the medical field

Defining musculoskeletal system terms

Defining integumentary system terms

Defining digestive system terms

Defining cardiovascular system terms

Defining respiratory system terms

Defining urinary system terms

Defining reproductive system terms

Defining neurosensory system terms

Identifying medical prefixes and suffixes A through H

Identifying medical prefixes and suffixes I through O

Identifying medical prefixes and suffixes P through Z

Identifying prefixes used in relation to a patients color

Defining medical titles

Identifying common medical abbreviations

Defining abbreviations used for hospital areas

Identifying abbreviations used in lab tests

Defining directional terms

Dissecting word combinations to determine meaning



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x Medical Terminology

Topic C: Classroom setup

All our courses assume that each student has a personal computer to use during the

class. Our hands-on approach to learning requires they do. This topic gives information

on how to set up the classroom to teach this course. It includes minimum requirementsfor the students personal computers, setup information for the first time you teach the

class, and setup information for each time that you teach after the first time you set up

the classroom.

Computer requirements

If you wish to use the PowerPoint presentation, youll need the following:

A Pentium-class, or better, computer

A keyboard and a mouse

A sound card and speakers

Windows 98, NT, 2000, or XP

A minimum of 64 MB of RAM, depending on your operating system A CD-ROM drive

A super-VGA monitor

An overhead projector

PowerPoint Viewer or PowerPoint 2000 or later

Internet access

Downloading the PowerPoint presentations

You can download the presentation files directly to the instructor machine, to a central

location on your own network, or to a disk.

1 Connect to www.axzopress.com.

2 Under Downloads, click Instructor-Led Training.

3 Browse the subject categories to locate your course.



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Introduction xi

Topic D: Support

Your success is our primary concern. If you need help setting up this class or teaching a

particular unit, topic, or activity, please dont hesitate to get in touch with us.

Contacting us

Please contact us through our Web site, www.axzopress.com. You will need to provide

the name of the course, and be as specific as possible about the kind of help you need.

Instructors tools

Our Web site provides several instructors tools for each course, including course

outlines and answers to frequently asked questions. To download these files, go to

www.axzopress.com. Then, under Downloads, click Instructor-Led Training and

browse our subject categories.



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xii Medical Terminology



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11

U n i t 1

Common root and musculoskeletal terms

Unit time: 30 minutes

Complete this unit, and youll know how to:

A Identify and define common roots and the

medical terms that are derived from the

roots.

B Identify and define musculoskeletal terms

and the roots that are used to create theterms.



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12 Medical Terminology

Topic A: Common root terms

Explanation Some medical root terms do not fit neatly into a particular body system, and yet are veryimportant to the general understanding of medical terminology. In this topic, you will

learn to recognize some of these common terms, and how to define various pieces of

medical terminology based upon them.

To simplify the learning of these terms, they are divided into several groups.

Group 1

The first group of roots and terms well consider includes the following:

Root Term Definition

Adeno Adenoma Gland tumor

Calculi Calculosis Stones

Cele Hydrocele Water cyst or tumor

Cyto Cytology Study of cells

Glyco Glycosuria Sugar in the urine

Homeo, homo Homeostasis Same environment

Adenoma

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the

sound icon to hear thepronunciation.

Gland tumor Adeno: gland Ah-dee-no Greek aden Adenoids

Exhibit 1-1: Adenoma means gland tumor

Here is a word-association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:

Gland, sweat gland, sweaty dinosaur, a dino, adeno



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Common root and musculoskeletal terms 13

Glands are organs, cells, or a group of cells that produce a secretory substance. Did you

know that insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas, which is also an organ

considered to be a gland? Peptide is a protein molecule. Insulin cannot be taken by

mouth because protein-digesting enzymes in the digestive tract would rapidly deactivate

it.

Calculosis



Stones Calculi: stone Cal-cue-lie Latin calculi,meaning pebble

Calculator

Exhibit 1-2: Calculosis means stones

Here is a word-association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:

Stone, counting stones, math, calculus, calculi

Stones are any abnormal concentration within the body, usually composed of salts,

acids, or cholesterol. Did you know that bile, stored in the gallbladder, is mostly a

cholesterol-insoluble fatty substance? When this substance is too concentrated, it may

crystallize and form what are commonly called gallstones. Kidney stones are formed in

the urinary tract from the salt residue of minerals.



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Hydrocele



Water cyst ortumor

Cele: tumor, cyst,and hernia

Sell Greek kele,meaning tumoror swelling

Celestial (heavenly)

Exhibit 1-3: Hydrocele means water cyst or tumor

A cystis an abnormal pouch of fluid or solids brought on by infection or clogged ducts.

A herniais the bulge of an organ through the wall of a sac that normally holds it in

place. And a tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue, usually of unknown origin.

Cytology

Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the


Study of cells Cyto:cell Sigh-toe Greek kytos, meaning cell

Exhibit 1-4: Cytology means study of cells

A cellis the smallest structural unit of all animals and plants. It is responsible for

growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Cancer cells reproduce at a faster rate than

normal cells. Radiation is used to kill off cells by inhibiting reproduction, thereby

destroying cancer cells before normal cells.



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Glycosuria

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin

Click thesound icon to hear thepronunciation.

Sugar in the urine Glyco:sweet, sugar Gl-eye-co Greek glyks

Exhibit 1-5: Glycosuria means sugar in the urine

Here is a mnemonic for this roots meaning:

Sugar, doughnut, "O," gee like "O," glyco

Sugar is a sweet-tasting carbohydrate, which is a molecule thats the main source of

energy.Diabetesis a hereditary disease caused by insufficient insulin, which allows

glucose to accumulate. At the beginning of the 19th century, physicians were unsure of

the cause of diabetes and treated it with laudanum, an opium-based preparation.

Homeostasis


sound icon to hear the

pronunciation.Sameenvironment

Homeoor homo:similar, same, orlike

Hoe-me-oh Greekhemores,meaning similar

Homogenize

Exhibit 1-6: Homeostasis means same environment

The word homeo is often used to classify people by various groups.Homeostasisis the

bodys state of stability, with all parts of the body working together to maintain normal

function.



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Group 2

The second group of roots and terms well consider includes the following:

Item Info Description

Lingua Linguaform Tongue

Lip Lipoma Fat tumor

Lith Lithotripsy Stone dissolve

Madaro Madarosis Loss of eyelashes or eyebrows

Psych Psycho Study of mind and mental processes

Pyo Pyogenic Pus producing

Radi Radiology Study of rays

Thermic Thermobiosis Exists at high temperature

Linguaform



Tongue-shaped Lingua: tongue Ling-wha Latin linguae,meaning tongue-

like

Linguistic

Exhibit 1-7: Lingua means tongue

Here is a word-association phrase to help you remember this roots meaning:

tongue, eat, pasta, linguini, lingua

The tongue is an organ with taste buds that assists in chewing and shaping food for

swallowing. Morning mouth is caused by reduced salivation during sleep, which allows

projections on the tongue to trap food and bacteria.



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Lipoma



Fat tumor Lip: fat Lip Greek lipos,meaning fat

Liposuction

Exhibit 1-8: A lipoma is a fat tumor

Here is a word association for this root:

fat, fatty, fatty food, passes through your lips, lips

Fatis a molecule used as a reserve food or long-term fuel. It provides the body with

insulation, protection, and cushioning. Fats provide approximately twice the amount of

energy (calories) as carbohydrates and are therefore a good source of reserve energy.

Lithotripsy

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usage

Click the


Stone dissolve Lith: stone Lith Greek lithos,meaning stone

Monolith

Exhibit 1-9: Lithotripsy means stone dissolve

Try to remember this roots meaning by using this mnemonic phrase:

Stone, speaking with stones in your mouth, lisp, lith



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Madarosis



Loss of eyelashes or eyebrows Madaro: falling hair Ma-dare-oh Greek

Exhibit 1-10: Madarosis means loss of eyelashes or eyebrows

Here is a word-association:

Falling hair, haircut, sharp cut, arrow, mad arrow, madaro

Madarosisis the loss of eyelashes or the hair of the eyebrows.Alopecia is a term used

in referring to general hair loss.Male pattern baldness is a condition caused by genetics

and is influenced by testosterone.

Psychology



Study of themind and mental

processes

Psych: mind Sike Greek psyche,meaning mind

Psychiatry

Exhibit 1-11: Psychology means the study of the mind and mental processes

Here is a simple mnemonic phrase for this one:

Mind, circuit, cycle, T psych

The mind has to do with the mental or psychological. Psychotherapy is the treatment of

emotional, behavioral, personality, and mental disorders.



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Pyogenic



Pus producing Pyo:pus Pie-oh Greek pyon

Exhibit 1-12: Pyogenic means pus producing

Try remembering this root in this way:

Pus, yellow ooze, yellow, lemon, lemon pie, pie, pyo

Pusis white-blood-cell-based fluid, usually yellow in color and associated with

inflammation or infection. Did you know that healing wounds itch because damaged

superficial nerves send an itching impulse as they regenerate?

Radiology



pronunciation.Study of rays Radi: rays Ray-dee Latin radius,

meaning raysRadiation

Exhibit 1-13: Radiology means the study of rays

The word radiation is an example of how the medical term is used in everyday

language.

