Preview

• Bellringer

• Key Ideas

• What Are Drugs?

• Types of Medicines

Chapter 9 Section 1 Drugs

Section 1 Drugs

Bellringer

• Name four medicines that you have heard of. What is each of these medicines used for?

Chapter 9

Section 1 Drugs

Key Ideas

• List three qualities that make a drug useful as a medicine.

• Name the two sources of all drugs.• Identify four different types of medicines and their

effects on the body.• Identify five different ways that drugs can enter the

body. • Describe why some drugs are considered drugs of

abuse.

Chapter 9

Section 1 Drugs

What Are Drugs?

• A drug is any substance that causes a change in a person’s physical or psychological state.

• Medicines are drugs used to cure, prevent, or treat illness or discomfort.

• Good medicines have the following qualities:

Chapter 9

• Effectiveness• Safety• Minor side effects

Section 1 Drugs

What Are Drugs?

• Drugs of abuse are drugs that people take for mind-altering effects that have no medical purpose.

• Drugs of abuse can change the way your brain works in ways that are unhealthy and dangerous.

• Drugs that affect your brain can change your behavior over time and lead to addiction and long-term health problems.

Chapter 9

Section 1 Drugs

What Are Drugs?

• All drugs are chemicals that come from one of two sources:

Chapter 9

• Naturals sources, such as plants, animals, or fungi

• Laboratories

Section 1 Drugs

Types of Medicines

• A prescription is a written order from a doctor for a specific medicine.

• Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines can be bought without a prescription.

Chapter 9

Section 1 DrugsChapter 9

Section 1 DrugsChapter 9

Section 1 Drugs

Types of Medicines

• Drugs can be taken into the body in the following ways:

Chapter 9

• Implanted pumps• Inhalation• Injection• Transdermal patches• Ingestion• Topical application

Preview

• Bellringer• Key Ideas• Approving Drugs for Medical Use• Prescription Medicines• Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines• How to Read an OTC Label• Possible Problems with Medicines• Using Medicines Wisely

Chapter 9 Section 2 Drugs as Medicines

Section 2 Drugs as Medicines

Bellringer

• What are some reasons you think prescription and OTC medications have instructions and precautions written on their packaging?

Chapter 9

Section 2 Drugs as Medicines

Key Ideas

• Describe the process by which drugs are approved for medical use.

• State two reasons why prescriptions are required for some medicines.

• State two factors to consider when choosing over-the-counter (OTC) medicines.

• Describe three problems that can occur when taking some medicines.

• List six things you should do to be able to use medicines wisely.

Chapter 9

Section 2 Drugs as Medicines

Approving Drugs for Medical Use

• The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was created in 1906 to control the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics in the United States.

• The FDA uses an approval process for proving a drug is safe and effective. Some steps include:

Chapter 9

• Chemical or cell-culture testing in laboratories• Testing on animals• Testing on human volunteers• Clinical trials to compare to existing drugs

Section 2 Drugs as Medicines

Prescription Medicines

• Prescription medications should only be taken with a doctor’s recommendation and supervision.

• Taking someone else’s medication or failing to follow the prescription can be dangerous.

Chapter 9

Section 2 Drugs as Medicines

Prescription Medicines

• Prescriptions include the following information:

Chapter 9

• Dosage (how much you should take)• When you should take the medicine• How often you should take the medicine• The length of time you should take the

medicine

Section 2 Drugs as Medicines

Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines

• Most OTC medicines are used for common illnesses, injuries, and disorders.

• When choosing an OTC:

Chapter 9

• Decide what kind of OTC will work for you.• Decide whether you want a generic or brand-

name medicine. They often have the same active ingredients but different inactive ingredients.

• Read the labels.

Section 2 Drugs as Medicines

How to Read an OTC Label

Chapter 9

Section 2 Drugs as Medicines

Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines

• Long-term use of OTC medicines can cover up more serious problems.

• If symptoms persist, consult a doctor.• Herbal remedies and dietary supplements are not

regulated by the FDA the same way that drugs are.• Because they may have not been thoroughly tested,

herbal remedies and dietary supplements may not be safe or effective.

Chapter 9

Section 2 Drugs as Medicines

Possible Problems with Medicines

• Allergic reactions are the most serious risks to taking medicines.

• Symptoms of anaphylactic shock include:

Chapter 9

• Itching all over the body• Swelling, especially in the mouth or throat• Wheezing or difficulty breathing• A pounding heart• Fainting and unconsciousness

Section 2 Drugs as Medicines

Possible Problems with Medicines

• Side effects are more common problems than medicine allergies.

• Drug interactions occur when a drug reacts with another drug, food, or dietary supplement to increase or decrease the effect of one of the substances.

• Labels on OTC packages or drug information sheets describe possible drug interactions and may also list potential side effects.

Chapter 9

Section 2 Drugs as Medicines

Using Medicines Wisely

1. Make yourself part of your own healthcare team.2. Be prepared to ask questions.3. Learn the facts about any medicine you take.4. Listen to your body.5. It’s not always safe to suddenly stop taking a drug.6. Speak up and enlist your parents’ help.

Chapter 9

Section 2 Drugs as Medicines

Using Medicines Wisely

Chapter 9

Preview

• Bellringer

• Key Ideas

• How Drugs That Affect the Brain Work

• The Path to Addiction

• Addiction is a Treatable Disease

Chapter 9 Section 3 Drugs and the Brain

Section 3 Drugs and the Brain

Bellringer

• Write a response to the following statement: “If I want to use drugs, it’s my choice and it doesn’t affect anybody else beside me.”

Chapter 9

Section 3 Drugs and the Brain

Key Ideas

• Describe how drugs that affect the brain work.• State how drugs can affect a person’s emotions.• Describe how addiction can develop from

experimentation.• Summarize the role of withdrawal in maintaining a

drug addiction.• Describe why addiction is considered a treatable

and avoidable disease.

Chapter 9

Section 3 Drugs and the Brain

How Drugs That Affect the Brain Work

• Information processing in the brain takes place at the connections between neurons, called synapses.

• Signals are passed across synapses by chemicals called neurotransmitters.

Chapter 9

Section 3 Drugs and the Brain

How Drugs That Affect the Brain Work

• Some drugs affect the way neurons communicate by acting like neurotransmitters, blocking neurotransmitters, or changing the amount of neurotransmitters.

• These changes can affect our moods and emotions.

Chapter 9

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Chapter 9

Visual Concept

Neural Changes Caused by Drug Use

Section 3 Drugs and the Brain

Section 3 Drugs and the Brain

The Path to Addiction

• Addiction is a condition in which a person can no longer control his or her drug use.

• Most drugs of abuse activate the brain reward system, which releases chemicals that give pleasure.

• Pleasure alone does not cause addiction.• People who become addicts usually start by

experimenting, then more regular use leads to a series of changes on the path to addiction.

Chapter 9

Section 3 Drugs and the Brain

The Path to Addiction

Chapter 9

Section 3 Drugs and the Brain

Addiction is a Treatable Disease

• The symptoms that occur when a drug user stops using a drug are collectively called withdrawal.

• Stopping drug use can be very difficult because the withdrawal symptoms are often very unpleasant.

Chapter 9

Section 3 Drugs and the Brain

Addiction is a Treatable Disease

• Drug addiction is a brain disorder, and it is treatable.• Most communities offer a variety of treatment

programs for addiction.• The best way to avoid addiction is to avoid drugs of

abuse altogether.

Chapter 9

Chapter 9

Click below to watch the Brain Food Video Quiz that accompanies this chapter.

Brain Food Video Quiz

Brain Food Video Quiz