Pressure sore diagnosis and management for medical student

61
n PRESSURE SORE Topic presentation

Transcript of Pressure sore diagnosis and management for medical student

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PRESSURE SORETopic presentation

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INTRODUCTION & ETIOLOGY

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INTRODUCTION

• Pressure ulcers = damage of soft tissue that get compressed between bony prominence and external surface for prolonged period of time

• Risk groups: people who cannot avoid long-term uninterrupted pressure over bony prominences

• Elderly

• Neurologic impairment

• Acute hospitalization

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COMMON LOCATIONS

• Hip and buttock 70%• Ischial tuberosity, trochanteric and sacral locations

• Lower extremities 15-25%• Malleolar, heel, patellar and pretibial locations

• Others• Nose, chin, forehead, occiput, chest, back, elbow

ทุกท่ีสามารถเกิด pressure sore ได/

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ETIOLOGY OF PRESSURE SORE

• Impaired mobility• prolonged uninterrupted pressure

• Muscle and soft tissue atrophy à bony prominences got less protection

• Inability to perceive pain: most important stimuli for repositioning

• Friction and shear forces: eg. Spasticity, moving of patient

• Skin tear à bacterial contamination, water loss, maceration and adherence to clothing

• Quality of skin• Atrophy, decrease rate of turnover, loss of vascularity, flattening of dermal-epidermal

junction

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ETIOLOGY OF PRESSURE SORE

• Incontinence or fistula• moist à maceration (ผิวเป34อย) + bacterial reservoirs

• Bacteria: contamination à delay or prevent wound healing

• Poor nutrition• Malnutrition, hypoproteinemia, anemia à contribute to tissue

vulnerability and delayed wound healing

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

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• Complex process

• External forces to the skin (Host-specific factor)

PATHOGENESIS

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Pressure

PATHOGENESIS

Excess of arteriolar pressure > 32 mmHgVenous capillary closing pressure > 8-12 mmHg

Oxygen and Nutrient to tissue

Tissue hypoxia

Wasted product and free radical

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• Most susceptible tissue to pressure – induced injury

Muscle >> Subcutaneous fat >> Dermis

• Greatest pressure at bony prominence area

cone - shaped distribution

PATHOGENESIS

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• Sitting position : ischial tuberosity (100mmHg)

• Supine position : sacrum (150mmHg) and heel (40mmHg)

• Prone position : knee and chest (40mmHg)

• Lateral decubitus position : greater trochanter

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

INTE

RIO

R

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INTE

RIO

R

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• Body Level One

• Body Level Two

• Body Level Three

• Body Level Four

• Body Level Five

Eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum

INTE

RIO

R

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GRADING & SEVERITY

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GRADING

แผลกดทับแบ;งเป=น

1. stage 1

2. stage 2

3. stage 3

4. stage 4

5.Suspected Deep Tissue Injury (DTI)

6.Unstageable

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GRADE 1

1.ผิวหนังสีแดง ผิวยังคงสมบูรณCอยู;2.ไม;มี ตุ;มพอง3.กดแล/วสีไม;เปลีย่น

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GRADE 2

1.แผลทะลุถึงช้ัน Dermis พ้ืนแดง 2.ไม;มีเน้ือตาย3.สามารถวัดขนาด กว/าง*ยาว*สูง

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GRADE 3

1.สูญเสียผิวหนังตั้งแต; Epidermis,Dermis,Subcutaneous แต;ไม;ถงึ Muscle2.อาจพบเน้ือตายสเีหลอืง , หรือพบโพรงใต/ผิวหนังได/3.ความลึกเปลี่ยนไปตามตําแหน;ง ของ อวัยวะ เช;น กระดูกท/ายทอย ตาตุ;ม เพราะไม;มีFat

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GRADE 4

1.สูญเสียผิวหนังทุกช้ัน จนถึง Muscle หรือ Bone 2.มักมีเน้ือตายสีดําแข็ง (eschar) หรือ โพรงใต/ผิวหนัง3.Complication Osteiomyelitis และ Osteitis

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SUSPECTED DEEP TISSUE INJURY (DTI)

• บริเวณท่ีผิวหนังยังคงปกคลุมอยู;ไม;มีการฉีกขาดแต;มีการเปลี่ยนสีเป=นสีม;วงคล้ําหรือสีแดง หรือมีตุ;มเลือดท่ีเกิดจากกล/ามเน้ือใต/บริเวณน้ันได/รับแรงกดทับ หรือแรงไถล

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SUSPECTED DEEP TISSUE

INJURY (DTI)

• แข็ง แฉะ หรือหยุ;นเหมือนมีน้ําใต/ผิวหนัง ร/อนขึ้น หรือเย็นลงกว;าผิวหนังบริเวณ

ใกล/เคียง นอกจากนี้ยังตรวจพบได/ยากในคนที่มีผิวดํา

• การเปล่ียนแปลงที่พบหลังจากพบผิวหนังที่เกิด DTI คือพบตุ;มน้ําบนผิวหนังที่เกิด DTI พบการเปล่ียนแปลงเป=น eschar บางๆ ได/เร็ว และพบการทําลายชั้นเนื้อเย่ือเพ่ิมเติมได/แม/จะได/พยายามรักษาอย;างเต็มที่แล/ว

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SUSPECTED DEEP TISSUE INJURY (DTI)

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UNSTAGEABLE

• มีการสูญเสียผิวหนังทั้งหมดโดยที่พ้ืนแผลทั้งหมดถูกคลุมไว/ด/วยเนื้อตายสีเหลือง หรือ เนื้อตายสีดําแข็ง แม/