See if this mnemonic helps:

Rays, 4 letters, d is 4th letter, ray-d, radi



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A ray is any narrow beam of light. X rays are the bombardment of low-level radiation

through the body that is then recorded onto a silver-based plate. On a horrific scale, the

process is similar to the radiation burning of shadows into the concrete when atomic

bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in WWII.

Thermobiosis



Exists at hightemperature

Thermic: heat Ther-mick Greek therme,meaning heat

Thermostat

Exhibit 1-14: Thermobiosis means exists at high temperature

Try this word association:

Heat, temperature, thermometer, thermic

Heat, obviously, is the condition of warmth. Heat is lost from the body in a number of

ways: 55% through radiation, 24% through skin evaporation, 15% by convection and

conduction, 2% from respirations, and 1% from urine and feces.



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Do it! A-1: Defining medical root terms

Questions and answers

For some of the terms, tryasking if any of thestudents remember themnemonic phrase.

1 What is the root word for sugar?

A Dacto

B Pyo

C Glyco

D Osteo

You can also ask ifstudents can think of theirown mnemonic devices.

2 What does the medical root word adeno mean?

A Gland

B Bone

C Foot

D Stone

3 What is the root of the medical term thermobiosis, and what does it mean?

Thermic, which means heat.

4 What is the medical root word for baldness?

A Ile

B Madaro

C Costa

D Radi

5 Do you remember the mnemonic phrase to remember psycho?

Mind, circuit, cycle, psych

6 What is your problem if you have a lipoma?

A You have a cancerous tumor.

B You have a severe case of dry chapped lips.

C You have a fat tumor.

D You have a misshapen tongue.



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Topic B: Common musculoskeletal terms

Explanation Now that you have finished the common medical root terms, you are now ready to moveon to the musculoskeletal terms.

Musculoskeletal termsThe following roots, terms, and definitions will be covered in this topic.


Arthro Arthritis Joint inflammation

Carpo Carpoptosis Wrist dropping

Chondro Chondromalacia Soft cartilage

Costa Intercostal Between ribs

Cranio Craniotomy Skull incision

Dactyl Dactylitis Finger inflammation

Ili Iliosacral Ilium and sacrum

Manus Manicure Hand care

Myel Myeloma Marrow tumor

Myo Myoedema Muscle swelling

Ortho Orthopedic Concerning deformities

Osteo Osteoplast Bone surgery

Pedi Pedicure Foot care

Spondyl Spondylitis Vertebra inflammation



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Arthritis



Joint inflammation Arthro:joint Are-throw Greek arthron, meaning joint

Exhibit 1-15: Arthritis means joint inflammation

Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:

Joint, arm bend, throw, r-throw, arthro

A joint, or articulation, is a point of juncture between two bones. The sound made by

cracking your knuckles is caused by pulling a joint tight, causing ligaments and muscles

to snap across the associated bony prominences, or by air creating a vacuum when the

joint is pulled apart.

Carpoptosis



pronunciation. Wrist dropping Carpo: wrist Car-poe Greek karpos,meaning wrist

bones

Carpenter

Exhibit 1-16: Carpoptosis means wrist dropping

The wrist is the joint or region between the hand and the forearm. Carpal tunnel

syndrome is caused by compression of the median nerve by the swelling of surrounding

tissue.



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Chondromalacia



Soft cartilage Chondro: cartilage Con-droh Greek chondros, meaningcartilage

Exhibit 1-17: Chondromalacia means soft cartilage

Cartilage is specialized connective tissue that provides support and aids movement of

joints. Did you know that connective tissue is supportive, protective, fibrous tissue? The

most abundant tissue, it is named connective tissue because it connects other tissues.

Intercostal



Between ribs Costa: rib Cost-uh Latin costae, meaning rib

Exhibit 1-18: Intercostal means between ribs

Here is a word association mnemonic for this root:

Rib, buying ribs, cost, costa

Twelve pairs of ribs form the thoracic cage. They are attached to the sternum, whose

primary function is to protect the lungs and heart. Rib pairs 1 through 7 are attached to

the sternum and vertebrae and are called true ribs. Eight through 10 are false ribs,

because they attach to the sternum with cartilage. Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs,

attached to the vertebrae only.



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Craniotomy



Skull incision Cranio meansskull

Crane-knee-oh Latin kranion

Exhibit 1-19: Craniotomy means skull incision


Skull, houses brain, rhymes with brain, crane, cranio

The skull is the bony framework of the head. Did you know that the white bones of

laboratory specimens have been lightened in color? Living bones vary from pink or

beige to light brown.

Dactylitis



Finger inflammation Dactyl: finger Dact-till Greek daktylos, meaning finger

Exhibit 1-20: Dactylitis means finger inflammation


Finger, web fingers, duck, duct tail, dactyl

A finger is also known as a digit. It's one of five terminals of the hand, including the

thumb. The bones of the fingers are called phalanges, with two in each thumb and three

in each finger.



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Iliosacral



Ilium and sacrum Ili: hip Ill-lee Latin ilium

You might need to

explain that the ilium isthe broad top portion ofthe hipbone and thesacrum is the posteriorwall of the pelvis.

Exhibit 1-21: Iliosacral means ilium and sacrum


Hip, cool, temperature, ill, ill-e, ili

The hip is the fleshy part of the body around the pelvis. The hipbone is an irregular bone

formed by fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Manicure



Hand care Manus: hand Man-us Latin manus,meaning hand

Manual

Exhibit 1-22: Manicure means hand care


Hand, help, man (verb), manus

The hand is the end of the human arm past the wrist, containing the palm and fingers.

Did you know that to remove a ring from a swollen finger, you can use thread or a

suture fed through the inside of the ring and then wrapped around the swollen, soapy

finger. Pull the thread from the backside, causing the ring to move forward.



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Myeloma



Marrow tumor Myel:bonemarrow

My-el Greek myelos, meaning marrow

Exhibit 1-23: Myeloma means marrow tumor

Try using this mnemonic to remember the roots meaning:

Marrow, tomorrow, distance, mile, myel

Marrowis soft tissue in the interior of bones. The human body is composed of 62%

water, while bones are 20% water (located in the marrow). This is why bones are muchstronger than other tissues.

Myoedema



Muscle swelling Myo: muscle My-oh Greek mys, meaning muscle

Exhibit 1-24: Myoedema means muscle swelling


Muscle, contract, spread, mayonnaise, mayo, myo

Muscles are fibers that produce movement by contracting and dilating. We have over

650 muscles. This is an approximate figure because scholars disagree about whether to

count muscles individually or in pairs.



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Orthopedic



Concerningdeformities

Ortho: straighten Or-thoh Greek orthos,meaning straight

Orthodox

Exhibit 1-25: Orthopedic means concerning deformities


Straighten, hammer, Thor, or Thor, ortho

The word straighten is used in reference to surgical procedures requiring realignment of

bones and appendages. Did you know that rickets is a bone disease caused primarily

from vitamin D deficiency due to poor diet, inability to absorb vitamin D, or too little

sunlight? It is most common in children with darker pigmentation because their skin

does not absorb ultraviolet light as easily.

OsteoplastDefinition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usage


Bone surgery Osteo:bone Ah-stee-oh Greek osteon,meaning bone

Exhibit 1-26: Osteoplast means bone surgery


Bone, shell, oyster, osteo



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Bone is the hard tissue that forms the skeleton. The largest bone in the body is the femur

(thigh), and the smallest is the stapes, a bone in the middle ear.

Pedicure



Foot care Pedi: foot Peh-dee Latin pes,

meaning foot

Pedal

Exhibit 1-27: Pedicure means foot care


Foot, pedal, pedia

The foot is the end of the leg past the ankle in humans that contains the toes and sole.

Did you know that flat foot refers to an abnormal flatness in the arch or sole of the

foot? It is a congenital condition of unknown cause.

Spondylitis


sound icon to hear thepronunciation.Vertebrainflammation

Spondyl: vertebra Spawn-dill Greek spondylos, meaningvertebra

Exhibit 1-28: Spondylitis means vertebrae inflammation


Vertebra, spine, spin, spindle, spondyl

A vertebra is any of the bone segments of the spinal column. Vertebra comes from the

Latin word vertere, which means to turn on or pivot.



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Do it! B-1: Defining musculoskeletal terms


1 What does the medical root myo mean?

A Muscle

B Marrow

C Cartilage

D Hip

2 What does the medical root ortho mean?

A Cartilage

B Vertebra

C Bone

D Straighten

3 Which medical root word means vertebra?

A Osteo

B Costa

C Spondyl

D Ortho

4 What does craniotomy mean?

A skull incision

5 Which medical term means marrow tumor?

A Iliosacral

B Intercostal

C Myeloma

D Myoedema



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Unit summary: Common root and

musculoskeletal terms

Topic A In this unit, you learned some common rootsand the medical termsand definitionsthat are derived from the root.

Topic B Next, you learned some common musculoskeletal roots and the medical terms that arecreated from the roots.

Review questions

Use the Web site http://medlineplus.gov to determine the definition and complete the

table for each of the following terms.

1 Cholelithiasis

Item Description

Definition bladder + stone + condition of

Meaning Condition of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

Signs and symptoms Right upper quadrant abdominal pain

Causes of the condition or procedure Concentration of salts and minerals in thegallbladder

Treatment Lithotripsy (breaking up stones by sound) orcholecystectomy (gallbladder removal)

2 Craniosynostosis

Item Description

Definition skull + together + bone + condition

Meaning Closed skull sutures in an infant

Signs and symptoms Unusual head shape

Causes of the condition or procedure Unknown

Treatment Surgery



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3 Myonecrosis

Item Description

Definition muscle + death + condition

Meaning A severe form of gangrene

Signs and symptoms Pain, fever, black or dark tissue

Causes of the condition or procedure Bacterial infection

Treatment Surgical removal

4 Myelomeningocele

Item Description

Definition spinal cord (marrow) + membrane + hernia

Meaning Another name for spina bifida, in which the spinalcanal remains open after birth

Signs and symptoms Protrusion of canal through back


Treatment Surgery

5 Osteoporosis

Item Description

Definition bone + porous + condition of

Meaning Condition of reduced bone mass

Signs and symptoms Fractures, pain

Causes of the condition or procedure Low estrogen and testosterone

Treatment Medication and exercise



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21

U n i t 2

Integumentary and digestive terms

Unit time: 30 minutes

Complete this unit, and youll know how to:

A Define terms for the integumentary system

that includes the skin, hair, sweat glands,

and nails.

B Define terms for the digestive system that

includes the mouth, stomach, intestines,liver, gallbladder, and all parts in between.



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Topic A: Integumentary system terms

Explanation The integumentarysystem includes the skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails. The digestivesystem is also called the alimentary canal and extends a distance of 30 feet from mouth

to anus. This includes your mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and all parts

in between.

The integument, or skin, is the largest organ in the body and is composed of two layers:

the epidermis and the dermis. These two layers sit on the subcutaneous tissue, which is

composed of loose connective tissue, adipose (fat) tissue, and dense connective tissue.

The functions of skin include holding the body together, protecting the body from

disease and infection, and regulating temperature.

The digestive system provides for digestion (break-up of food particles), absorption

(drawing up of nutrients into the blood stream), and elimination of waste.

Integumentary root terms A through O


Cutis Cutitis Skin inflammation

Dent Dentiform Tooth like

Derma Dermatology Study of skin

Hapsia Parapsia Touch disorder

Odont Odontoprisis Teeth grinding

Onco Oncology Study of tumors

Onychia Onychitis Inflammation of the nail bed

Cutitis



Skin

inflammation

Cutis:skin Cue-tis Latin cutis Cuticle

Exhibit 2-1: Cutitis means skin inflammation



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Integumentary and digestive terms 23

The word cuticle is an example of how the medical term is used in everyday language.

A blackhead occurs when a sebaceous gland becomes clogged. The blackness is not

from dirt but from the sebum being exposed to the air.

Dentiform



pronunciation.Tooth like Dent: teeth Dent Latin dens,

meaning toothDentures

Exhibit 2-2: Dentiform means tooth like


Teeth, indent, dent

Nice-to-know information

Canine teeth are called eyeteeth because of their anatomical location directly under theeyes.

Dermatology



Study of skin Derma: skin Dur-muh Greek derma, meaning skin

Exhibit 2-3: Dermatology means study of skin


Skin, hide, deer, deer ma, derma

We shed about 1.5 pounds of skin per year. A 65-year-old man will have lost about 100

pounds of skin in a lifetime.



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Parapsia



Touch disorder Hapsia: touch Hap-see-uh Greek haptein

Exhibit 2-4: Parapsia touch disorder


Touch, feels good, happy, hapsia

A healing wound itches because new nerves replace old, damaged nerves. The sensation

of growing nerves is interpreted as an itch.

Odontoprisis



Teeth grinding Odont: teeth Oh-dont Greek odous, meaning tooth

Exhibit 2-5: Odontoprisis means teeth grinding


Teeth, lie, Don't lie, Oh don't, odont

The expression "long in the tooth" refers to older people, because as we age, our gums

recede, causing our teeth to appear longer.



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Oncology



Study of tumors Onco: tumor On-caw Greek onkos, meaning bulk or mass

Exhibit 2-6: Oncology means study of tumors


Sunlight is as dangerous during the winter as it is during the summer, because the

number of ultraviolet rays remains constant year around. Ultraviolet rays are associated

with skin cancer. Malignant melanoma is the most serious of skin cancers, often

occurring in people with many moles. Oma means tumor, and melana means black,

referring to mole cancer.

Onychitis



pronunciation. Inflammation ofthe nail bed

Onychia: nail beds Oh-nick-ee-uh Greek onyx, meaning nail

Exhibit 2-7: Onychitis means inflammation of the nail bed


Nail beds, flowerbed, flower, orchid, onychia

A hangnail has nothing to do with the nail. It is actually a torn cuticle. A cuticle is the

buildup of skin that surrounds the nail.



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Integumentary terms P through Z


Pedicular Pediculosis Condition of lice

PrurigoPruritis Itching inflammation

Psora Psoriasis Condition of itch

Sarco Sarcolysis Decomposing flesh

Sclero Sclerogenous Hardening tissue

Squama Squamous Scale-like

Tricho Trichoid Hair-like

PediculosisDefinition Root Pronunciation Origin


Condition of lice Pedicular: lice Puh-dik-you-ler Latin pediculus

Exhibit 2-8: Pediculosis means condition of lice


Lice, strange, bug, odd, peculiar, pedicular

Lice are small parasitic insects that live in, on, or near the human body. Head lice live

on the hair and scalp. Crab lice live in the pubic area and sometimes the beard or

mustache. Body lice inhabit the seams of clothing next to the body. Special shampoos

and creams can kill head and pubic lice, and body lice can be eliminated with showering

and laundering the clothing.

It's also possible to cure head lice by using vegetable oil to smother the lice and then

combing out the nits (or lice eggs, attached to the hairs) very carefully with a special

comb called a nit comb. Many parents prefer to use this technique on children rather

than using insecticides.



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Pruritis



Itching inflammation Prurigo: itching Pru-rig-oh Latin prurigo

Exhibit 2-9: Pruritis means itching inflammation


Itching, buggy, bug, beetle, pro Beatle, pro Ringo, prurigo


Mosquito bites itch because of the mosquito's saliva. The saliva keeps the blood from

clotting until the bug gets its fill. When the mosquito flies away, the saliva seeps into

surrounding tissues. The body identifies the saliva as a foreign substance and signals an

itch to the brain.

PsoriasisDefinition Root Pronunciation Origin


Condition of itch Psora: itch Sore-uh Greek psoros, meaning itch

Exhibit 2-10: Psoriasis means condition of itch



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Sarcolysis



Decomposingflesh

Sarco: flesh s-ark-oh Greek sarx orsark, meaningflesh

Sarcophagus

Exhibit 2-11: Sarcolysis means decomposing flesh


Collagenous fibers make meat tough. When the meat is boiled, these collagenous fibers

become gelatinous. That is why soup or stew meat becomes tender as it cooks. Calcium

may be used to tenderize meat because it, too, helps break down fibrous protein.

Calcium is also recommended for bee and jellyfish stings. Conversely, the addition of

tannic acid causes collagen to become firm and rigid. This is what is done to make

tough leather products.

Sclerogenous



pronunciation.Hardening tissue Sclero: hard s-clear-oh Greek skleros

Exhibit 2-12: Sclerogenous means hardening tissue


Hard, decided, clear, clear+o, sclero



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Wrinkles are an accurate measurement of a person's age. Wrinkles begin in the 20s

around the face, mouth, and eyes. Crow's-feet (wrinkles at the outer aspect of each eye)

usually appear by the 30s. The 40s give way to new lines between the eyebrows and in

front of the ears. The 50s show wrinkles on the chin and the bridge of the nose. The 60s

and 70s show wrinkles on the upper lip, and all previous wrinkles become more

pronounced. In the 80s the ears become elongated.

Squamous



Scale like Squama: scaly Skwah-ma Latin squama, meaning scale

Exhibit 2-13: Squamous means scale like


Scaly, fish, worm, squirm, squirm+a, squama

Squamous cells are normal cells within body tissue. They are flat, single-layered, andare wider than they are thick. In fact, under a microscope, they look like fish scales.

These types of cells are most often found in the lining of the heart, blood vessels, lymph

vessels, and in parts of the lungs, kidneys, and inner ear. The major function of these

cells is to permit diffusion through a semipermeable membrane.

Trichoid



Hair like Tricho: hair Trick-oh Greek thrix

Exhibit 2-14: Trichoid means hair like

You can use this mnemonic to remember this roots meaning:

Hair, wig, fake, trick, tricho



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If you never cut your hair, on an average it would grow to about 3-1/4 feet in length.

But if you never shed your hair, the length would reach about 24-1/2 feet.

Hair does not continue to grow when you die. Instead, the skin shrinks and makes the

hair under the skin visible and appear longer.

Do it! A-1: Defining integumentary terms


1 What does the medical root term cutis mean?

A Nail bed

B Itching

C Hair

D Skin

2 What is the medical root word for hardness?

Sclero

3 Which term means scale like?

A Trichoid

B Sclerogenous

C Squamous

D Sarcolysis

4 What does pedicular mean?

A Hair like

B Itching

C Touch disorder

D Lice

5 Which integumentary term means skin inflammation?

Cutitis

6 What does the term pruritis mean?

A Touch disorder

B Itching inflammation

C Decomposing flesh

D Hardening tissue



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Topic B: Digestive system terms

Explanation Lets move on to the root words of the digestive system. Keep in mind, though, thatthese terms are the most commonly used, and many more less-used words exist.

Digestive termsThe following table contains the root words, the terms, and the definitions that will be

covered in this topic.


Chole Cholecystectomy Gallbladder excision

Colon Colitis Large intestine inflammation

Emesis Emetic Produces vomit

Entero Enteritis Intestinal inflammation

Gastro Gastritis Stomach inflammation

Glosso Glossopathy Tongue disease

Hepat Hepatitis Liver inflammation

Ile Ileitis Ileum inflammation

Laparo Laparotomy Abdomen incision

Myxo Myxoma Mucus tumor

Procto Proctology Study of diseases of the colon,rectum, and anus

Pyloro Pylorostenosis Pyloric narrowing

Stoma Stomatitis Mouth inflammation

Viscero Visceromegaly Enlarged abdominal organs



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Cholecystectomy



Gallbladderexcision

Chole:bile Coal-lee Greek chole,meaning bile

Cholera

Exhibit 2-15: Cholecystectomy means gallbladder excision

Gallbladderis from the Latin word galbinus, which means greenish yellow. This isthe normal color of bile. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small

intestines to aid in the digestion of fat. When people have their gallbladders removed,

they must eat a low-fat diet. Bile is manufactured in the liver, so they are still able to

digest small amounts of fat but have a diminished storage capacity.

Colitis



Large intestine inflammation Colon: large intestine Coal-on Greek kolon

Exhibit 2-16: Colitis means large intestine inflammation


Large intestine, body part, body of people, colony, colon

The small intestine is about 20 feet long, and the large intestine is about 5 feet long. So,

why are the small intestines called small and the large intestines called large? These

descriptions refer to their diameters. The small intestine is approximately 1.6 inches in

diameter, and the large intestine is about 2.4 inches in diameter. The sections of the

large intestines are called the transverse colon, the ascending colon, and the descending

colon.



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Emetic



Produces vomit Emesis: vomiting Emmy-sis Greek emein, meaning vomit

Exhibit 2-17: Emetic means produces vomit


Vomiting, throw up, emit, emission, emesis

Vomiting is an obvious maneuver by the body to rid itself of harmful food particles. We

don't know why nausea and vomiting occur with morning sickness, motion sickness,

and migraines. A prolonged episode of emesis is called retching. Prolonged retching can

bring on a condition known as a Mallory-Weiss tear. This is an actual rip in the stomach

lining.

Enteritis



Intestinalinflammation

Entero:intestine

En-tear-oh Greek enteron,meaning intestine

Enter

Exhibit 2-18: Enteritis means intestinal inflammation

Try this mnemonic to remember this roots meaning:

Intestine, inside, enter, entero

Primary digestion takes place in the small intestines, while water reabsorption occurs in

the large intestines.



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Gastritis



Stomach inflammation Gastro: stomach Gas-tr-oh Greek gaster meaning belly

Exhibit 2-19: Gastritis means stomach inflammation


Stomach, stomachache, gas, gastro

Hunger pains usually occur about 10 hours after a stomach is empty. When the stomach

is empty, peristaltic waves (movement that causes food to travel through the intestines)

cease. In 10 hours the waves usually start again, causing the sense of hunger pains or

intestinal movement without any food to move.

Glossopathy



Tongue disease Glosso: tongue Gloss-oh Greek glossa,meaning tongue

Glossary

Exhibit 2-20: Glossopathy means tongue disease


Tongue, silver-tongued, glossy, glosso


Bulimia and anorexia nervosa are eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by

starvation and subsequent vitamin deficiencies. Bulimia is characterized by a gorging on

food followed by self-induced vomiting, which may cause tongue disease, or

glossopathy.



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Hepatitis



Liver inflammation Hepat: liver He-pat Greek hepatikos, meaning liver

Exhibit 2-21: Hepatitis means liver inflammation

In an infant, the liver accounts for the large-looking abdomen, occupying about 40% ofthe abdominal cavity and about 4% of the total body weight. In adults, it accounts forabout 2.5% body weight and 25% or less of the abdominal cavity, depending on the

obesity of the adult.

Ileitis



Ileum inflammation Ile: ileum Il-lee Latin ileum

Exhibit 2-22: Ileitis means ileum inflammation

The ileumis the last of the three sections of the small intestines. The other two sectionsare called the duodenum and thejejunum. Duodenum means, in Greek, twelve fingers

wide, referring to its length. Jejunum is Latin for fasting intestine because this

portion was always found empty during an autopsy.



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Laparotomy



Abdomenincision

Laparo: abdomen Lap-uh-row Greek lapara, meaning flank

Exhibit 2-23: Laparotomy means abdomen incision


Abdomen, lower abdomen, lap, laparo

The term bowelrefers to the digestive tract below the stomach, which consists of the

large and small intestines, rectum, and anus.

Myxoma



Mucus tumor Myxo means mucus mix-oh Greek myxa

Exhibit 2-24: Myxoma means mucus tumor


Mucus is formed from saliva and other nasal secretions. Morning mouth is caused by

reduced salivation during sleep. The small papillae (bumps on the tongue) trap food and

bacteria. The bacteria leads to the associated bad breath of morning mouth.



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Proctology



Study of diseases of thecolon, rectum, and anus

Procto: anus orrectum

Prock-toe Greek proktos, meaning anu

Exhibit 2-25: Proctology means the study of diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus

More than half of all cancers of the bowels occur in the rectum. Colorectal cancer is

second only to lung cancer as the most prevalent type of cancer. (Notice how the root

words colon and rectum are combined to form colorectal.)

Pylorostenosis



Pyloric narrowing Pyloro: gatekeeper Pie-lore-oh Greek pylorus

Exhibit 2-26: Pylorostenosis means pyloric narrowing

The pylorus is known as a gatekeeper because it holds food in the stomach until it is

adequately digested and ready to enter the small intestines.



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Stomatitis



Mouth inflammation Stoma:opening or mouth Stow-muh Greek stoma, meaning mouth

Exhibit 2-27: Stomatitis means mouth inflammation

Although the termstoma means mouth, is not commonly used to refer to the anatomicalmouth. It is usually used in reference to a surgical opening such as the stoma of a

colostomy.

Visceromegaly



Enlarged abdominal organs Viscero:bodyorgans

Vis-ur-oh Latin viscus, meaninginternal organs

Exhibit 2-28: Visceromegalymeans enlarged abdominal organsAlthough many people know that the pancreas is responsible for releasing insulin into

the blood stream, not many know that it is also very important in the process ofdigestion. The pancreas is connected to the biliary tree, along with the liver and

gallbladder, and produces important digestive juices that empty into the large intestines

and aid in the process of digestion and absorption.



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Do it! B-1: Defining digestive system terms


1 What is the root word for stomach?

A Entero

B Procto

C Gastro

D Pyloro

2 What does the medical root word hepat mean?

A Liver

B Ileum

C Body organ

D Tongue

3 What is glossopathy?

Tongue disease

4 What is the meaning of the medical root word myxo?

A Mucus

B Abdomen

C Large intestine

D Gallbladder

5 What is does the following graphic illustrate?

A mucus tumor

6 Which digestive term means the study of diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus?

A Cholecystectomy

B Visceromegaly

C Oncology

D Proctology



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7 Which Digestive Term Means Intestinal Inflammation?

A Emetic

B Colitis

C Enteritis

D Ileitis



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Unit summary: Integumentary and digestive

terms

Topic A In this unit, you defined the roots and medical terms for the integumentary system,which includes skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails.

Topic B Next, you defined the roots and medical terms for the digestive system, which includesthe mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and all parts in between.

Review questions

Use the Web site http://medlineplus.gov to determine the definition and complete the

table for each of the following terms.

1 Onychomycosis

Item Description

Definition Nail + fungus + condition of

Meaning Nail fungus infection

Signs and symptoms Discolored crumbling of the nail

Causes of the condition or procedure Tight shoes, damp or moist skin, nail injuries

Treatment Oral medication

2 Sarcoidosis

Item Description

Definition Flesh + like + condition

Meaning Disease of various tissues of the body

Signs and symptoms Fatigue, weight loss, skin sores, enlarged organs


Treatment Often resolves without treatment



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3 Trichinosis

Item Description

Definition Hair (worm) + condition of (roundworms werereferred to as trichinae because the roundwormresembled hair)

Meaning Roundworms

Signs and symptoms Abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever

Causes of the condition or procedure Eating raw meat

Treatment Resolves without treatment

4 Gastroschisis

Item Description

Definition Stomach + hernia

Meaning Stomach herniation

Signs and symptoms Lump in the abdomen

Causes of the condition or procedure Congenital (born with it)

Treatment Surgery

5 Hepatomegaly

Item Description

Definition Liver + enlarged

Meaning Large liver

Signs and symptoms Right side of enlargement below ribs

Causes of the condition or procedure Hepatitis, alcoholism, other diseases affecting theliver

Treatment Depends on the disease



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6 Use the following clues to complete the crossword.

ACROSS:

3. Nail bed

4. Teeth grinding

6. The root of ileitis

DOWN:

1. Touch disorder

2. The root of the term parapsia

3. The term that means the study of tumors

5. The definition of dent

1 2

P H

3

O N Y C H I A I A

N R P

C A S

4 5

O D O N T O P R I S I S

L O S A

6

O O I L E

G T A

Y H



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