จะตัดเอา เนื้อตายสีเหลือง หรือ เนื้อตายสีดําแข็ง ออก

แล/ว ยังคงไม;สามารถระบุระดับของแผลกดทับได/ว;าเป=น

ระดับ ที่ 3หรือระดับ 4

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UNSTAGEABLE

• แผลบริเวณก/นกบ

• มีการสูญเสียผิวหนังทั้งหมด

• มีเนื้อตายคลุมทั่วแผล

• ไม;สามารถประเมินความลึกของแผลได/

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WOUND CARE & WOUND CLOSURE

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES

◦multidisciplinary of wound care teams◦debridement of necrotic tissue◦maintain moist wound environment (healing, relief pressure)◦Address host issues (nutrition, metabolic, circulatory status)◦Promote healing of the wound bed◦appropriate dressings or wound packing ◦Prevent recurrence

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PRESSURE SORE MANAGEMENT

•Non- surgical•Surgical

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NON-SURGICAL TREATMENT

• Remove necrotic tissue

• Manage patient factors

• Infection, vascular disease, DM, smoking, nutrition

• Management of contracture & spasm

• Reduce pressure :

• change position every 2 hrs

• mattress system e.g. เตียงลม

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SURGICAL TREATMENT

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PREOPERATIVE CARE

• Appropriate nutrition

• Treat infection

• Relieve pressure

• Management of spasm

• Medication e.g. diazepam

• Sx: perioperative nerve blocks, rhizotomy

• Contracture therapy (of hip, knee/ reduce recurrence)

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OPERATION

• Excisional debridement• m/c surgically (or enzymatic proteolytic, hydrotherapy etc.)

• Partial/ complete Osteotomy • remove bony prominence (i.e. กระดูกที.ตายแลว้)

• ไมค่วรทาํ radical ostectomy (bleeding problems)

• wound closure e.g. skin flap

• once sufficiently minimize bacterial load optimize social & nutritional status (Alb>3.5g/mL)

• Poor candidates:

• poor Sx candidates

• lack supportive network at home (e.g. pressure-release bed)

• Poor compliance to prior secondary intention healing

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POST OPERATIVE CARE

• Continuous care similar to pre-operative care

• Relief pressure

• Psychosocial

• Rehabilitative care

• Drain

• Prevent contamination (feces, urine)

• Prevent recurrence

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SPECIFIC TREATMENT - GUIDED BY STAGE

• Stage 1 :

• covered with transparent film

• protection & prevent from more serious ulcer

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• Stage 2 ulcers • Require moist wound environment & little debridement

• avoid wet-to-dry dressings.

• Semi-occlusive (transparent film) or occlusive dressings (hydrocolloids or hydrogels)

•Enzymes normally present in the wound base—>digest necrotic tissue•Contraindication: infection

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• Stage 3 and 4 ulcers

•Debridement of necrotic tissue•cover with appropriate dressings•treat infection.

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DEBRIDEMENT

• Debride necrotic tissue (mechanical, enzymatic, biological)• necrotic tissue promotes bacterial growth and impairs

wound healing

• Contraindication: • Absence of necrotic tissue

• Granulation tissue is present

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• Indications:

} treat an infected pressure ulcer

} ATB (adjunctive) + Debridement

} prevent the infection from spreading

• Avoid topical antibiotics

} BUT may apply Antiseptic cream (eg. Nanosilver cream)

topically

Antibiotics

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OTHER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

• Negative pressure wound therapy

• Reconstructive surgery} skin grafting

} Local flaps

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COMPLICATION

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COMPLICATION: INFECTION

• Superficial wound infection

• Deep: cellulitis, osteomyelitis(stage4)

• Systemic: bacteremia, endocarditis

• septic arthritis

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COMPLICATION

• Marjolin’s ulcer

• Urethro-cutaneous fistula

• vesico-cutaneous fistula

• Wound dehiscence

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COMPLICATION

• Autonomic dysreflexia (spinal cord injury when debridement)

• Hematoma & Seroma (after reconstructive surgery)

• Recurrence

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PREVENTION

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IDENTIFICATION OF PATIENTS AT RISK

• Elderly persons

• Chronically ill (eg cancer, stroke, or diabetes)

• Immobile (eg fracture, arthritis, or pain)

• Weak or debilitated

• Altered mental status (eg narcotics, anesthesia, or coma)

• Decreased sensation or paralysis

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Bradenscale

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Nortonscale

TotalNortonScale - TotalNumberofCheckMarks=TotalNortonPlusScore

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SECONDARY FACTORS

• Illness or debilitation

• Fever àincreases metabolic demands

• Predisposing ischemia

• Diaphoresis àskin maceration

• Incontinence àskin irritation and contamination

• Other factors: edema, jaundice, pruritus, and xerosis (dry skin)

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INTERVENTIONS

• Scheduled turning and body repositioning

• Appropriate bed positioning

• Protection of vulnerable bony

• Skin care

• Alertness for skin changes

• Use of support surfaces and specialty beds

• Nutritional support - enteral or parenteral nutrition or vitamin therapy

• Maintenance of current levels of activity, mobility, and range of motion

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SCHEDULED TURNING AND BODY REPOSITIONING

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APPROPRIATE BED POSITIONING

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PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE BONY PROMINENCES

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SKIN CARE

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USE OF SUPPORT SURFACES AND SPECIALTY BEDS

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NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT - ENTERAL OR PARENTERAL NUTRITION OR

VITAMIN THERAPY

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MAINTENANCE OF CURRENT LEVELS OF ACTIVITY, MOBILITY, AND

RANGE OF MOTION

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION