President Ziaur Rahman_The Statesman

President Ziaur Rahman: The Statesman

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President Ziaur Rahman: The Statesman. A compilation of

news and articles, published by The Daily Dinkal, 441/1,

Tejgaon, I/A, Dhaka-1208. Price: Tk. 350.00, US

$ 20.00

Preface

Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim.

This book entitled “President Ziaur Rahman: The Statesman”

highlights Ziaur Rahman’s statesmanship as focused specially

in the foreign media.

Statesmanship is not a quality common to politicians running

the affairs of the state. Only a few politicians could leave

behind their marks as statesmen today shining in the global

galaxy.

President Ziaur Rahman’s initial days as President were not a

bed of roses. In a new born state plagued with utter poverty,

cyclone flood and drought, malnutrition, population explosion,

sheer unemployment, extremely low education rate and above

all misgovernance of the previous regime, it was a yeoman’s

task President Zia faced with. But President Ziaur Rahman soon

made his presence felt home and abroad by dint of his dynamic

leadership qualities and statesmanship attributes. He soon

ushered in a new era of light and hope among the common

people. He proved to be the symbol of stability and his 19-point

program got immensely applauded as the epitome of

development.

Unlike a professional soldier, President Ziaur Rahman, a very

sharp and thoughtful statesman as he was, could quickly

identify our basic national problems. His extra ordinary quality

was his ability to go deep into the issue and find out ways and

means for their lasting solution. He raised above partisan

parochialism, amassed around him collective wisdom of experts

in their respective fields, irrespective of faith, colour and creed.

He identified population explosion as No.1 national problem

and highly emphasized on agricultural, rural, youth and women

development. His canal digging program, his special emphasis

on fisheries, poultry and livestock development, did open a new

vista development agriculture.

President Zia had the potential to think big and look distant. It’s

he who had conceived the concept of our garment exports and

export of our skilled and semi skilled manpower overseas which

proved today the very rock foundation of our economy.

Stern-looking but soft spoken, icy-cold calm in decision

making, people witnessed in Ziaur Rahman the advent of a new

promising leader and new hero. While in domestic sector he

ensured discipline, good law and order, bumper food stock, low

inflation, less cost of living, effective and fruitful family

planning measures and far reaching measures for agricultural

and youth development, on the bilateral and multilateral areas,

President Zia with his deep sense of patriotism and

statesmanship proved even sharper and brighter. The architect

of SAARC, President Zia for the first time felt the importance

of regional co-operation in South Asia. His foreign policy was

based on equality with all Countries. It’s President Ziaur

Rahman’s personal charisma and his incomparable

statesmanship that he was chosen by the world leaders as

negotiators in the wake of Iran-Iraq war, the role that was

highly applauded and globally acknowledged. It was his

brilliance and proven statesmanship and not the least his

personal integrity, incorruptible as he was that made him a

popular leader home and abroad.

This book will no doubt help the readers, specially the new

generation young readers to know how President Ziaur Rahman,

who had braved declare independence of Bangladesh in those

critical of our national days in 1971, how subsequently he

ensured stability, peace and development, how he put

Bangladesh back to democratic track, pulled it out of the

“bottomless basket case” of economy and led Bangladesh as its

elected President to an enviable newer height home and abroad.

But for his untimely death caused by a handful of derailed

soldiers, our beloved Bangladesh would have been within the

list of developed nations long back.

Special thanks to Mr. Ismail Zabiullah, Mr. Shohidul Islam

Babul, Barrister Rumeen Farhana, Mr. Rezwanul Haque

Shovan for their kind co-operation, co-ordination and support

for bringing this initiative into light. We hope that the readers

will consider unintentional typing mistakes and will heartily

welcome the effort. We also hope that this book will add a new

dimension to the history of Bangladesh.

Bangladesh Zindabad

Behind The Curtain

News Collection:

Imamul Haque

Osman Ahmed Sakib

Co-ordination:

Osman Ahmed Sakib

Sharifur Rahman Bipu

Translation/Compose:

Sharifur Rahman Bipu

Sabina Ahmed

Osman Ahmed Sakib

Rahat Shantonu

Monjur Rahman

Mijanur Rahman Sumon

Fatema Zohora

Mufid Bin Rabi

Rafsanjani Rafsan

Iqbal Hossain

Hasan Mahadi

Murad Ahmed

Management:

Abdur Rahman Noor Rajon

Zahirul Islam Tito

Other Supports:

Mostofa Kamal Palash

Hashan Chowdhury

Nazim Uddin

Easin Mahmood

Humayun Kabir

Moshiur Rahman

Kamrul Hassan

Manira Sultana

Tahsin Mehedy Prince

Abdus Salam Fahim

Syef Uddin

Rakib Shahriar

Kajol Rehman

Rashed Khan

Rafat Noor

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President Ziaur Rahman: The Statesman 1

Bangladesh slowly returns to normal DACCA (AP) - Government offices, businesses and shops reopened Saturday as Bangladesh began returning to normal

after power struggle brought two Government changes in a week.

Major-General Ziaur Rahman, the army chief who was ousted Monday only to return with more power Friday, apparently was

in firm control behind President Abu Sadat Mohammed Sayem.

Diplomatic reports reaching New Delhi, India, said Brigadier-General Khalid Musharaf, the officer who led the abortive coup against Rahman had been killed. The reports were not

confirmed here.

The power struggle was the culmination of a feud within the military that began Aug. 15 with the overthrow of President Sheik Mujibur Rahman, leader of the country‟s fight for

independence from Pakistan. Musharaf was reported to have resented the power wielded by the junior officers who ousted

and killed Mujibur. The struggle broke into the open Monday after a Dacca jail

massacre took the lives of four of Sheik Mujibur‟s close associates. Musharaf seized power, President Khondakar

Mushtaque Ahmed resigned and the junior officers who supported him and were suspected of ordering the jail massacre fled to Bangkok, Thailand.

Rahman regained command of the army Friday and swiftly

increased the role of the military in Government. But he accepted President Sayem, who had been installed under Musharaf. Sayem was named chief martial-law administrator

with Rahman and two other deputy chiefs.


Former President Mushtaque Ahmed was reported to be at his

residence to “pray for happiness of the people and prosperity of the country.”

Biman, the national airline, resumed domestic flights and a Biman jetliner was expected to carry 163 pilgrims to Mecca in

Saudi Arabia today. Source: The Saturday Citizen (Dated: 08-Nov-1975)

Link:http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2455&dat=1975

1108&id=z8kyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=re0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3184,3

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Poor But Hopeful: Bangladesh Has Not Collapsed,

After All

LONDON- Bangladesh is not merely poor, it is the poorest of developing countries, but for the first time in its five years of independence, there is hope for a better future.

The change has come unexpectedly because, following the

assassination last August of Sheik Mujilur Rahman, the one man revered throughout the nation, there was a general expectation of chaos of squabbles for power, of political

disaster piled on top of natural disaster.

Bangladesh is still poor. Eighty million people, a number expected to grow to 150 million by the turn of the century are crowded into a Wisconsin-sized land, a third of which is

flooded every year.

It has few natural resources and practically no source of export earnings apart from jute, which is losing its world market. Per capita income is $55 a year compared with $70 to $80 in 1970

when Bangladesh was East Pakistan. Every year there is the promise of natural disaster, if not flood, then drought or

cyclone. The chances for turmoil were increased after the assassination

of Sheik Mujib because there was no one of national rank, no other politician who matched his prestige. The majors who

carried out the coup belonged to just one of many factions in the army.

But two things have prevented the predicted political disasters.

One was a bumper harvest. The storage depots of Bangladesh are overflowing and grain is being stored in the open. The price


of rice has slumped from 25.5 cents a pound last year to an

average price of 7 cents this year. Equally important has been the rise to power of Maj. Gen. Ziaur

Rahman, the army chief of staff who is the strongman of the martial law Government. He has managed to discipline an army

which threatened to split into fragments after the murder of Sheik Mujib and the coup and the countercoup of November. He has tried to restore law and order which „had deteriorated‟

through the rule of Sheik Mujib. He is trying to end corruption. He is reforming the administration and exerting a much more

decisive influence in the manner of the crisp military man he is. He is urging new family planning and rural development programs. General Ziaur dislikes sloppiness and is said to have

been disappointed by the standards of the British Army on a visit to Germany.

The effect of the new regime is visible in both big and little things. The fall in the rice price has been helped by the

crackdown on smuggling trade with India. It is now safe to go out after dark on the streets. It is easier to drive a car in Dacca

because the pedicabs which used to straggle all over the place are being confined to special narrow track.

How long this hope will last is another matter. At the moment, the Government is still committed to elections 12 months hence.

Most people, both Bangalee and foreign are upset by the prospect of the corrupt politicians coming back. But if he stays on, General Ziaur and Bangladesh could follow the pattern

toward dictatorial Government now so prevalent in Asia and worldwide. It is not clear that the general, essentially middle-

class and army-educated understands the plight of the rural masses, though at the moment he is making more efforts to help them than most military regimes have done.


External matters can also affect the country‟s progress toward

stability, particularly relations with India, with which there has been a resurgence of

border trouble. Bangladesh has accused its former ally

and liberator of supporting a group of several hundred rebels in northern

Bangladesh. India has denied the allegations. At any rate,

quietly and hampered by its lack of resources, Bangladesh is looking for new arms.

But for the moment there is

relative happiness in the villages. Even in the really poor and hopeless urban areas where some Bangalees have only the scratch of ground they occupy,

plus a big pot for cooking and wishing, there is food to cook for the night. With a full belly it is possible to forget the wretched

past and the uncertain future. (Kevin Rafferty is a correspondent for The Financial Times of

London, who was recently in Bangladesh.)

By KEVIN RAFFERTY Source: The New York Times (Dated: 29-Feb-1976)

Link: http://sphotos-c.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-

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http://sphotos-c.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/q71/1002161_158351967687435_265563032_n.jpg

http://sphotos-c.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/q71/1002161_158351967687435_265563032_n.jpg


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Bangladesh, India on Collision Course?

DACCA - (LENS) - The fumbling towards yet another conflict

on the Indian subcontinent have begun. The nine-month-old

military Government of Bangladesh seems to be shaping up for

a confrontation with its giant neighbor, India.

For the past few months Bangladesh‟s military leader, Major

General Ziaur Rahman, who seized power last November, has

been attempting to deal with the causes of the quarrel by

discreet diplomacy. But it is now being said in Bangladesh‟s

capital, Dacca, that these approaches have proved fruitless and

the Bangladeshis have decided to go for broke by confronting

India publicly and even preparing for the possibility of a real

conflict.

Last weekend, General Ziaur Rahman told a widely cheering

gathering in Dacca of Mukti Bahini “freedom fighters” - the

men who fought against Pakistan in 1971 - that they “might

soon have to fight again to protect the Independence of

Bangladesh.” He announced that the Mukti Bahini would get

new military training so that they could reinforce the 65,000

men of the Bangladeshi army.

The warning came three days after General Ziaur Rahman

launched a strong attack on India at the Colombo non-aligned

summit. During the conference Bangladeshi delegates lobbied

for support against India and called it “neo-colonialist” and

“expansionist.”

In the past month there has been a resurgence of strident anti-

Indian propaganda in the Bangladeshi press, with editorial


writers talking of a “manmade tragedy which could engulf the

whole subcontinent.” The dispute with India involves two

issues. First, Bangladesh alleges that India has broken an

agreement drawn up when the $300 million Farakka barrage

was completed 11 miles inside Indian territory. The barrage

complex, with a 20 mile feeder canal, is designed to divert

water from the Ganges to the Hooghly river in an attempt to

clear away the dangerous silting of the waterways around

India‟s port of Calcutta. According to Bangladeshi officials, the

two countries agreed to conduct a brief test diversion of water in

May, 1975 but India continued syphoning after the test ended.

The diversion has had a marked effect on Bangladesh‟s

agriculture. According to B.M. Abbas, the presidential adviser

on irrigation and water control, during the dry season from mid-

March to mid-May more than 70,000 acres of paddy were lost

to drought, nearly two thirds of the tube-wells could not be used

and serious sanitation problems developed in the south of

Bangladesh as salt water began seeping up canals and rivers.

The cost this year alone has been more than $2 million and this

will grow.

General Ziaur‟s second accusation is that India is training and

arming guerrilla groups which since January have been making

sabotage raids into the province of Mymensingh from base

camps just inside the Indian border in the Meghalaya area.

The guerrillas are mainly those supporters of Sheikh Mujibur

Rahman who fled Bangladesh after the overthrow and murder

of the Sheikh a year ago. They are led by a flamboyant hero of

the 1971 war against Pakistan, Kader Siddique, and have blown


up bridges and Government buildings and murdered local

officials in the north.

The martial law authorities in Dacca assert that they are trained

by India‟s Border Security Force and claim to have captured

documents and weapons proving the Indian connection.

No doubt Bangladesh, at least in public is exaggerating both

issues. But they have now become the focus of intense anti-

Indian feelings, the depth of which surprises even Western

diplomats. Perhaps part of the Government‟s aim is to use this

as a means of uniting Bangladesh, no small attraction in a

country which has gone through three coups d‟etat in 12 months

and is facing a new round of instability as next February‟s

election approaches.

India‟s motives are more obscure. Admiral M.H. Khan, the

Bangladesh navy‟s Chief of staff, hazards the guess that India

wants to “destabilize” his country in the hope of imposing a

more pro-Indian administration in Dacca. Given Indians high-

handed policies in the past towards its smaller neighbors,

Sikkim and Nepal, other senior officials claim that it is just

another manifestation of Indian “arrogance.”

The prospect of overt Indian military action against Bangladesh

might seem remote.

The Economist of London

Source: The Times-News (Dated: 27-Sep-1976)


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http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19760927&id=K1NPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UyQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3569,2922842




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India Charged With Moves to Infiltrate Bangladesh

DACCA, Bangladesh - The military ruler of the Government

here has charged that India was systematically training

Bangladesh dissidents as guerrillas and was helping them to

infiltrate into the country from several dozen special camps it

had set up along the border.

Maj. Gen. Ziaur Rahman said that the Indians were arming the

guerrillas and training them to attack rural police stations and

villages, to blow up bridges and highways and to spread urban

terror.

“We have apprehended several hundred of them and they tell of

being trained by Indian troops along the border, or even as far

away as Calcutta”, the General said in an interview at the

modest white bungalow he occupies in a military reservation

just outside Dacca.

In recent months, lower ranking officials here have said that

India was encouraging Bangladesh dissidents. But this was the

first time that such specific and detailed charges had been made

publicly by General Zlaur Rahman, who took over the

leadership of this critically poor country 10 months ago.

“Most of the Indian training camps are along our northern

border in the region just past Mymensingh”, General Ziaur

Rahman said indicating on a map an area 100 miles north of the

capital.

“But we know that they have also set up a few camps on the

western border and on the eastern border as well,” he continued,


tracing the 2,300-mile border with India, which almost

completely surrounds Bangladesh.

The 40-year-old General, a soft-spoken professional soldier

with intense, stern eyes and a military bearing, sipped coffee as

he methodically chose his words, professing puzzlement about

“Why these Indian chaps keep this up?”

India has made no secret of its coolness toward the new

Government in Dacca, but it stoutly denies that it is giving any

help at all to Bangladeshi dissidents.

A high-ranking Indian recently expressed the official view in

New Delhi this way: “It‟s not our fault that there are people in

that country who roam about shooting things up because they

don‟t like the Government that is being imposed upon them

from Dacca.”

Relations between New Delhi and Dacca began to decline 13

months ago at the time of the coup d‟etatin which Sheik

Mujibur Rahman was assassinated.

Sheik Mujib was the father of this country, which used to be

East Pakistan and with the help of the Indians he won its

Independence in 1971.

These are the men who, General Ziaur Rahman says, are now

being trained and sent back into Bangladesh.

By WILLIAM BORDERS


Source: The Dispatch (Dated: 29-Sep-1976)


0929&id=cnsfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hFEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6507,

2491983

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Thousands in Bangladesh Begin Drive to

Encourage Birth Control

DACCA, Bangladesh, Sept. 28 - Under the direction of the

stern military Government that has been in control for the last

10 months, Bangladesh has just grown up its first

comprehensive national population policy and is sending

thousands of workers into the marshy countryside to carry it

out.

Among Dacca's sizable community of foreign-aid experts, who

have been frustrated by the inaction of the past, there is hope

about what one of them called “a genuine new sense of

commitment.” and government planners claim they have

already begun to bring down the roaring birth rate.

“We must mobilize all out resources to solve this critical

population problem,” said Maj. Gen. Ziaur Rahman, who has

ruled this country since last November, in a recent interview. “If

we cannot do something about population, nothing else that we

accomplish will matter much.”

To the people who care about population planning, both

Bangladeshis and foreign, that kind of talk is a welcome change

from the approach of Sheik Mujibur Rahman, the founder of the


country who was assassinated a year ago. When pressed on the

subject, Sheik Mujib reportedly used to respond with some

comment like, "We Bengalis love our children."

Always Must Import Grain

Nevertheless, the problem is dizzying in its scope. With 80

Million people living in an area smaller that Wisconsin,

Bangladesh is as crowded as the continental United States

would be if the whole world's population lived there. Even in

the best of years, like this one, when the harvest has been very

good, Bangladesh must import grain to feed its people.

At the present birth rate of 46 per thousand (compared with 35

in India and 14 in United States), the population of Bangladesh

will double by the time a baby born today reaches the age of 21.

Moreover, in the words of Prof. Marcus F. Franda an American

political scientist who specializes in this area, “Since half the

people in Bangladesh are now less than 16 years of age, the

population boom has barely started.”

The population policy published last week includes incentives

to encourage sterilization operations and better planning and

training for workers who deliver condoms and birth-control

pills door to door.


“But basically it's just a question of commitment, which we

didn't have before and now we do,” said Mohammed

AbdusSattar, a Harvard-trained economist who became family

planning secretary early this year.

Sterilizations Increasing

Sterilizations have risen to 8,000 a month, as many as there

were in all of 1975 and the percentage of fertile couples

practicing that or some other form of birth control has gone up

from 4percent to 7 percent. But that still means that 93 percent

of all the couple in the country - 32 million people - are doing

nothing at all to prevent conception, which is why seven babies

are born in Bangladesh every minutes of every day.

Virtually every cent that this impoverished country spends on

population control comes as aid from abroad. But that is no

problem, the donor countries freely concede that they consider

it so essential that they are happy to give as much for family

planning as Bangladesh is prepared to spend.

“My only restraint as far as money is concerned is the

absorptive capacity or our program”, Mr. Sattar said.


And yet the problems remain enormous in this traditional

Moslem society in which medical people are widely suspect and

only one person in five can read. In one area, a birth-control

canvasser found that, when asked how many children they

wanted, women invariably replied with the number that their

mothers had had - six on average. The reason, one of them

explained, was that "to say you want fewer that your mother had

is insulting to you younger brothers and sisters, as if you wish

they had not been born."

Even here in the capital, a well-educated government

economist, asked why he had 11 children, replied with a hearty

laugh: “Allah gave us the children. Allah will watch out for

them.”

BY WILLIAM BORDERS

Source: New York Times (Dated: 30-Sep-1976)

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Good Crop and Lower Costs Raise Spirits in

Bangladesh

DACCA, Bangladesh, Sept. 28 – The news from Bangladesh is

good for a change or at least not quite so bad as usual.

Malnutrition is still almost the norm, but two very good

harvests have built food stocks, so that almost no one is starving

to death this year, as thousands of Bangladeshis were two years

ago.

Inflation, which was running at a rate of more than 60 percent

early last year, has been brought under control; rice, the staple

food of the 80 million people who live in this desperately poor

country, actually costs half what it did in 1974.

At Government offices in this grim, sprawling capital and out in

the swampy countryside on the tiny farms into which this

critically overcrowded land is partitioned, the mood is more

hopeful now than it has been for some time. But it is tempered

by a caution that a wizened old farmer in a gray and tattered

loincloth expressed this way: “Allah has make things better for

a while, but they could quickly get bad again, the way they

were.”

Weather the Principal Reason

The principal reason for the improvement is the weather-two

years with just the right amount of rainfall, after a crippling

cycle of floods and droughts. But knowledgeable people here

also give credit to Maj. Gen. Ziaur Rahman, the tough

professional soldier who took over the Government last


November, three months after the assassination of Sheik

Mujibur Rahman, the flamboyant father of Bangladesh.

Sheik Mujib, much beloved for leading his country to

independence from the rest of Pakistan in 1971, was widely

scorned near the end of his life for having let his Government

slide into an indisciplined mess of corruption and inaction. By

contrast, General Ziaur’s strict martial-law regime has cracked

down smugglers and corrupt officials, is getting better

production out of the sluggish state corporations and is even

taking firmer steps to slow the soaring population increase

which planners regard as Bangladesh‟s basic problem.

Now the 40-years-old strongman is facing an important

decision; whether to

keep a promise of a

return to elected

civilian Government

early next year, or to

extend his rule, as

some people are

encouraging him to

do.

One middle-class

merchant, expressing

a popular view, said, “I hate to see him turn it back over to the

politicians, who spent the first four years of independence just

squabbling among themselves and scrambling for power as

Bangladesh went to pieces.”


General Ziaur is the undisputed ruler of the country, governing

through a figurehead civilian President and a panel of 10

civilian advisers.

In an interview at his closely guarded residence on the military

reservation just outside Dacca, the General, a thoughtful and

soft-spoken man, avoided specifically reaffirming the pledge

that elections would be held in February. The closest he would

come was to say that he had “no reason at the moment to think

that they will be postponed.”

Meanwhile, the politicians say nervously that they are watching

for signs that military rule might be extended. “It‟s time for

them to go back to the barracks,” said Khondakar Mushtaque

Ahmed, who would be a leading contender for leadership if

elections are held. “The country has to be governed by the

people‟s representatives,” he said.

Political Activities Resume

After political activities had been banned under martial law, Mr.

Mushtaque Ahmed and other former civilian leaders were

permitted to resume partisan activities in July and to reorganize

into parties. But before allowing the resumption of politics, the

Government moved to neutralize one of the most powerful

factions, the Socialist Nationalist Party, a radical leftist party

that advocates “a socialist revolution.”

At two secret martial-law trials here in July and September, a

dozen of the party‟s leaders, including army officers who were

thought to have been encouraging anti-Ziaur mutinies in the

ranks, drew long jail sentences. They were convicted on charges

of having conspired against the state, one defendant, Col. Abu


Taher, a hero of the war of independence, like General Ziaur,

was sentenced to death and executed within a few days.

Some Political Prisoners Freed

It was at the second of these trials that a young Dutchman, Peter

Custers, was convicted and sentenced to 14 years jail, but Mr.

Custers, whose case had aroused some concern in the

Netherlands, was pardoned and deported last week, three days

after his conviction.

The secret trials with their unappealable sentences have drawn

mutterings of opposition and so have the scores of other

political arrests that have reportedly been made, often in

midnight raid, in the 10 months since General Ziaur took over.

On the other hand, General Ziaur‟s supporters point out that he

has released many political prisoners who were jailed under

Sheik Mujib. Sheik Mujib, who owed the independence of his

country to the military intervention of India in the independence

war of 1971, was a close ally of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi,

General Ziaur is not.

The General says that because the Indians are displeased by his

leadership they are training dissident Bangladeshis in special

camps just across the border and helping them to slip back as

saboteurs and terrorists. India denies the charge. But by making

it frequently through the controlled Bangladeshi press, General

Ziaur has made India the focus of widespread animosity here.

Security Still Stressed

His Government is waging a similar propaganda campaign

regarding the Farakka dam, a huge water-diversion project that


India built on the Ganges River, just across the border.

Bangladesh charges that the project has had a “devastating”

effect on its agriculture. India disputes that charge. Its general

view of the situation was expressed this way by an official in

New Delhi, “Ziaur‟s got a lot of troubles over there and he is

blaming India for all of them.” Among the army of foreign

experts who flock to Dacca to study the country‟s appalling

demographic statistics, there are often despairing discussions

about the future of Bangladesh which many regard as one of the

most hopeless countries on earth.

With the world‟s eighth largest population crowded into an area

smaller than Wisconsin‟s 54,464 square miles, with the prospect

that the population will double to 160 million by the turn of the

century, with 80 percent of the people illiterate and half of the

country hungry, what can the future bring, the planners ask each

other.

One Western economist who praises General Ziaur for bringing

at least “a considerably more constructive attitude” to the

Government, counsels against despair. “Other westerners ask

me, can Bangladesh make it?” The economist said in disgust,

“Well of course it can make it. What alternative is there? But

it‟s going to take considerable foreign assistance for a long,

long time - 20, 30 years or more.”

“After all,” be continued, “you‟ve got 80 million people here,

the world can‟t just walk away from it, what we have to do

instead is to work along with them and try to pull them up.”


By WLLIAM BORDERS

Source: New York Times (Dated: 04-Oct-1976)

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Economic Hope for Bangladesh DACCA, Bangladesh - Which Asian country last year achieved double-digit economic growth? It was certainly not Japan,

which is still staggering out of recession and was thankful to turn in a positive 2 percent growth after a 1.2 percent shrinkage

in 1974. Nor was it Singapore or Malaysia or any of the other traditional high-flyers which were also blown off course by adverse world conditions. Nor was it India, with its much-

vaunted improved discipline.

No, the champion Asian country in terms of growth was Bangladesh, the so-called “bottomless basketcase,” whose economy grew by almost 12 percent in the year ending in June,

according to official figures.

A good monsoon was the main factor helping to produce the record growth. But, a new regime is also claiming its share of the credit.

The kingpin of the Government is Maj. Gen. Ziaur Rahman

who is Chief of Staff of the Army, deputy chief administrator of martial law and head of the Ministries of Finance, Home Affairs and Information. The 40-year-old soldier is an impressive man,

if only because he has a disciplined flat stomach rather than the well rounded pot bellies that many Bengalis acquire when they

achieve the privileges of the middle class. General Ziaur is also trying hard to put new discipline into the

economy. Under the late Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, economic decision making had become a higgledy-piggledy obstacle

course, with corruption, political favors and nepotism abounding. Sheikh Mujib, who was assassinated last year, had a team of economic planners unmatched anywhere in the world in

terms of brainpower but they could never find a coherent way through the political and bureaucratic maze which faced them


under the label of socialism. Now, General Ziaur has organized

a National Economic Council to make the most important decisions and encouraged the middle and lower-ranking civil servants to make the less important decisions without referring

them to the top.

In his office in Army general headquarters at Dacca recently, he returned time and again to the need to change attitudes in Bangladesh. “We must not be beggars,” he said. “Why should

we beg? We have something to offer.” In past weeks, delegations have gone to various countries in the Middle East,

particularly to Saudi Arabia, offering the services of skilled Bengali manpower in return for money for projects in Bangladesh.

General Ziaur is determined that the country‟s salvation must lie

in the rural areas. He has directed that civil servants must spend time getting their feet dirty in the villages. “I have directed that the most senior officials must spend five days a month and

junior ones up to 15 days in the villages,” he said. The General has also lent his weight to a full- fledged birth control campaign.

So much for the good news, both the General and his country still face enormous problems. Reality in Bangladesh is harsh

indeed. Singapore‟s gross national product, for example, amounts to more than $2,200 a head, compared to a paltry $70

in Bangladesh. In spite of its improved performance, Bangladesh has not yet managed in real per capita terms to catch up with the performance of the 1969-70 year, the last

effective year of the old rule from Pakistan.

Even with the good monsoon, food imports of more than a million tons were needed. And Bangladesh‟s underlying economic data are too wretchedly well known to need much

lingering over. A population of 80 million people is packed into a land about the size of England and Wales-55,000 square miles


of which a third is flooded every year. More than half of the

Bangalis suffer from calorie and vitamin deficiencies. The nation depends for 85 percent of its exports on jute, which is declining in world markets, yet it has an insatiable demand for

the products of other countries including even basics like food, clothing, industrial products and medicines.

Last year, even as the Bangladesh economy grew, its imports amounted to the equivalent of about $1.2 billion whereas

exports were less than $370 million. In the 1969-1970 year, exports were 21 percent higher and imports 94 percent lower.

Last year consumer prices fell by 15 percent but essential goods cost two to four times more than in 1971.

And over the economic gloom lies the threat of population explosion. By the turn of the century, Bangladesh‟s population

will have doubled to 160 million or about 3,000 people per square mile, including the rivers.

(Kevin Rafferty, former Asia correspondent for the Financial Times of London, is editor of the Daily Business Times in

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.) Source: The New York Times (Dated: 10-Oct-1976)

Link:

http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20713FB3C5

A1A7493C2A8178BD95F428785F9

http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20713FB3C5A1A7493C2A8178BD95F428785F9

http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20713FB3C5A1A7493C2A8178BD95F428785F9


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People of Bangladesh vote for martial law regime NEV DELHI, Tuesday - President Ziaur (Zia) Rahman of Bangladesh has won overwhelming support for his martial law

rule and 19-point program to put the desperately poor and disaster-prone country firmly in its feet.

The support received in a referendum on Monday gives the military Government in Dacca acertain legitimacy which it

lacked since coming to office after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the popular Bengali leader.

General Zia won a nearly 99 percent vote of confidence as President.

Bangladesh citizens were asked to vote yes or no to General Zia

remaining as President. They were asked also to approve his 19-point program calling

for faith in democracy, nationalism and socialism.

General Zia‟s foreign policy was also endorsed. This is friendship based on equality with all countries “and especially to strengthen relations with the Moslem nations.”

The referendum technically only gives presidential powers to

General Zia until the general elections in December, 1978. But with the massive mandate, General Zia‟s term of office

could be extended.

The 41-year-old General has risen rapidly. He became Chief of Army Staff in August, 1975, the chief martial law administrator in charge of the military Government in November, 1976 and

President on April 21, 1977.


General Zia sought the people’s verdict on taking charge as the

President of Bangladesh. While helping to consolidate his position at home, the

referendum will also help Bangladesh internationally. It may strengthen its case for more aid from the Carter Administration,

with its emphasis on human rights. Relations between Bangladesh and India, which surrounds

Bangladesh on all side except for its short border with Burma, have improved recently.

The two countries have had protracted discussion on the sharing of the water of the Ganges River which is dammed by India

near the Bangladesh border by the Farakka Barrage.

The talks have centred around how much water should be shared in the dry summer months between the two countries. No agreement has been reached yet.

General Zia has been friendlier with the Desai Government than

he was with Mrs. Gandhi whom he considered a special friend of Mujibur Rahman.

Source: The Sydney Morning Herald (Dated: 01-Jun-1977)


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Army Coup Attempt Is Thwarted by Bangladesh

Loyalist Troops DACCA, Bangladesh (AP) - Loyal Government troops Sunday crushed a predawn army rebellion clearly timed to coincide with the five-day siege of a hijacked Japanese jetliner at Dacca

airport. Officials reported scores of dead in the shortlived coup attempt.

In a brief speech broadcast by the state radio, Bangladesh leader Maj. Gen. Ziaur Rahman assured this military-ruled Asian

nation of 80 million that the rebellion had been put down.

Rahman, who is both President and chief martial-law administrator, accused “selfish quarters” of trying to exploit his Government‟s preoccupation with the airport siege.

Five heavily armed members of the ultra-leftist Japanese Red

Army forced a Japan Airlines Jetliner to land in Dacca Wednesday.

Bangladesh Government negotiator secured release of more than 100 hostages in exchange for a ransom of $6 million and

release of six prisoners from Japanese jails. The plane, still carrying more than 30 hostages took off late Sunday, headed toward the Middle East or Africa.

Officials said the rebellion erupted before dawn and was

confined to this capital city and the airport three miles away. Witnesses said, the rebels executed at least four military officers

at the airport during brief uprising. The witnesses said, the men were gunned down at dawn outside an airport hangar.


There was no immediate indication of how many rebels were

involved in the coup or how Rahman planned to deal with them. Authorities said, the uprising began with 90 minutes of intense

automatic weapons fire at the airport and in downtown Dacca.

The rebels, calling themselves members of a “people‟s army”, briefly seized Bangladesh radio facilities and broadcast an announcement that “an armed revolution” was under way led by

the armed forces, students, peasants and workers.

About 2.5 hours after the rebel broadcast, state radio officials announced the station had been recaptured by troops loyal to Rahman.

As gunfire swirled around the already tense airport, senior

Government officials and foreign diplomat huddled in the control tower, the command past for negotiations with the hijackers.

Foreign Ministry officials in Tokyo quoted Japanese diplomats

in Dacca as saying the hijackers were told of the uprising. The revolt erupted shortly after the hijackers released 60

hostages in exchange for the ransom of cash and freed “comrades.” After the Government regained control, the

hijackers freed a second group of more than 40 hostages in exchange for permission to leave Dacca for an undisclosed destination.

The diplomats said, an aide to the chief Bangladesh negotiator

Vice Air Marshal Abdul Gaffar Mahmoud was among those killed in the rebellion. Airport sources said, Mahmoud, the deputy chief marshal-law administrator, was not hurt, but this

could not be confirmed.


Military rebellion has marred the brief history of Bangladesh,

which won independence from Pakistan six years ago in the Indian-Pakistan war.

The first President and Prime Minister, Sheik Mujibur Rahman, was killed in a coup by pro-Pakistani officers in August 1975.

Rahman was replaced by a martial law administrator, Khondakar Mushtaque Ahmed, who was overthrown three months later, a left wing coup in November, 1975 brought Ziaur

Rahman to power as martial law administrator.

Rahman assumed the presidency in April of this year and one month later won overwhelming support in a referendum for a 19 point program designed to ease the nation‟s massive economic

and social problems.

The Government has been able to accomplish little in the face of widespread poverty and unemployment and a population that grows at a rate of about l0000 a day despite official attempts to

popularize birth control.

By PAUL CHUTCOW

Source: The Lewiston Daily Sun (Dated: 01-Oct-1977)

Link:

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19771001

&id=I74gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uGkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1708,2192

50


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Bangladesh chief facing tests

DACCA, Bangladesh (AP) - Maj. Gen. Ziaur Rahman, elected

President of Bangladesh by a landslide vote over the weekend,

now faces what many observers say will be six months of tricky

political maneuvering.

With more than 98 percent of the voting centers reporting, the

42-year-old martial law administrator and commander of the

armed forces had 15.6 million votes to 4.5 for his chief

opponent, retired Gen. Mohammad Ataul Ghani Osmani. Eight

other candidates received only minor support.

Slightly more than half of the 38.5 million eligible voters cast

ballots Saturday in the country‟s first direct presidential

elections. The balloting appeared to go smoothly with no

reports of violence, though the opposition claimed rigging and

irregularities. About 1,000 supporters flocked to the presidential

palace Sunday shouting „„Zia zindabad!” up with Zia and

presented flowers.

Zia told newsmen, the elections had moved Bangladesh several

years ahead politically and described the balloting as “the fairest

possible.” He stressed economic betterment as the major task

ahead and said the “law and order situation will further

improve.”

Zia promised during the campaign he would abolish remaining

martial law decrees and said parliamentary elections would be

held in December. Until then, he has said, he will govern with a

cabinet and the existing Government machinery.


The question remains whether Zia‟s six-party Nationalist Front

coalition, which includes the conservative, pro-Pakistan

Moslem League and the pro-Peking National Awami Party, will

stick together and whether the battered opposition or elements

in the always volatile army will allow him the remainder of the

year to consolidate his power base.

Zia is expected to retain his neutral stance toward the major

powers, leaning somewhat to the United States and the West

and toward fellow Moslem nations in the Middle East. His most

urgent foreign policy task will be talks with neighboring Burma

about repatriation of Moslems who have fled that

predominantly Buddhist nation.

A Red Cross official was quoted by a West German radio

station Sunday as saying 200,000 Burmese Moslems have

streamed into Bangladesh in recent weeks and many face

starvation and disease in overcrowded refugee camps.

David Bedford told the station in Baden-Baden the

“overwhelming majority” of the refugees are children under 12.

“Cholera has already broken out”, he said. “Each day children

are dying”

The Rangoon Government claims, they are illegal aliens and

Bangladesh currently is burdened with keeping them alive in the

border camps.

Opposing Zia in the elections was Osmani’s Democratic United

Alliance, which included his own small Janata Party and the

Awami League the main force in Bangladesh politics during the


days of Sheik Mujibur Rahman who led the fight for nationhood

and was killed in an August, 1975 military coup.

Source: The Spokesman Review (Dated: 05-Jun-1978)


0605&id=0zFOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3u0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4704

,2382775

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http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19780605&id=0zFOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3u0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4704,2382775




Bangladesh’s Soft-Spoken but Strict President Maj.

Gen. Ziaur Rahman

DACCA, Bangladesh - One hot, sultry evening two years ago,

shortly after he had taken over as the military ruler of

Bangladesh, Maj. Gen. Ziaur Rahman was sitting in the living

room of his white-stone bungalow here explaining the country‟s

international relations. When a reporter raised the possibility of

a regional alliance in Southern Asia, General Zia paused for a

moment and said, “Well I had never quite thought of that

before.” He then took out a little notebook and wrote down the

idea, promising to consider it.

Whether or not the gesture was sincere, it was typical of the

style of the 42-year-old general, a soft-spoken thoughtful man

who projects a quiet humility that belies the stern

authoritarianism of his martial law regime.

“We have so much to learn in Bangladesh,” General Zia is fond

of saying, “because our problems are so great.”

New Mandate, New Opportunity

Now, with a new five-year mandate from his overwhelming

victory in the presidential election Saturday - a victory that the

opposition says was won only by widespread rigging - General

Zia has a new opportunity to tackle the problems.

Hard-working and apparently incorruptible in his personal life,

the General presents something of a quandary to Western

diplomats and the many development experts who have been


drawn to Bangladesh by the fact that it has some of the world‟s

worst problems and most pressing needs.

A strict and sometimes ruthless military man who apparently

remained unfazed, for instance, by the secret trial and execution

of at least 200 soldiers who plotted to overthrow him last

October, General Zia is obviously no democrat in the Western

style. And yet the representatives of the liberal democracies

here mostly welcome him as the best thing that has happened to

the country since it broke away from Pakistan in a bloody civil

war six and a half years ago.

“He has put vigor into the Government”, said a European expert

in birth control, which many regard as Bangladesh‟s most

urgent need. “Things are steadily getting better in Bangladesh

as they have been ever since the day that he took over.”

General Zia was army chief of staff when he came to power in

1975, three months after the assassination of Sheik Mujibur

Rahman, the founder of Bangladesh. Immediately, in sharp

contrast of the flamboyant and lackadaisical Sheik Mujib, the

General began getting politics out of the civil service and

streamlining state industries. Inflation went down, food

production went up.

He began proclaiming unpopular truths, such as, “Population

control must be our nation‟s no. 1 priority,” and “Bangladesh

must feed itself and stop depending on the world for help.”

The General, a dapper man with a rigid military bearing and the

habit of wearing sunglasses even on cloudy days, also

apparently grew comfortable in the job of running the country.

As generals have done all over the world after military


takeovers, he used to say that he was “not a politician but a

soldier” and insist that he was eager to get back to the barracks.

But he does not talk that way anymore. And in the last year,

since he assumed by executive order the title of President, the

Government statements have been referring to him as

“President” rather than “General.”

Although he still lives in the military camp just outside Dacca,

with his wife and their two young sons, he now almost

invariably appears in civilian clothes, rather than the trim

camouflage uniform that used to be his trademark.

General Zia, who was born in the northwestern city of Bogra on

Jan 19, 1938, joined the army at 17, when his land was still part

of Pakistan.

Animosity With Mujib

In the late 1960‟s he grew increasingly sympathetic with

Bengali nationalism and in March, 1971, after the West

Pakistani crackdown on civilians here, it was Ziaur Rahman,

then a regimental commander in the port city of Chittagong,

who declared the Independence of Bangladesh.

In the same radio broadcast, he also indicated that he was to be

President of the new country and though he soon yielded that

role to Sheik Mujib, his ambitious self-appointment was not

forgotten, causing a bitter animosity between the two men.

In the war that followed the independence declaration, Ziaur

Rahman then a lieutenant colonel, commanded a brigade that

came to be known as the “Z Force.” He acquired a reputation

for bravery and for the icy calm with which he now approaches


Bangladesh‟s appalling problems, as well as the continuing

intrigues within its highly politicized, 50,000-man army.

In the election campaign that just ended, one popular slogan

was “General Zia symbolizes national stability.” Clearly he

does. But as one of his closest civilian advisers said the other

day, “For Bangladesh, stability is just the starting point. Even

after he has achieved that, the task ahead for Zia is enormous.”

By WILLIAM BORDERS (Special to The New York Times)

Source: The New York Times (Dated: 07-Jun-78)

Link:http://sphotos-d.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-

prn2/q71/s720x720/1175404_163565843832714_1205489004_

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e‡jb, Òevsjv‡`‡ki w¯’wZkxjZv gvÎ ïi‚ Ges wRqvi mvg‡b GL‡bv A‡bK KvR|Ó


Bangladesh Elected To Security Council

UNITED NATIONS (AP) - The U.N. General Assembly

elected Bangladesh as the nonpermanent Asian member of the

Security Council on Friday. Japan trailing on two previous

ballots withdrew from the race.

The other four nonpermanent members elected were Portugal,

Jamaica, Zambia and Norway. Five of the nonpermanent seats

on the council are filled each year. The terms run for two years

and begin Jan. 1.

The five permanent members of the council - the United States,

China, the Soviet Union, Britain and France - have veto power

over the council's actions. It handles matters involving world

peace and security and can impose economic and diplomatic

sanctions on nations.

The remaining nonpermanent members are Nigeria, Kuwait,

Gabon, Bolivia and Venezuela.

Portugal won over Malta on a fourth ballot to fill the seat

assigned to western Euoropean and related countries.


Source: Toledo Blade (Dated: 10-Nov-1978)

Link:


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Democracy makes a comeback: Elections in

Bangladesh end 3 years martial law

DACCA - (Special) - After several hiccups, the stage is set for

the 40 million voters of Bangladesh to elect a Parliament next

Sunday.

The announcement of firm date - apart from generating a

euphoria that democracy is coming back to a country under

martial law for three and a half years - had caused a temporary

political deadlock threatening the whole constitutional future.

President Major-General Ziaur Rahman had said last November

that the elections would be held Jan. 27. At once the major

political parties reacted sharply by saying that they would

boycott them.


They laid down demands to be met before holding the election.

They said there could be no free and fair election under martial

law. That and all the accompany “black laws” must be lifted

They wanted, too, the release of all political prisoners freedom

of the press and restoration of the 1972 constitution through the

repeal of the controversial Fourth Amendment to ensure a

parliamentary form of Government. Unless all these demands

were fulfilled, they said, the poll would mean public and private

funds being wasted electing a rubberstamp Parliament.

Made Concessions

This threat put Zia‟s Government into an uncomfortable

situation. Without the participation of the major opposition

parties, the future Parliament would have no semblance of

democracy.

Happily the acrimony subsided. After a month-long talks,

during which the Government twice shifted the election date

and made some political cconcessions, the parties agreed to take

part.

First, Zia repealed the Political Parties Regulations (PPR)

letting parties function freely and openly without prior

Government permission more than 10,000 political prisoners

were released.

To meet the demand for a free press, the Government amended

the Printing and Publication Act (1973) and announced that a

press council would be set up soon. And by proclamation it

repealed “some undemocratic provisions of the constitution.”


The opposition parties were assured that the new Parliament

would be “sovereign” with powers to enact laws, amend the

constitution, approve the national budget and even impeach or

remove the President.

It was spelt out that an MP enjoying majority support in

Parliament would be made Prime Minister and that the

President would have no power to vote any bill passed in

Parliament.

Martial Law to be lifted

Martial law, Zia assured, would be lifted as soon as the new

Parliament goes into session. It cannot be lifted before the

election, the Government argues, because it is currently the

main source of law in the country and without it there would be

a legal vacuum. But some provisions interfering directly with

political activities and fundamental rights have been suspended.

Controversy remains over the form of Government. Should the

country emerge as a French-style presidential democracy or a

British - Pioneered parliamentary system?

Most politicians would prefer a parliamentary form, but the

main thrust in Zia‟s approach seems aimed a compromise

formula between the presidential and parliamentary forms of

Government.

To most Bangladeshi, the question is much less important than

whether any Government, whatever its political form, can get

them out of their perennial economic problems.

More than 2,000 candidates from 30 political parties are

contesting 300 seats. Only half a dozen parties with


organizations at grass-root level could field candidate at all or

most of the constituencies.

A tough opponent

Zia’s own party - the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) a

political conglomerate created after the last presidential

election, has fielded candidate for all seats. Most of the BNP

candidate with insignificant political backgrounds are banking

on Zia’s personal popularity and charisma.

The Awami League of the late President Sheikh Mujibur

Rahman is fielding candidates in all the constituencies with

good organization, it is a formidable opponent to the BNP.

Other parties with candidates for most seats are the breakaway

faction of the Awami League (Mizan Group), the Jatiyo

Samajtantrik Dal (JSD), the United Peoples Party (UPP), the

National Awami Party (NAP-Zahidi), the leftist Samyabadi Dal

of Md. Toaha and the rightist Bangladesh Muslim League.

Those minor parties with strong pockets of organization also

have a good prospect of returning some of their leaders and

some independents may also win.

On the basis of past electoral experiences and because voters

are influenced more by the economic factors, political observers

believe the BNP could get a two-third majority.

Stability in the prices of rice and other essential commodities

means political stability for Zia’s Government. Thanks to the

last three years harvests have been good.

Bangladesh is learning democracy the hard way.


Source: The Montreal Gazette (Dated: 14-Feb-1979)


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http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19790214&id=6ZQuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a6EFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6945,686529




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Rahman leads in Bangladesh vote DACCA, Bangladesh (UPI) - The party of President Ziaur Rahman appeared headed for an overwhelming victory in

parliamentary elections Sunday that will mean the end of more than three years of martial law rule in one of the world‟s poorest

nations. Maj. Gen. Zia‟s Bangladesh Nationalist Party won 18 of the

first 23 seats in which winner‟s were declared in unofficial results reported by the Election Commission.

His party led in 80 other constituencies out of 103 that furnished partial results. Vote counting proceeded slowly and

final unofficial results were not expected until Tuesday.

Ten of Zia‟s party members elected to the 300 seat Parliament were Cabinet members.

The party in closest contention with Zia‟s ticket, a faction of the Awami League, led in 27 of 200 constituencies

Voting was peaceful in most places although police reported scattered violent incidents in several towns, including two

suburbs of the capital.

The Government said they could not set up polling booths in two areas bordering India‟s West Bengal state because armed civilians had crossed the border into Bangladesh and refused to

leave the designated voting sites. No further details on the incident were available.

The short election campaign leading up to the voting was peaceful and generally dull.


“The mood of the voters is very cautious,” Rounaq Jahan, a

professor of political science at Dacca University, said after casting her vote Sunday morning. “It‟s not that people are apathetic, just cautious.”

Source: Bangor Daily News (Dated: 19-Feb-1979)


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Rahman wins in Bangladesh DACCA, Bangladesh (UPI) - The army general who ruled Bangladesh for more than three years under martial law today

led his party to overwhelming wins in the national elections, giving them control of the Parliament that will restore civilian

rule. Nearly complete voter results showed President Ziaur Rahman,

leader of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, emerged an easy victory in the impoverished nation‟s second parliamentary

elections since achieving independence in 1971 and the first parliamentary poll since 1973.

The 330-seat Parliament is due to be installed in the last week of March - the first session of an elected legislature since

January 1975. With winners declared in 266 of the 300 seats at stake, Zia‟s BNP had won 186 seats.

A distant second was a faction of the leftist Awami League that gained 34 seats. Other parties and independents split the rest.

Source: Rome News-Tribune (Dated: 19-Feb-1979)


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Bangladesh President wants foreign investment

DACCA, Bangladesh (UPI) - President Ziaur Rahman said

yesterday the clear-cut results of parliamentary elections - his

party won more than two-thirds of the seats - will bring stability

and foreign investment to Bangladesh.

Zia, who has ruled the desperately poor country under martial

law since he took power in an army coup in November, 1975,

has called the election a watershed in Bangladesh‟s return to

democratic Government.

Zia’s Bangladesh Nationalist Party captured 203 of 296 seats. A

faction of the leftist Awami League, which won 40 seats, came

in a distant second. Other parties and independents won 53 seats

and four others had not yet been decided.

Thirty seats in the 330-member Parliament were not up for

election but had been reserved for women. By virtue of its

majority, the BNP will fill all of those.

“The election and the normal democratic process will surely

bring a lot more stability and confidence in the people and it

will enhance the progress of our country”, Zia told foreign

reporters at a news conference.

“Now with this election and the democratic process fully

restored, more and more foreign private investment should

come into this country,” he said.

Foreign investors steered clear of Bangladesh after a series of

coups following the assassination of President Sheik Mujibur

Rahman in August, 1975.


Zia repeated his pledge yesterday to convene Parliament within

a month and to end martial law a week later. He refused to say,

however, whether he will retire from the army, which he heads.

The President said his Government would continue its emphasis

on agriculture, which provides the livelihood of 90 percent of

the 85 million undernourished people of Bangladesh. Zia said a

family planning program and education would be other top

priorities of the Government.

Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan, became independent in

December, 1971 after a bloody war in which millions of people

were killed. It was called an “international basket case” at its

birth by foreign diplomats, some of whom argued that the

situation was so desperate that it was useless to help the

country.

But international help did come and despite an average gross

national product of less than $100 per year, Bangladesh has

stayed afloat with more than $5 billion in foreign aid since

independence.

Source: The Montreal Gazette (Dated: 20-Feb-1979)


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http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19790220&id=j4Y1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=56EFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3548,2947604




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Bangladesh Raises Food Output, Halving Its

Imports Over 5 years

DACCA, Bangladesh, Feb. 23 - Despite marginal success in

controlling its population growth, Bangladesh has cut its foreign

food-aid requirements in half during the last five years and

Government leaders are talking optimistically about acheiving

self-sufficiency in food by 1985.

Most experts on foreign aid have been skeptical about whether

Bangladesh would ever to be able to grow enough grain to feed

its population, which has increased to about 85 million and has

an annual growth rate of 2.4 percent.

Many of the aid experts have also said, however, that huge

production gains are possible as the use of fertilizer increases.

President Ziaur Rahman, in an explanation of why the

governing Bangladesh Nationalist Party won a two-thirds

majority in last weekend's parliamentary elections, said: "our

people are better fed and happier than they have been before."

‘What Is Needed Is Organization’

"A few years ago, people doubted that we could ever double

food production," President Zia said. "It"s not something

impossible. What is needed is organization."


Some foreign food experts have said that large donations of

gran from developed nations, mostly the United States, Canada

and Australia, have become major deterrents to increases in

domestic production. If these grain donation were replaced by

roughly tha same amounts of fertilizer, local farmers could

produce nearly four times the amount of grain donated, the

foreign ecperts have argued.

Under agriculture policies instituted in 1975, domestic grain

production has steadily increased and imporst have decreased.

The record crop of last year, estimated at 13.4 million tons of

rice and a few other crops, amounted to an increase of 13

percent over 1977.

But even the record 1978 crop amounted to only 88 percent of

Bangladesh's food needs. About 1.85 million tons of food,

particularly wheat, was imported.

Beacause of generally favorable weather for the fourth straight

year, food imports this year were expected to be reduced urther

to 1.4 million tons.

Beacause of unchecked population growth, however, half the

nation's families are still malnourished, according to American

estimates. Still, starvation and its accompanying social unrest

have diminished considerably.


Less than 15 percent of the nearly 70 million Bengali who live

in rural areas have received the grain rations that the

Government has supplied from foreign food donations. The

bulk of the imported food has been sold well below market

prices to urban dwellers, including civil servants and soldiers

who are relatively well-off.

One result of these urban rations has been a depression of the

price of domestically grown grain, which has in turn caused a

reduction of incentives for farmers to grow more grain.

Meanwhile, neither domestic production nor imports have kept

pace with the demands of local farmers for fertilizer. Nearly

two-thirds of Bengali farmers use chemical fertilizers, but the

amount of fertilizers used has been lower here then anywhere in

Asia. Grain yields for Bangladesh have been among Asia's

lowest. Fertilizer application has been estimated at about one-

sixth the amount required for optimum yields.

By JAMES P. STERBA

Source: The New York Times (Dated: 26-Feb-1979)

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GUv Am¤¢e wKQy bv, Avgv‡ì ìKvi msMwVZKiY|Ó

A‡bK Lv`¨ we‡klÁ g‡b K‡ib ‡h, Av‡gwiKv, KvbvWv, A‡÷«wjqv †_‡K Avmv

wekvj Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ †`kR Drcv`b e…w×‡Z cÖwZeÜKZv wQj| GB mvnvh¨ hw`

mgcwigvY mvi n‡Zv Zvn‡j ¯’vbxq K…l‡Kiv GZw`b Avmv Lv`¨ mvnv‡hï Pvi¸Y

†ewk Lv`¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv|

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†iKW© cwigvY 13.4 wgwjqb Ub Pvj Ges Ab¨vb¨ km¨ Drcvw`Z n‡q‡Q hv 1977

mv‡ji Zyjbvq 13 kZvsk e…w×; hwÌ Gi d‡j 88 kZvsk evsjv‡`wk‡ì Lv`¨

Pvwn`v c~iY n‡q‡Q| cÖvq 1.85 wgwjqb Ub Lv`¨, we‡kl K‡i Mg, Avg`vwb Kiv

n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv n‡‛Q, GeQi 1.4 wgwjqb Ub Lv`¨ Avg`vwb Kg‡e| hwÌ


µgvMZ RbmsL¨v e…w×i Kvi‡Y GL‡bv A‡bK gvbyl cywónxbZvq fyM‡Q, Lv‡`ï

Afv‡e fyM‡Q| Zv‡ì Rb¨ we‡`kx mvnvh¨B fimv|

Gw`‡K, ¯’vbxq K…lK‡ì mvi Pvwn`vi mv‡_ Zvj †gjv‡Z cvi‡Qbv †`kxq Drcv`b

wKsev Avg`vwb| evOvwj K…lKiv †hB cwigvY ivmvqwbK mvi eënvi K‡i Gwkqvq

Zv me©wbgœ|


Leaders call for peace in Indo-China KUALA LUMPUR, Friday - Bangladesh and Malaysia expressed concern yesterday over the disturbed situation in

Indo-China and its adverse effects on peace and stability in South-East Asia.

A joint communique issued at the end of a three-day visit by the Bangladesh President, General Ziaur Rahman, said he and the

Malaysian Prime Minister, Datuk Hussein Onn, also stressed the need for nil foreign troops to withdraw from the areas of

conflict in Indo-China. The two leaders, in their three-hour talks, discussed yesterday

the fighting in Kampuchea between Vietnam-backed Government forces and the guerillas loyal to the ousted Prime

Minister, Mr. Pol Pot and hostility between China and Vietnam which are due to hold peace talks this weekend.

The communique said withdrawal of all foreign troops from Indo-China would restore peace in the region and avoid

escalation of the conflict. General Zia praised the ASEAN nations for the progress the

group had made in efforts to enhance regional co-operational and stability.

(Reuter)

Source: The Sydney Morning Herald (Dated: 14-Apr-1979)


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kvwš— cybtcÖwZwôZ n‡e| †Rbv‡ij wRqv AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZvg~jK Kvh©¶gZv I

¯’vwqZ¡ evov‡Z Avwmqv‡bi cÖ‡Póvi cÖksmv K‡ib|


India, Bangladesh confer

NEW DELHI - Indian Prime Minister Morarji R Desai and

President Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh announced a series of

agreements Wednesday that are expected to strengthen the ties

between the two countries, whose relations in the past have

been less than happy despite India‟s key role in the neighboring

states separation from Pakistan in 1971. The war for

independence in Pakistan‟s former province of East Bengal, in

which Indian military intervention assured victory for the

rebels, had been over for only a few months when sensitive

Bangladeshis began to assert that they were being “exploited”

by their powerful benefactors.

A principal complaint concerned the high prices charged for

Indian goods, which enjoyed a near monopoly in Bangladesh

markets following the expulsion of Pakistan. Officials in Dacca

charged that India was making excessive use of irrigation water

from rivers flowing into Bangladesh from Indian territory to the

disadvantage of Bangladeshi farmers. India was annoyed in turn

by an inflow of members of religious minorities who alleged

that they had suffered persecution in overwhelmingly Moslem

Bangladesh and by the use of Bangladesh border regions as a

sanctuary by frontier tribesmen who were rebelling against

Indian rule. A low point was reached when the Indian high

commissioner - equivalent to an ambassador -was shot in the

shoulder by a Bangladeshi terrorist in November of 1975.

Meetings to mend the tattered relationship followed but visible

improvement began only with an official visit to New Delhi by

Rahman in December of 1977.


Source: Bangor Daily News (Dated: 19-Apr-1979)


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w`‡q‡Qb, hv 1971 mv‡ji ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i fvi‡Zi ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv _vKv m‡Ë¡I

cieZ©x eQi¸‡jv‡Z `yB †`‡ki g‡a¨ weivRgvb Am‡š—vlc~Y© Ae¯’vi Aemvb

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hv evsjv‡`‡ki Pvlx‡ì Rb¨ Amyweavi KviY| Aciw`‡K, fviZ evsjv‡`‡ki Dci

Amš‘ó wQj wKQz Kvi‡Y| cÖ_gZ, evsjv‡`wk msL¨vjNy‡ì AZ¨vPvwiZ n‡q fvi‡Z

Ae¯’vb †bqv; wØZxqZ, evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvš—eZ©x GjvKv‡K fviZxq kvm‡bi

wei‚×vPviYKvix DcRvZxq‡ì Avkªq¯’j wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv| 1975 mv‡ji

b‡f¤i gv‡m evsjv‡`wk mš¿vmx Øviv fviZxq nvBKwgkbvi ¸wjwe× nIqv Av‡iv

GKwU KviY wQj| wKš‘ `yB †`‡ki m¤ú‡K©i `…k¨gvb DbœwZ ïi‚ n‡q‡Q 1977

mv‡ji wW‡m¤‡i wRqvDi ingv‡bi GKwU miKvwi md‡ii ga¨ w`‡q|

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19790419&id=nvs0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=E08KAAAAIBAJ&pg=1105,1603327




India, Bangladesh to Improve Ties

New Delhi, India - Indian Prime Minister Morarji Desai and

President Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh announced a series of

agreements Wednesday that are expected to strengthen the ties

between the two countries.

A joint commission will meet, probably next month, on the

issue of fair allocation of irrigation water from several rivers in

the Ganges system that flow from India into Bangladesh.

Talks will also be held on boundary disputes.

Source: New York Times (Dated: April 19, 1979)


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GQvovI mxgvbv we‡iva wb‡qI Av‡jvPbv n‡e|

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19790419&id=XVMaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oSkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5554,4773016




India vows to halt Bangladesh exodus

NEW DELHI - (AP) - India will drive back refugees from

Bangladesh, Prime Minister Morarji Desai told his Parliament

yesterday, adding that whether they are left in the wilderness or

in cities is not India‟s concern.

“It is certainly not possible for this country to go on absorbing

an indefinite number who come from Bangladesh”, Home

Minister H. M. Patel said. He said Indian paramilitary forces

“pushed back 23,904 illegal infiltrators” from Bangladesh in the

past year.

Bangladesh is facing a major food crisis due to a short grain

crop and a United Nations official said last week that he

expected thousands of starvation deaths if emergency grain aid

was not received.

Although Desai said he would bar further refugees, he said his

Government was taking all steps to ensure the protection of

religious “minorities in Bangladesh.”

Thousands of Buddhist and Hindu refugees fled into eastern

India last year alleging religious persecution by the Moslem

majority in Bangladesh. Desai discussed the issue with

Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman during a visit to Dacca last

month and said he was assured the persecution would stop.

An estimated 10 million refugees crossed into India during the

1971 war with Pakistan which resulted in the birth of

Bangladesh. Thousands stayed behind after the war ended.


Meanwhile in New Delhi, former Indian Prime Minister Indira

Gandhi led tens of thousands of supporters in a protest march

against the Government.

Gandhi, 61, faces special court proceedings on charges arising

from her 21 months of self-declared emergency rule before her

Government fell.

Source: The Montreal Gazette (Dated: 17-May-1979)


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†mLv‡b †_‡K hvq|

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19790517&id=KZkuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VaEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4079,653463




Drought Threatens Bangladesh Famine

DACCA, Bangladesh (UPI) - Bangladesh is experiencing one of

its worst droughts of this century, prompting fears this

impoverished nation will suffer another famine.

Acutely aware that food is a political issue in the country once

described by former U.S. Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger as

an economic “basket case.” The Government staunchly denies

there will be a famine this year. But President Ziaur Rahman

and Government Ministers have been touring hardest hit

northern areas to assure villagers they won’t starve included in

the tours are prayers to Allah for rain.

“Oh, Allah, the most beneficent and merciful, pardon our sins

and give us rain”, the President implored on a recent trip to

northern Bangladesh.

“Amen”, came the resounding roar from some 40,000 people at

the rally.

Two major crops have been severely damaged and a third faces

a similar fate if rain does not come soon, agricultural experts

report.

In an effort to head off a general famine, the Government has

sent envoys to world capitals to procure grains.

The United States has assured Bangladesh of total support if an

emergency arises in addition to its previous commitment of

500,000 tons of food grains.

China has provided another 50,000 tons, the European

Economic Community provided 200,000 tons. Burma offered


up to 600,000 tons and Canada and Australia promised

additional supplies.

Food Minister Abdul Momen Khan reported that 2 million tons

of the estimated 22 million tons of supplemental grains needed

were available and said the nation had enough food for three

months in warehouses.

Opposition political groups say the drought already has brought

famine-like conditions to sections of this nation of 86 million

people. They cite steadily rising food prices, which they say are

due to shortages and charge the Government has only a 15-day

supply of food in storage.

The leading opposition party, the Awami League, which was in

power when 27,000 people died in a 1974 famine, charges the

Government is trying to cover up the enormity of the current

situation.

Rain has been one-third of normal in the past eight months.

Monsoon rains normally come in July.

Source: The Hour (Dated: 13-Jun-1979)


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1974 mv‡ji 27 A‡±vei †_‡K 30 A‡±vei evsjv‡`k mdi K‡ib|


Man of Integrity,

Bangladesh Ills Tackled: Leader’s Efforts Praised

DACCA, Bangladesh (UPI) - President Ziaur Rahman has declared war on the cataclysmic problems that led Henry Kissinger to dub Bangladesh an “international basket case.”

Zia, as he is known in South Asia, has warned his cabinet of a

“revolution to better the lot of the common man” in Bangladesh. Zia this month called on his Bangladesh National Party to enact

legislation that would change the nation‟s “colonial system of administration radically to a people-oriented” one. Earlier he

told his cabinet to “be prepared to make sacrifices.” Although Zia did not detail his plans for change, his impressive

track record in tackling Bangladesh problems indicates he means business.

Widely regarded as a man of quiet integrity, the 44-year-old President has taken first steps - self-help reform programs - to

break Bangladesh‟s begging bowl. Although a record $1.3 billion in foreign aid is expected to pour

into South Asia‟s poorest nation in 1979, Government projects in food for work, education, collective farms, family planning

and women‟s rights have begun to erode what one foreign economist called the “psychology of dependence.”

Zia accomplished this year what most thought impossible: He

kept the nation‟s 90 million people from famine in a drought

year.

Exactly five years ago, nearly 50,000 Bangladeshi‟s died in a

drought not nearly so severe. Political observers now marvel


that the same combination of political neglect, poverty, bad

water and land management and general lack of foresight did

not produce a similar disaster in 1979.

“Quite frankly we are mighty impressed,” said one western

diplomat. Zia did much of the overseas shopping himself for 2.2

million tons of food grain (200,000 tons from the United States)

imported to meet the food production shortfall. Defying skeptics

among international donors who thought he would never be able

to get the food into the stomachs of the nation‟s poor, Zia

worked 20 hours a day to double the capacity of Bangladesh‟s

two ports to move 16,000 tons of food per day. To unclog the

distribution system, he cut out a battery of corrupt middlemen

to effectively stave off starvation in a record shortfall year.

This year the usual devastating floods did not follow the

drought. Instead there was record 18 percent inflation,

astronomical unemployment, a brain drain to the Middle East

power cuts that crippled industry and a stubbornly growing

population.

The drought caused food prices to soar and left 30 to 40 percent

of the nation‟s population -more than half of it rural but landless

- without work.

Those who are young and trained left for the Middle East and

salaries they can live on. The foreign remittances they generate

are a boon but the brain drain has resulted in break downs and

chronic disrepair of strategic equipment such as power plants.

The population, still steeped in the belief that bigger families

mean more prosperity, is booming, adding 50,000 hungry

mouths every three months.


Inheritance laws have divided the land into small plots that

make agricultural reforms impossible and crop shortages

continue even when the rain is good.

And the bottom has fallen out of the market for jute, the

nation‟s biggest cash crop, so women burn it to cook their

meals.

Many observers believe Zia, a wily politician, will survive the

discontent these problems generate to carry his revolution to

success.

He has effectively decimated his opposition, leaving it

politically impotent.

But Bangladesh was weaned on violence and Governments

have come and gone unexpectedly.

“Stability is new to us,” said one Bangladeshi political scientist.

“If we come to trust it, we fear we will lose it.”

By SUZANNE F. GREEN Source: Spokane Daily Chronicle (Dated: 29-Oct-1979)


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wbf©ikxj| Zv‡ì cvVv‡bv †iwg‡UÝ A_©bxwZi Rb¨ Avkxe©v` ¯îƒc|


Bangladesh Unveils Farm Plan Dacca, Bangladesh - President Ziaur Rahman unveiled a 5-year agriculture plan Sunday aimed at doubling food production in

Bangladesh, one of the world‟s poorest countries. He told a nationwide radio and television audience that the agriculture

“revolution” will be launched next month and focus on creating a network of irrigation facilities throughout the country. A major goal, the President said, is to turn Bangladesh into a food-

exporting nation.

Source: The Milwaukee Sentinel (Dated: 19-Nov-1979)


1119&id=z4BQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BhIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5488

,3607632

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n‡e, hvi j¶¨ n‡e evsjv‡`k‡K Lv`¨ ißvwbKvix †`‡k cwiYZ Kiv|

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19791119&id=z4BQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BhIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5488,3607632




Bangladesh’s President In Britain

LONDON (AP) – Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman arrived

Monday for a four-day visit, the first state visit to Britain by a

Bangladesh head of Government since that country‟s

independence in 1971.

Rahman was met at Heathrow Airport by British Foreign

Secretary Lord Carrington and a crowd of more than 200

cheering supporters.

His visit will include talks with Prime Minister Margaret

Thatcher and an audience with Queen Elizabeth II. The visit is

designed to strengthen political and economic ties with Britain.

Source: Sarasota Herald Tribune (Dated: 17-June-1980)


0617&id=nJwcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3WcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=342

2,304536

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http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19800617&id=nJwcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3WcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3422,304536




Ziaur predicts oil wealth

TOKYO, Thursday (Reuter) - There are strong indications that

Bangladesh has both on and off-shore oil resources and may in

time become an exporter, its President, Mr. Ziaur Rahman said

here today.

He told reporters Bangladesh had large amounts of gas and oil

resources which it was unable to develop.

He hoped for both technical and financial assistance from Japan

to develop these.

President Ziaur, here for yesterday‟s memorial service for the

Japanese Prime Minister, Mr. Ohira, said the discovery of oil in

Bangladesh “is not a dream”.

Seismic studies were being carried out throughout the country,

he added.

Source: The Sydney Morning Herald (Dated: July 11, 1980)

Link:


&id=oAxiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6-

YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6913,3109201

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19800711&id=oAxiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6-YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6913,3109201




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cÖ‡qvRbxq cix¶v-wbix¶v Pj‡Q e‡j wZwb Rvbvb|


U.S. promises Bangladesh aid

WASHINGTON (AP) - President Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh

says the United States has agreed to provide “all possible help”

in an ambitious five-year plan to improve the South Asian

country‟s economy.

Overall, Rahman said in an interview, Bangladesh will need

more than $2 billion in international financial support this year

as it undertakes its program to double food production and

improve water supplies. “President Carter has assured me of all

possible help in this five-year plan.” Rahman told reporters at

his embassy after he talked with Carter at the White House.

Source: The Tuscaloosa News (Dated: 30-Aug-1980)

Link:


&id=ajsjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0Z4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3005,78756

41

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†`qvi e¨vcv‡i wbðqZv w`‡q‡Qb|Ó

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19800830&id=ajsjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0Z4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3005,7875641




Chinese aid pledge

PEKING, Thursday. - President Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh

left for home today after a four-day official visit to China

during which the two countries signed economic assistance and

civil aviation agreements.

The President, who had nearly seven hours of talks with

Chairman Hua Guofeng, was seen off at Peking Airport by the

Vice-Premier, Chen Muhua and the Foreign Minister, Mr.

Huang Hua.

Informed sources said, the economic assistance agreement was

for 50 million yuan (about $30 million).

A military team was expected to go to Bangladesh next month

for further talks.

Chairman Hua was qouted as having described President Ziaur's

visit as “very successful.”

Source: The Sydney Morning Herald (Dated: 25-July-1980)

Link:


&id=rgxiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6-



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†cÖwm‡W›U wRqvi GB mdi‡K †Pqvig¨vb ûqv ÒAwZ mdjÓ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ

K‡i‡Qb|


Bangladeshi Leader Tireless in Pep Talks to People

CHANDPUR, Bangladesh - As he does three or four times

every week, President Ziaur Rahman recently flew to villages and country towns in Bangladesh to exhort cheering crowds to produce more food and have fewer children.

In this river port, the 43-year-old President walked into crowds

waiting for helicopter, he shook hands. He visited schools

where adults and children were learning to read, he

congratulated women who had joined village militia forces. He

appealed for greater voluntary efforts to develop what is

considered the poorest large country in Asia.

For many of the President‟s urban-based critics, this sort of

evangelistic nationalism is a waste of time. They say it is

calculated only to build up the President and his political

organization.

Mr. Zia does not deny that he is trying through his trips to

strengthen party organization at the grass root, but he defends

his travels and cheerleading approach as essential if progress is

to be made in this country of 90 million people.

Need for Village Self-Reliance

“To mobilize people, to motivate them for action is the most

important thing, I can do,” President Zia said as his helicopter

flew over glistening patches of yellow jute and green rice, he

explained that the theme of his countryside sermons was always

the same: the need for self-reliance in the villages.

“Every village must be given a voice in social and economic

decisions and we must work to convert people in man-power,”


he said. The President‟s energy level is very high. He has

walked as much as 12 miles between villages. He has spent

hours digging canals with villagers.

“He only needs three or four hours of sleep a night and he

nearly drives us mad,” said one aide who explained that after a

day‟s tour of a village, the President returns to Dacca, the

capital, where he usually works until 2 or 3 a.m. dictating

reports, reviewing projects and tending to administrative details.

“He thinks everybody is like he is”, said the aide.

So far Mr. Zia says, he has taken his campaign for “a peaceful

revolution that has four points” to 10,000 of the 68,000 villages.

Plan to Double Food Production

The first point, he said, is a national commitment to double food

production in five years through expanded irrigation,

introduction of high-yield varieties and cultivation of all

available land. The second point is to encourage a mass literacy

campaign involving hundreds of thousands of volunteers. The

third is family planning and population control. The fourth is

the establishment of volunteer militia forces that can be used for

both politics and development work.

In the dry season, President Zia laid greater stress on increasing

food production and in his village appearances he urged country

people to build canals so that fields that lay fallow in dry

periods could become productive year round.

As a result 250 canals were started and 176 were completed, all

with the use of volunteer labor and 600,000 acres were

converted to year-round cultivation.


“Next year”, said the President, “we have approved village

proposals for 700 additional canals which would irrigate one-

and-a-half million acres.”

Among foreign diplomats and the legion of experts working for

international and voluntary agencies, the canal program has won

high marks.

‘Suspicious of One-Man Shows’

“To tell you the truth”, said a Western diplomat, “I was very

skeptical when the President started going out to the

countryside, I am basically suspicious of one man shows. But

you have to hand it to him, he is making things work.”

On his visit here, the President repeatedly referred to canal-

building but most of the emphasis was on the literacy program

and population control.

“We are just beginning to stress family planning”, he told a

visitor. “Until now we have not been too forceful. We had to

deal with the problem of religious conservatism but now we

have won over the religious leaders through patient discussions.

On such a campaign it is better to move slowly and cautiously

and lay the groundwork for a program that will be completely

voluntary and successful. The women are keen now and we are

moving a big way.”

By far the most controversial part of the program is the village

militia forces. Some of Mr. Zia‟s increasingly isolates

opponents have questioned whether these mostly young people

have been organized for development work or to help the

President‟s Bangladesh National Party.


Tailoring Speech or Audience

In light of the President‟s visits, such confusion is

understandable. At several stops he addressed nonpartisan

crowds and there he emphasized development.

Other gatherings were of local party workers who have taken

over village Government. The masses of unemployed youths,

some of them quite rough, have joined the party and in some

place they are said to be bullying the opposition.

It has been a problem for any party however, whether to absorb

these elements or leave them for the opposition.

President Zia sees no ambiguity in simultaneously rallying

support for party and nation-building. He explained that

Bangladesh was politically undeveloped not having had a

chance to build administrative structure like other post-colonial

countries.

“We have always been ruled a province, first by British India

and then by Pakistan”, he has said. “Our independence is only

nine years old.”

His party is only two years old and it is a hodgepodge of people

with no clear ideological contours beyond the popularity of the

President. Its members include former Maoists and former

advocates of continued union with Pakistan.

Desire of Security and Stability

According to some of his confidants, Mr. Zia is eager that a

party be forged that will outlast him and provide security and

stability of development. It is in furtherance of this objective,


say the confidants, that the President has gone to the

countryside to establish his base. “If the countryside develops,

the country will automatically develop,” said the President

during his helicopter interview.

As a result of such statements, Mr. Zia‟s major opposition in

now centered among the urban elite, including intellectuals,

Government workers and labor leaders. But this opposition is

dwarfed by the high esteem that is demonstrated every few days

when the President enters a village.

Some of Mr. Zia‟s critics say the campaign in the countryside

underscores his need for adulation. They say he seems intent on

building a personality cult and establishing one-man rule. This

is disputed by his supporter, who point out that he travels

without much security or pomp.

The verdict of several diplomats here is that for the moment

President Zia has not been corrupted by power. “He seems to be

going out, first of all, to genuinely encourage development and

mass participation,” said a Western diplomat. “His secondary

motive appears to be to build political institutions that will

survive after he is gone.

“And finally, he seems to be exploiting the outpourings of

popular support, using them as a shield against the opposition

parties and against the opportunists in his own party who might

like to see him leave.”

By MCHAEL T. KAUFMAN

Source: The New York Times (Dated: 28-Jul-1980)


Link:http://sphotos-d.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-

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Oil price cut urged for poor countries UNITED NATIONS, Tuesday - President Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh proposed to the General Assembly today a 10-point

programme to lighten the economic burden of the poorest countries, including a 50% cut in the price they must pay for

imported oil. Addressing the special session on the global economic crisis, he

also called for a start on regional economic co-operation in South Asia, where he said there had been no serious efforts in

that direction so far. Without a massive transfer of resources, it was unlikely that

many of the countries in the southern hemisphere would be able to break out of their vicious cycle of poverty, he said.

Mr. Rahman proposed:

A campaign to inform public opinion in the more affluent northern hemisphere of the need for a new international

economic order. Developed countries, both free market and communist, should

double aid to the least developed countries immediately, providing this in grants.

The organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (Opec) should provide a 50% reduction in the price of oil for the least

developed countries.

An international consortium should be established to develop the poorest countries energy resources.

Opec should invest part of its assets in poorer developing countries. There should be a massive transfer of resources from


north to south through taxation on international trade and arms

expenditure. Source: The Glasgow Herald (Dated: 27-Aug-1980)


0827&id=VPM9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=9UgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=33

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Where to Look for Aid: New Ideas for Third World

UNITED NATIONS,

N.Y. Aug. 28 – Maj.

Gen. Ziaur Rahman, the

President of

Bangladesh, has been

uttering hereby at the

United Nations

bargaining session

between rich and poor.

Unlike most spokesmen

here for developing

countries, General Zia does not think that the task of aiding the

poor is exclusively a Western affair.

He wants the oil-producing countries to help by having the price

of crude for the poorest importers. He even thinks the Soviet

bloc should pitch in by doubling its foreign aid which is limited.

“Somebody has got to say this first,” he said in an interview in

his hotel suite. “So we say it, where lie the surpluses? They lie

with OPEC, the Socialist countries and the West. All these three

groups should share the effort of developing the least

developed.”

With his trim pepper-and-sal: mustache, brown pin-striped suit

and brown-striped white shirt, the 44-years-old President looks

very much like a man who could still lead his troop on a forced

march.


Took Power in 1975

He took power in Bangladesh in 1975 after the assassination of

its founder, Sheik Mujibur Rahman, three years and several

purges later a referendum confirmed General Zia, as he is

known, as President for another five years, at least.

“How long should a general stay in power?”, he was asked. He

waged an admonishing finger at his questioner and said with a

smile, “I was a military man; I am not a military man now.” But

even when he talks of domestic affairs, his vocabulary is

sprinkled with military verbs.

“We have mobilized the people to work on a voluntary basis to

bring the whole country under irrigation,” he said. There are

“massive volunteers” brought to here, he added, digging canals

and ditches and small building dams. “We plan to double food

production in five or six years,” he also says with assurance,

“we will be self-sufficient.”

His country of 90 million has one of the world‟s highest rates of

population growth gain, adding another 2.5 million people to

the total each year. As a result the President has started a drive

to limit births.

“We‟re hitting at the villages where 90 percent of the people

live”, he says. General Zia is ambitious. Elsewhere in Asia,

except in China, family planning programs have succeeded in

cities but failed in the countryside because medical and other

urban-based workers will not stay there.

The President is relying on an army of aides from his

Bangladesh National Party to carry the contraceptive message


and the means. “There is tremendous enthusiasm among the

people”, he insists.

His third great concern is teaching the four in five who are

illiterate how to read and write. “We have mobilized the whole

nation,” he said, “launched this program for literacy. People are

teaching on a voluntary basis.”

Frank About His Motives

Some students of Bangladeshi politics have suggested that the

General‟s volunteers are at least as interested in enhancing his

reputation and building this party as they are in the people‟s

welfare. He shrugged, “When I go anywhere, I‟m a political

man,” he said, “I‟m mobilizing for my party, you use volunteers

to win votes.”

This frankness disappears when he talks of the Soviet

intervention in Afghanistan. Bangladesh has been a leader at the

United Nations in condemning the move and urging Moscow to

withdraw its troops. But General Zia is on his guard over what

the next step should be. “The efforts have to be continued,” he

said. “You should be doing a lot more, he added, alluding to the

United States. Just what the United States should do he will not

say.

By BERNARD D. NOSSITER

Source: The New York Times (Dated: 29-Aug-1980)

Link: http://sphotos-a.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-

prn2/q71/s720x720/1186215_163573167165315_1633304759_

n.jpg


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French Agree to Help Build Nuclear Plant in

Bangladesh

Paris, Aug. 29 (Reuters) - France and Bangladesh signed an

agreement today under which the French will provide

technological and financial assistance for the construction of a

nuclear power plant in northern Bangladesh.

The agreement was concluded after talks between President

Valery Giscard d‟Estaing and the President of Banladesh, Maj.

Gen. Ziaur Rahman, who was here on a visit. The nuclear

power station, the country‟s first, is to be built at Roopur. The

Dacca Government, which also hopes to construct a research

reactor, has signed the nuclear nonproliferation treaty.

Bangladesh hopes to raise $400 million from France and other

Western nations to finance the power plant.

Source: The New York Times (Dated: 30-August-1980)

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Islamic leaders meet

DACCA, Bangladesh (AP) – President Ziaur Rahman left for

Morocco today to attend and Islamic summit committee

meeting that he said plans to drum up support for taking

Jerusalem from Israel and placing it under Arab control.

Zia told reporters the committee, which begins work Friday in

the Moroccan capital of Rabat, would discuss measures “to

mobilize world support for the return of the holy city to Arab

and Islamic sovereignty.” The three-member summit committee

includes Rahman, King Hassan II of Morocco and President

Ahmed Sekou Toure of Guinea.

Source: Lawrence Journal (Dated: 6-Nov-1980)

Link:


&id=q7pfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YecFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5331,1153

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Bangladesh Outlaws The Dowry

DACCA, Bangladesh (AP) - Parliament has passed a law

outlawing “the giving, taking (or) abetting the giving of a

dowry,” a custom that has bought financial ruin to many parents

in this impoverished country.

The custom of giving a dowry, a financial award from the

bride's family to the bridegroom, dates back thousands of years.

Demands of prospective bridegrooms include money, jewelary,

a new car, a house, a refrigerator and a television set.

In recent years, there have been more than 250 murders and

many cases of wife abuse and divorce by husbands dissatisfied

with the dowries paid them.

Source: The Argus Press (Dated: 15-Dec-1980)


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Bangladesh making headway

DACCA (WP) - Bangladesh, once described by Henry

Kissinger as „an international basket case‟, celebrated its 10th

anniversary last month with its cheerleader President

proclaiming that his poor and densely populated land will

produce enough food to meet its needs by 1987.

“We've got to do it. It's our survival”, said President Ziaur

Rahman, 45, who sometimes appears to be trying to raise his

country up by the sheer force of his persuasion. The anniversary

marked the declaration of independence from Pakistan by East

Bengal, which is now Bangladesh.

Surprisingly, many international experts here also believe

Bangladesh can achieve self-sufficiency in food - if not by Zia's

optimistic timetable, then soon after. Yet in many ways,

Bangladeshis hard is it is trying with a massive, worldwide aid

program that has poured in more than $10 billion, assistance

since 1971, remains a basket case of sorts.

It remains one of the world‟s poorest countries, with at average

annual per capita income of less than $100. Anyone who makes

more than $ 1,000 a year is considered middle class. With 90

million people closely packed on 55,598 square miles, it is one

of the most densely populated countries.

Even if Zia's most optimistic projections for food production

and population control come true by 1985, Bangladesh's

millions would get no more than an extra half ounce of grain

each day. The increase would provide only 70 percent of what

international experts believe is the minimum daily food require-

ment.


“What we are talking about is less than a handful of grain in a

day per person. „That‟s what we are worrying about,” said an

international aid expert. Nonetheless, there is a feeling among

many experts here that Bangladesh may turn the corner. It has

the reputation of trying harder than almost any other poor

country to break out of the poverty cycle.

“Lots of things don‟t go well but lots of things succeed,

particularly those that Zia focuses attention on,” said one

experienced moving, he said, “because of development imput.”

The changes are noticed by businessmen, diplomats and

international aid workers who have been coming to this country

for years. One businessman said conditions appear to have

improved since his last visit six months ago.

“People who come back after five or six years don‟t believe it,”

said one aid official. “It‟s come from a point where people were

starving in the streets and they were doing body counts in

Dacca to where people don‟t starve to death, even when there is

a drought as in 1979. “Aid”, a diplomat said, “has changed from

relief to development.” Moreover, in its 10 years as country,

Bangladesh seems to have developed a real lens of unity. The

new feeling of guarded optimism about Bangladesh‟s future

stems almost entirely from the leadership of Zia, a retire army

general who took over a military government in 1976 and

transformed it in civilian rule.

He restored fundamental rights, free political prisoners and in

1978 won a whopping 77 percent margin in a presidential

election that outside observers said was free and fair.

Zia runs a one man show, concentrating the Government on

rural development aimed t helping the 90 percent of the


population who live in villages. His program appears to

strengthen his political base among the villagers, while the

increasing inflation has his popularity among the small but

influential urban middle class.

His goals for the country are to decrease illiteracy, which stands

at more than 80 percent; gain self-sufficiency in food by

increasing production from the present 13.1 million toils of

grain a year to 20 million tons by 1985, with a guaranteed

production of 18 million tons in years with bad wealth and a

doubling of the crop in seven or eight years; control

Bangladesh‟s burgeoning birth rate, which threatens to

overwhelm all the recent advances in development.

Nonetheless, in an interview recently, one dinner in the

presidential palace after he welcomed Guinean President

Ahmed Seko Toure on a state visit, Zia appeared optimistic that

Bangladesh could weather the population crisis through

increased food production and sharp cuts in the birth rate. “We

will hold the population at 100 million and the fall back”, he

said confidently.

His Planning Minister Fasihuddin Mahtab sounded more

realistic when he said: “The economy is in such a state that

unless we make a major breakthrough in the next five years, we

are finished. With 80 percent of the people below the poverty

line, we are bare floating. It is survival. The alternative is yearly

famine.”


By Stuart Auerbach

Source: Arab News (Dated : 8-April-1981)

http://www.zialibrary.com/index.php/speechs/bangladesh-

president-ziaur-rahman-considered-forceful-leader-of-the-third-

world

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Asians eye a thin alliance

The seven nations of Southern Asia, which account for one-fifth

of the world‟s population, have taken the first halting steps

towards over coming decades of hostilities and achieving

regional co-operation.

While internal tensions in a far-off corner of the world

ordinarily would be of little concern elsewhere, Southern Asia

has found itself in recent years swept into the East-West

superpower rivalry, with the Soviet invasion on Afghanistan

and moves by both sides to expand militarily into the Indian

Ocean.

The effort here to bury mutual suspicions enough to form a

cooperative front to deal with major regional issues was only

partly successful. The differences are still so great that the

foreign secretaries of the seven countries could not agree to

move the talks up to the next level of officialdom, the Foreign

Ministers and instead decided simply to meet again within six

months.

While these are far less than Bangladesh President Ziaur

Rahman had in mind when he proposed a meeting on regional

co-operation; diplomatic observers here said they appear to be a

good starting point for nations that are so close geographically

but so far apart in mutual confidence.

“Considering the mistrust among the countries in the region, the

most significant thing is that the meeting took place at all,” said

a high-ranking Southern Asian diplomat.


The meeting was held, in fact, because neither of the two most

powerful countries in the area - India and Pakistan - wanted to

bear the onus of refusing to come even though they both had

serious, although different, reservations about a regional

grouping.

The idea was suggested last May by President Rahman, who

called for a summit conference of the seven Southern Asian

nations - Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal,

Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

India, the major power of the region, feared that the other

nations would use a regional grouping to gang up on it and

break its hold on such vital matters as trade with its neighbors,

control of Ganges River waters that flow through Bangladesh

and the development of hydro-electric power with Nepal.

Pakistan, the most hesitant of the seven, feared the opposite that

the creation of a regional organization would allow India to

increase its domination over the area. Pakistan long has resented

the big brother attitude it feels India takes towards it and the rest

of the area.

Complicating the scene, the Sri Lankan Government, while

playing host to the meeting, has begun looking eastward

towards the developing Asian countries such as Singapore

rather than north-west towards the Southern Asian subcontinent.

President Jaye Wardene of Sri Lanka makes no secret of his

dislike for the Indian Prime Minister, Mrs. Gandhi, who

publicly deplored his country‟s stripping former Sri Lankan

Prime Minister Sirimava Bandaranalke of her right to vote and

take part in politics.


A common concern of the seven countries is that they sit in the

middle of a major area of East-West confrontation.

The region is bordered by Afghanistan, now occupied by 85,000

Soviet troops and the Indian Ocean, which the United States

considers vital for the protection of key oil lanes from the

Persian Gulf to Western Europe and Japan. U.S. and Western

European naval vessels patrolling the ocean have drawn a

corresponding fleet from the Soviet Union, which is

establishing bases on the ocean‟s northern fringes.

The new position of prominence in world power politics and the

Soviet invasion of a neighboring State have aroused fears

among nations of Southern Asia but the effect has been to

worsen tensions among them rather than pulling the region

closer to gather.

Pakistan, for instance, appears likely to become a Western-

armed front line State against further Soviet advances from

Afghanistan a move opposed by India, which is Moscow‟s best

friend in the non-communist world and the only country in the

region not to condemn its invasion of Afghanistan in December

1979.

Even without those external undercurrents, the differences

between Southern Asian nations run deep.

The key forces revolve around India‟s predominant place in the

region as the largest, most heavily armed and technically

proficient nation in Southern Asia and the continuing tensions

between it and Pakistan. The two nations have fought three wars

since they were carved from British India almost 34 years ago

and they now appear headed for a nuclear arms race.


There also are many differences between India and her smaller

neighbors. They range from India‟s desire to control Bhutan‟s

foreign policy and an attempt to keep Nepali-made Coco-Cola

from India to the knotty problem with Bangladesh over water

rights.

They have led to such strains that Bangladesh public pressure

forced the Government to stop negotiations for the sale of

natural gas to India that could have been beneficial to both

sides. This animosity toward New Delhi holds true despite the

aid India gave in securing Bangladesh‟s independence from

Pakistan - help that is resented these days in Dacca.

To avoid breaking up any regional grouping before it was even

formed, the foreign secretaries yielded to India‟s insistence that

“bilateral” and “contentious‟ issues be avoided. Furthermore, all

decisions are to be unanimous - thus assuring that India cannot

be outvoted by its smaller neighbors.

The lack of confidence among the seven regional neighbors is

reflected in many simple ways.

It took, for example, overnight trips for many diplomats to

reach here because there are direct flights between Colombo

and only two other South Asian capitals - Mali in the Maldives

and Katmandu, Nepal.

Similarly, it is much easier for any of the seven capitals to

communicate with Europe and the U.S. than with each other.

Messages between India and Pakistan regularly are routed via

London or the U.S. and there are no direct telex lines between

Dacca and New Delhi.


Washington Post.

Source: The Age (Dated: 07-May-1981)


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Bangladesh President Assassinated NEW DELHI, India (AP) - Troops led by a major general assassinated Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman in the port of

Chittagong Saturday and announced they took over the Government, broke relations with India and had navy support.

But officials in Dacca said they were in charge, declared a state of emergency and curfew and told the rebels to surrender.

The United News of India reported that two aides and six bodyguards were killed with the Bangladesh President, that

there were heavy clashes between loyalist and rebel troops in the Chittagong area and that Indian border police were on alert on the Tripura state frontier on the east side of Bangladesh to

prevent a possible influx of refugees.

Loyalist troops were reported patrolling the streets in Dacca, the Bangladesh capital 140 miles to the northwest where Zia had run the Government since November 1975. There were reports

the curfew in Dacca extended to other cities as well as the capital which was said to be nearly paralyzed with shops and

markets closed and traffic halted. According to news, diplomatic and official reports of Dacca

Radio, the 45-year-old Zia - as Ziaur was called on second reference in this part of the world - was slain about 4:30 a.m. -

6:30 p.m. EDT Friday - in the Government guest house at Chittagong. Travellers arriving in India from Chittagong said heavy firing around the guest house lasted about two hours.

The leader of the coup Maj. Gen. Abul Manzur, the commander

of the 24th division in Chittagong, one of five infantry division headquarters, broadcast over the radio in Chittagong that he had formed a revolutionary council to run the Government. He said

he had fired the chief of staff, Lt. Gen. H. M. Ershad and eight other army generals. He also said the 1972 friendship treaty


with India was abrogated and claimed the Bangladesh navy,

headquartered at Chittagong had joined the revolt. But Ershad called on Manzur to “surrender immediately” and

said all other military units in Bangladesh remained loyal to the authorities in Dacca.

Vice President Abdus Sattar took control in Dacca, declared an “internal emergency” and slapped

near-martial law restrictions on the impoverished South Asian nation of

90 million, Dacca Radio reported. As acting President, Sattar quickly

suspended all civil rights under 12 articles of the constitution, forbade

people to seek redress to the order through the courts and banned all meetings and public gatherings. He

also announced a 40-day period of mourning.

Sattar announced that Bangladesh would continue to honor all

international treaties and commitments. Relations with India, Bangladesh‟s giant neighbor and ally in Bangladesh‟s l971 war

of independence from Pakistan, soured during Zia‟s five-year tenure with disputes over territory and sharing the waters of the Ganges River.

Source: Herald-Journal (Dated: 30-May-1981)


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Bangladesh Poor Lose A ‘Champion’

WASHINGTON (UPI) - The poor of Bangladesh lost a

champion with the assassination of President Ziaur Rahman,

U.S. officials said yesterday. “He cared deeply about the

practical problems of his people,” said an official who asked not

to be identified. “He was absolutely devoted to his people

“Bangladesh is losing a figure who has provided the nation‟s

first stable, progressive leadership. A demoted Army general

and other assassins killed Ziaur and eight aides in their sleep at

a Government guest house in Bangladesh yesterday. In Dacca,

the capital of Bangladesh, Vice President Abdus Sattar, 75, took

over the Government, declared emergency rule and called upon

the rebels to surrender. There were no reports of fighting. The

assassinations occurred in Chittagong, a restive eastern province

where Ziaur was paying an unannounced visit to inspect an

agricultural reform program.

The rebels seized provincial radio station, announced formation

of a “revolutionary council” and said they would break a

friendship treaty between Indian and Bangladesh signed in

1972. Government-run Dacca Radio described the rebels as a

mixture of Government soldiers and left-wing guerrillas led by

Gen. Manzur Ahmed, who had recently been removed as chief-

of-staff and sent to a desk job in Chittagong.

U.S. Government officials who had met Ziaur Rahman or were

familiar with his programs said they were stunned and saddened

by his death and concerned for the impoverished people of the

10-years-old nation. Ziaur, commonly known as Zia, was

described as a builder and a tireless worker who sought a better


life for all his people. “He was an extraordinary man”, an

official said, “He had a burning commitment to development.

He involved himself to an extraordinary degree in questions of

social justice, economic betterment.”

Ziaur was praised for bringing a large degree of economic and

political stability to the nation of 90 million people. “While it

was not perhaps a total democracy, nonetheless the direction

was clear and he was certainly committed to democracy,” one

source said. “He was widely popular himself, particularly in the

rural areas, to which he devoted so much effort in

developmental terms.”

Ziaur focused on improving agricultural conditions in

Bangladesh, expanding the use of fertilizers, pesticide and

quality of seeds, source said, he was particularly interested in

irrigation and instituted a nationwide program of canal building.

Source: The Pittsburgh Press (Dated: 30-May-1981)

Link:


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Zia Promoted Progress for Bangladesh

NEW DELHI, India (AP) - President Ziaur Rahman of

Bangladesh, assassinated yesterday in an attempted coup, was a

45-year-old war hero who took power after a series of coups

following the war of independence from Pakistan and brought

some stability to one of the poorest countries on earth.

On March 27, 1971, Zia, then a major in the Pakistan army,

went on the radio to announce the independence of East

Pakistan, separated by more than 1,100 miles from West

Pakistan on the other side of India.

India declared war on Pakistan on Dec. 3, 1971 and Zia led

guerilla forces and fought alongside Indian army troops. The

allied forces defeated Pakistan on Dec. 16 and the new nation of

Bangladesh emerged on the same day under Sheikh Mujibur

Rahman.

Zia, a slightly built, dapper army officer, was promoted to

deputy chief to army staff. The sheikh was overthrown and

killed in an army coup in August 1975. After another coup and

counter-coup, Zia established himself as army chief at 39 and

then as chief martial law administrator of Bangladesh.

Zia proclaimed himself president in April 1977 and

immediately began urging his people to work harder, produce

more and help the struggling nation ravaged by the war and

natural disasters. A month later, he gained electoral legitimacy

when nearly 99 percent of votes polled in a nationwide

referendum endorsed his programs.


In 1978, Zia won another popular mandate for his leadership of

the troubled nation when he swept to victory in a presidential

election by defeating his opposition rival, Gen. M.A.G Osmani,

a former army colleague.

Zia also organized a new political party, the Bangladesh

National Party, which won a thwo-thirds majority in 1979

parliamentary elections.

He crushed two mutinies by rebels in the armed forces and

brought a measure of stability to the South Asian country of 90

million located off the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh is, after

Indonesia, the largest Moslem country in the world.

Western Nations and international banks poured in funds in

response to Zia‟s appeals to boost Bangladesh, ravaged by

natural disasters like floods, cyclones, famines, epidemics and

assailed by economic and social problems endemic to all poor

countries.

In domestic politics, Zia was regarded by many as an honest

shrewd leader. He flew by helicopter to the remotest parts of the

country, meeting villagers and giving a push to development

projectssuch as voluntary canal-building to irrigate vast tracts of

land.

In foreign policy, Bangladesh became a leading spokesman for

the so-called nonaligned movement. Zia condemned the Soviet

intervention in Afghanistan and Vietnam‟s intervention in

Cambodia. However, relations with India, Bangladesh‟s giant

neighbor and ally in the war of independence, soured during his

tenure with disputes over territory and sharing the waters of the

Ganges River.


Zia was born on Jan. 19, 1936, in the northern city of Bogra in

East Bengal, then part of British India. His father was a

government scientific officer.

He joined the Pakistan army in 1953 and was commissioned in

1955. Until 1964, he worked for a time in army intelligence and

distinguished himself in action during the 1965 Indo-Pakistan

war as the only Bengali Commander.

He became an instructor at a military academy in West Pakistan

before joining the Eighth East Bengal regiment at Chittagong in

1970. The following year, civil war erupted between West

Pakistani troops and East Pakistanis who demanded greater

autonomy.

Zia quit his army job, joined the rebels and made the historic

broadcast declaring independence. He commanded the first

brigade of the new nation of Bangladesh, known as the “Z

Force.”

Zia lived simply with his wife, Begum Khaleda and their two

young sons in a small bungalow instead of at the sprawling

presidential palace occupied by his predecessors.

Zia frequently traveled abroad and described his political ideas

as “absolute faith and trust in almighty Allah (god), democracy,

nationalism and socialism and the ensuring of economic and

social justice.”

Source: The Palm Beach Post (Dated: May 31, 1981)


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Assassination ominous for Bangladesh

The weekend assassination of the Bangladesh President,

General Ziaur Rahman, has obvious implications for the

country‟s stability and is ominous for Bangladesh‟s relations

with its giant neighbor, India.

President Ziaur, 45 was killed by mutinous army troops while

on a visit to the city of Chittagong. His murder is reported to

have been part of an attempted military coup led by Major-

General Manzur Ahmed, commander of the armed forces in

south-east Bangladesh where Chittagong lies.

It is not clear how much support the rebels have among the

country‟s 90 million people, its 65,000-man army, the 30,000

strong para-military Bangladesh Rifles, the 36,000-members

armed police reserve on the much smaller navy and air force.

Nor is it clear how big an area they control.

Since the assassination took place early on Saturday morning,

Bangladesh has been virtually cut off from the outside world.

The main sources of information about what is happening inside

the country are the Government‟s radio in the capital Dacca, the

rebel radio in Chittagong and intelligence reports from India

which almost completely encircles Bangladesh.

The Government, now led by 75-year-old acting President

Abdus Sattar and the rebels have been making conflicting

claims about the situation. The former assert that the bulk of the

armed forces remain loyal while the latter say the uprising

which began in two army divisions in Chittagong has spread to

several army barracks in Dacca, in central Bangladesh, Jessore


and Rajshahi in the west and Bogra in the north-central part of

the country.

India has placed its border security forces guarding the 2966

kilometre frontier with Bangladesh on maximum alert and is

taking a grim view of developments. Even the Government in

Dacca has publicly admitted that “a grave emergency has arisen

threatening the security of the county by internal disturbance.”

In an obvious attempt to reassure India, it has said that all

treaties entered into by the slain President with foreign countries

would be honored.

The rebel Chittagong radio, however, announced the abrogation

of the 1972 Indo-Bangladesh Treaty of Friendship. Indian

reports describe General Manzur, the leader of the coup attempt,

as ambitious officer in his forties with strong anti-Indian views.

The general has been named leader of a revolutionary council.

He is known to be a powerful and influential figure. He was a

former Chief of General Staff and served at one time in the

Bangladesh High Commission in New Delhi.

He was, until recently, a close associate of General Ziaur‟s and

both men fought together in the 1971 rebellion against

Pakistan‟s armed forces to turn what was then Pakistan‟s

eastern wing and its poorest province into the new Islamic

nation of Bangladesh. Observers believe General Manzur turned

against President Ziaur for several reasons apart from ambition

for power. All of them seem to reflect a belief that the Ziaur

Government was not firm enough in its dealings with India,

which has become more assertive towards its smaller neighbors

in South Asia since Mrs. Gandhi became Prime Minister again

early last year.


Observers say General Manzur was critical of General Ziaur

and his supporters in the army and Government for failing to

take effective action in crushing armed insurgent groups in the

jungles of Chittagong hill tracts.

There are more than 16 non-Bengali, non-Moslem tribes with a

total population of 550,000 living in the area. In the past 18

months there have been several serious clashes between militant

tribalists and Bengali settlers. (Bengalis form the overwhelming

majority of Bangladesh‟s people.)

It has been alleged that India has secretly trained and armed

some of the four guerilla groups operating in the Chittagong

region, including the Shanti Bahini and the Kaderia Bahini. The

declared aim of these groups is to preserve the identity and

autonomy of the Buddhist hill tribes. There have also been

sharp foreign policy differences and strains between Bangladesh

and India in the past 18 months, especially over how to share

the waters of the Ganges and other rivers that flow from India

through Bangladesh into the Bay of Bengal, providing vital

supplies of water and hydro-electric power to both countries.

The most recent clash was a couple of weeks ago when India

sent some of its armed forces to occupy and island disputed

with Bangladesh in the Bay of Bengal. This touched off a wave

of anti-Indian feeling with opposition parties demanding that

the Ziaur Government take tough action if necessary to maintain

the Bangladesh claim.

Observers say that underlying General Manzur‟s move to wrest

power from the present Government is feeling that India is

deliberately trying to undermine order in Bangladesh by


encouraging opposition political parties and that General Ziaur

was not prepared to halt this trend.

They point out that a fortnight ago Mrs. Hasina Wazed,

daughter of the first Bangladesh President and founder of the

nation , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who was killed with other

members of his family in an army coup in August 1975,

returned home to head the country‟s main Awami League

opposition party after six years in self-exile in India.

In emotional speeches to millions of Bangladeshi, she has been

vowing to avenge the assassination of her father and realize his

policies. These included close ties with both India - which

intervened decisively in the 1971 civil war in East Pakistan on

the side of the Bengali nationalists and the Soviet Union. In a

direct challenge to the army she has demanded that her father‟s

assassins be brought to trial, saying that they were occupying

“high post” in General Ziaur‟s regime.

The political opposition in Bangladesh is split into various

factions and to a considerable extent discredited. But even

before his death on Saturday, floods, soaring prices,

dissatisfaction of the urban middle class and the small educated

elite (who saw their lifestyle whittled away by 15 percent

inflation in 1980), the rise of lawlessness, unrest and an abortive

revolt in the army, strikes, outbursts of political violence and

widespread disorders in jails had put General Ziaur‟s system of

Government under heavy strain.

There is a doubly sad irony in the fact that he was murdered in

Chittagong for he placed great stress on economic development

projects designed to benefit the rural poor and he was visiting

the city at the weekend to inspect one of the projects.


The radio station at Chittagong was also the place where Ziaur,

then a young officer in the Pakistan army proclaimed

Bangladesh‟s independence in 1971. By the time it came Ziaur

held the rank of deputy commander- in-chief of the army.

He was catapulted to political power nearly six years ago by a

group of young officers after a series of coups and counter-

coups between August and November 1975 after the overthrow

of Sheik Mujibur. Starting as martial law administrator, he took

the country through a referendum and two elections to a

parliamentary form of Government but effective power

remained in his hands. He took over when Bangladesh seemed

to be on the verge to political chaos and economic ruin. But he

managed to restore comparative stability.

He also launched a vigorous though controversial village

development drive in one of the world‟s poorest countries

where 80 percent of the people live below the poverty line. In

an effort to motivate a largely illiterate and rural population, he

travelled extensively, often on foot, to all parts of Bangladesh.

Starting from a dismally backward base, he went some way

toward rebuilding an economy shattered by colonial

exploitation, Pakistan civil Government neglect, civil war and

the mismanagement of the socialist style regime led by Sheik

Mujibur. He looked primarily to Islamic States and advanced

non-communist industrial nations, including Australia, for

economic aid, but they failed to provide as much as he hoped

for.

Stocky, outwardly reserved and very much a professional

soldier he wages a partially successful war against the

corruption that had corroded Sheik Mujibur‟s credibility. Few


questioned his personal honesty, until his death he lived with

his wife and two children in the same modest apartment he

occupied during his army days. But the task he faced as ruler of

Bangladesh was an enormously difficult, if not impossible, one.

His main vehicle for maintaining political support was the

Bangladesh Nationalist Party – a loosely knit hastily organized

movement whose main focal point was President Ziaur. Now

that he has gone, there are grave doubts that it will hold

together.

But the most serious worry is the army – General Ziaur‟s

ultimate prop. If it is deeply divided it could lead quickly to

civil war. And that in turn could trigger Indian military

intervention. India regards Bangladesh as a buffer State against

China.

Source: The Age (Dated: 01-Jun-1981)


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Bangladesh halts rebellion; 50 die CALCUTTA. India - The Bangladesh Government says it has crushed an attempted coup by army officers who assassinated

President Ziaur Rahman two days ago.

Indian news agencies reported hard fighting with at least 50 people killed between rebel troops led by Maj. Gen. Abul Manzur and forces loyal to the Government in Chittagong,

Bangladesh‟s second largest city and major seaport.

The Government‟s Radio Dacca said the rebels fled early today and the Government regained full control of Chittagong.

The broadcast announced a reward of 500,000 takas - $30,300 - for the capture of Manzur. Two Indian news agencies reported

that the rebel leader had been captured but there was no confirmation of the reports.

Manzur, the commander of the Bangladesh army‟s 24th Division in Chittagong, apparently failed to rally other military

units to his cause despite repeated radio appeals for their support. It appeared that the rebellion was confined to the port city of 1 million people 140 miles southeast of Dacca, the

capital.

The United News of India said the rebels took over the Chittagong army base, the local radio station and two strategic bridges leading to the city. But the navy commander, Rear

Adm. Mahmood Ali Khan, said his forces were loyal to the Government and were in “complete control” of the Chittagong

naval base and other port facilities, Radio Dacca reported. The rebels assassinated the 45-year-old President and eight

aides at 4:30 a.m. Saturday during a visit to Chittagong. Initial


reports said they were shot, but a later report said the rebels

blew up Government House and the presidential party with it. Vice President Abdus Sattar became acting President. He and

the army chief of staff, Lt. Gen. H.M. Ershad, gave the rebels three surrender deadlines Sunday and Monday. They said the

third one, at 6 a.m. (7 p.m. EDT), was the final one and the United News of India reported two columns of troops loyal to the Government were advancing on Chittagong.

President Ziaur or Zia as he was called in Bangladesh, was the

army deputy chief of staff when President Mujibur Rahman, the founder of Bangladesh, was assassinated with his wife and three sons by a group of pro-Pakistani army officers on Aug. 15,

1975.

Ten days later Zia was named chief of staff and three months later, after two more coups in five days, he became the Government strongman as deputy martial law administrator

under President Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem, the former chief justice of the Supreme Court.

Sayem named Zia chief martial law administrator a year later and on April 21, 1977, resigned and nominated him as his

successor. He was confirmed by a nationwide referendum the next month. In the four years since, he crushed two rebellions in

the armed forces. Bangladesh, on the eastern side of the Indian subcontinent, is

one of the poorest and most densely populated countries in the world, with a population of 90 million in an area of 55,000

square miles, slightly smaller than Wisconsin. It was the eastern part of Bengal Province in British India and

became East Pakistan when India was partitioned in August 1947 because more than 80 percent of the populations were


Moslems. With the help of the Indian army, it won its

independence from Pakistan in a two-week war in December 1971.

By SANTOSH BASAK (Associated Press Writer)

Source: The Telegraph (Dated: 01-Jun-1981)

Link:


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Bangladesh crisis: troops ring Dacca

Bangladesh troops today ringed Dacca after the assassination of President Ziaur Rahman by rebel army officers.

The Government feared an attack from rebel troops who

yesterday seized the southern port city of Chittagong where President Ziaur was assassinated. Tension in the capital heightened today after Radio Dacca went off the air as acting

President Abdus Sattar was addressing the nation.

The radio became silent when Mr. Sattar was informing his countrymen that the Government was making an effort to bring back the body of President Ziaur. Bangladesh Radio, monitored

in Calcutta, said rebels led by Major-General Manzur Ahmad, 40, who allegedly assassinated President Ziaur, had declined a

request by the Dacca authorities for the return of his body. The Government today twice extended an ultimatum to the

rebel officers and troops in Chittagong to surrender or face final drastic action. It has now set the deadline at 10 a.m. (Melbourne

time) tomorrow. At least 50 members of the Bangladesh police were killed in

clashes yesterday with rebel troops in Chittagong, the Press Trust of India reported today.

PTI quoted reports reaching the Indian border town of Agartala as saying there had also been desertions from Bangladesh‟s 24th

Army Division in Chittagong commanded by rebel officers.

Mrs. Hasina Wazed, daughter of Bangladesh‟s first President, Sheik Mujibur Rahman, was arrested last night, PTI said.


Army troops loyal to the Government have cordoned off Dacca

to stop the marching rebel military forces from getting control of the capital, diplomatic reports here said.

Source: The Age (Dated: 01-Jun-1981)


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Bangladesh assassins told to surrender

CALCUTTA, India (AP) - Bangladesh authorities in Dacca

threatened yesterday to attack the army rebels who assassinated

President Ziaur Rahman if they do not surrender. The insurgents

reportedly hold Chittagong, the second largest city and base of

the naval headquarters in the young, impoverished nation.

Two columns of loyalist army troops were advancing toward

Chittagong to enforce ultimatum to the rebels, United News of

India said. The agency quoted reports from Dacca, the capital of

Bangladesh. Passengers on a flight from Dacca to Calcutta, 150

miles to the south-west, said they had seen troops moving along

the roads toward Chittagong.

The insurgent chief warned his followers last night over

Chittagong radio after the governments‟s deadline passed that

the rebels had any plans to capitulate.

Radio Dacca reported that the navy commander, Rear Adm.

Mahmood Ali Khan, arrived in Dacca from Chittagong

yesterday. It quoted him as saying the navy was loyal to the

central government and was in “complete control” of the

Chittagong naval base and other port facilities.

The rebels reportedly were threatening to execute pro-

Government army officers held at the army base in Chittagong,

140 miles south-east of Dacca, where they killed the president

early Saturday.

Various broadcasts from government stations and Chittagong

radio, held b the rebel-proclaimed “Revolutionary Council”, left

an unclear picture of the strength of the insurgency.


Dacca Radio said life was normal elsewhere in the country.

The Revolutionary Council ordered all transportation halted in

the country and declared a curfew in major cities, Chittagong

Radio said yesterday. Available information indicated the

insurgents would only be able to enforce the order in parts of

Chittagong.

There was no clear word on how much of the sprawling seaport

of 1 million people was held by the rebels. They are led by Maj.

Gen. Abul Manzur, commander of the 24th division in

Chittagong, one of five infantry division headquarters.

United News of India said the rebels held the Chittagong

military base and two strategic bridges leading to the city.

The 45-year-old Zia, as he is called in Bangladesh, and eight

aides were killed at 4:30 a.m. Saturday at the government house

in Chittagong. Radio reports said they were shot, but a reported

who arrived in Dacca last night was told the rebels blew the

building up.

Zia took power in November 1975 after a series of army coups

following the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first

president of Bangladesh after its war of independence from

Pakistan in 1971.

Hours after the assassination, Manzur announced in a broadcast

that he had fired the army chief of staff, Lt. Gen. H.M. Arshad,

and eight other army generals and taken over the government.

The rebel leader also announced that a 1972 friendship treaty

with India was abrogated. But in Dacca, acting president

AbdusSattar said Bangladesh would continue to honor all


treaties and commitments. Relations with India, Bangladesh‟s

giant neighbor and ally in the revolt against Pakistan, soured

during Zia‟s tenure with disputes over territory and sharing the

waters of the Ganges River.

The rebel-held Chittagong radio came on the air occasionally

through the day with requests for military units in various parts

of the country to join in the revolt. One broadcast said the

Revolutionary Council was asking troops at Comilla, 60 miles

southeast of Dacca, to “keep vigil over the enemy forces.”

Sattar and army chief of staff Arshad, in frequent broadcasts

over the official Dacca radio station, demanded the rebels

surrender and ordered that they be disarmed.

Dacca radio said Sattar, in his capacity as supreme commander

of the armed forces, ordered the army chief to take “stern

action” against the rebels, whom he described as “misguided

army men.”

He told radio listeners that efforts to obtain Zia‟s body through

Red Cross channels had failed.

Thousands of people attended a memorial service, help despite

heavy rain, at the Dacca stadium for the dead president, Dacca

radio said. After prayers for Zia, a devout Moslem as is most of

the South Asian nation‟s 90 million population, mourners made

a procession to the Parliament House, the radio said.

UNI reported that Mrs. Hasina Sheikh Wazed, the daughter of

Bangladesh‟s first president and the new head of Bangladesh‟s

main opposition group, was arrested Saturday when she tried to

cross the border to India from Bangladesh. The agency quoted


reports from “across the border” and it was presumed that

Bangladesh border guards who made the arrest informed their

Indian counterparts.

Source: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Dated: Jun 1, 1981)

Link:

http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DM9RAAAAIBAJ&sji

d=-%20%2020DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5488%2C18935&dq

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Setback for Bangladesh

For five years prior to his assassination, President Ziaur

Rahman or Zia as he was known to the world at large, brought a

measure of stability and democracy to one of the most troubled

regions of the globe. His death was a cruel setback for

Bangladesh and it could bring renewed ferment to the volatile

Indian subcontinent.

As in most attempted rebellions, news from the center of action

is sparse and sometimes contradictory. Apparently the majority

of the Bangladesh armed forces remain loyal to the Government

and the coup leader General Abul Manzur has been arrested.

Under the best scenario, the rebellion would be quelled and

Zia‟s policies would be continued by his successor, Vice

President Abdus Sattar. Gen. Manzur had announced the end of

a 1972 friendship treaty with India and large international

problems will almost surely follow should the rebels finally

succeed or keep the country in turmoil.

Although India had helped Bangladesh secede from Pakistan,

Zia and the Indian Government were not always on the best of

terms. Nevertheless, with the skill that had make him a

respected moderating influence among Third World leaders, Zia

managed to maintain peaceful relations with both India and

Pakistan. Zia did not run a model democracy by Western

standards but his was not a notably repressive Government,

either. He proclaimed himself President in 1977 but later won

two popular elections by large majorities. His apparently honest

administration persuaded Western nations, including the United

States, to provide it with generous economic assistance. At this

point there probably is nothing that Washington can or should


do about the uprising, but if U.S. moral support counts for

anything in that corner of the Third World, it ought to go to

Zia‟s legitimate successors.

Source: The Palm Beach Post (Dated: 02-Jun-1981)


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http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1964&dat=19810602&id=gf8sAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Vs0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3593,330997




Bangladesh chief buried in Dacca as millions

mourn

(Solders lower the coffin of slain Bangladesh President Ziaur

Rahman into a Dacca grave.)

DACCA (AP) - President Ziaur Rahman was buried at an emotion-charged ceremony Tuesday after the major general who launched the coup in which the Bangladesh leader was

assassinated was himself killed under mysterious circumstances.

Dacca Radio at first reported that Mej. Gen. Abul Manzur was killed by angry village guards who were returning him to Chittagong scene of the coup attempt about 225 kilometers

southeast of Dacca. He had been captured while fleeing in a jeep toward Burma.

However, a later report said Manzur was killed in a gun battle between his captors and a gang trying to abduct him.


About 100 other people were reported slain in clashes between

Government and rebel forces and the Government ordered an army tribunal to identify and find the killers of the late President.

Dacca Radio said that after the killers were found a field court-

martial would be formed to try them. Zia as he was known to his countrymen was buried near the

new Parliament, the symbol of Bangladesh democracy, following Islamic prayers by more than one million of his

countrymen. Zia, a hero of Bangladesh‟s war of independence from Pakistan

who himself seized power in a coup before restoring multi-party democracy, became the country‟s first popularly elected

President in 1978. His unvarnished wooden coffin, draped in the national colors of

red and green and festooned with flowers, was carried from a truck by soldiers in berets and camouflage fatigues and lowered

into a grave in a plot of land slated to become a national park. Six howitzers fired a 21-gun salute.

Zia was assassinated with seven aides Saturday in the port of Chittagong by troops led by Manzur.

Manzur coup was put down Monday and the United News of India in Calcutta quoted reports from Chittagong as saying

about 100 people were killed in clashes between Government troops and rebel forces in different parts of the port city and

other areas near the frontiers with India and Burma. Zia‟s body was transported back to the capital Monday and at

least one person was killed during the night as thousands of mourners pressed around and into the old Parliament building


where the body lay in state. The crowd became violent about

midnight Monday night. “We failed to maintain order”, said Sultan Ahmed Chowdhury,

the deputy speaker of Parliament said. “The military took over at one point some people were about to carry away the coffin.

They demanded to see the body. Source: Ottawa Citizen (Dated: 02-Jun-1981)


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http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19810602&id=U6MyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ze4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2671,1231713




Bangladesh pays an emotional farewell to its

murdered leader

DACCA, Bangladesh (UPI) - Nearly two million citizens gave an emotional farewell to assassinated President Ziaur Rahman today, hours after the official media announced the major

general who led a coup attempt had been executed by loyalist soldiers.

“Agitated soldiers shot Gen. Manzur (Ahmed) dead” as they escorted him and his family from the tiny hill village of

Fatichari to the port city of Chittagong Monday night, official Bangladesh Radio said.

Manzur was captured by angry villagers at Fatichari, 40 miles southeast of Chittagong, as he attempted to flee to India with his

wife and three children. His capture came hours after his three-day rebellion collapsed Monday and the Government put a

$30,000 price on his head. There was no word on the whereabouts of his family or of other

rebel military officers who joined the attempted putsch. In Dacca, nearly half the capital‟s 4 million residents bid an emotional farewell to the beloved Gen. Zia, who was gunned

down by the rebels in Chittagong early Saturday morning.

The late President, in a glass topped coffin but covered by a sheet because his face was shattered by the first burst of the assassins‟ sten gun that nearly cut him in half, was borne to his

grave-facing Crescent Lake on a military gun carrigage. Those lining the route wept openly.

“We are all crying - not many of us but all of us - so there is nothing to be ashamed of,” said one officer in his military honor

guard.


“Our country will never find another man like him, it will never find another man who could pull Bangladesh back onto its feet to face the world,” he said.

During the Janaza, the chanting of the Moslem last rites for the

departed soul, a crowd extending beyond the horizon turned as one toward Mecca and sobbed the mournful prayer. As the procession moved toward the lake, people climbed trees to toss

flowers upon the bier. A sea of people formed in Dacca immediately after the President‟s bullet--riddled-body was

placed on the steps of Parliament House Monday and the mourners‟ lines stretched for more than a mile through the dusty streets.

“I heartily liked him,” said Rashid Mollah, a tiny man who like

the rest of the crowd walked barefoot with his sandals in his hands as a sign of respect.

Source: The Bulletin (Dated: 02-Jun-1981)


0602&id=J7VYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Q_cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=530

3,5155465

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19810602&id=J7VYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Q_cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5303,5155465




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Blow in Fourth World

The assassination of President Ziaur Rahman is yet another

tragedy for Bangladesh, a South Asian land so beset with

problems it often is termed one of the world‟s “basket case”

countries. Of course, the 45-year old President Zia (the

Bangladesh grammatical name form on second reference) could

at best be termed a benevolent dictator. He came to power in

this Wisconsin-sized country of 87 million persons in 1975 after

a series of coups and countercoups that followed the

assassination of the immensely popular first President, Mujibur

Rahman. Although it was Mr. Zia who first proclaimed

Bangladesh‟s independence from Pakistan in 1971. Be then had

to stand aside for Mr. Mujib, a folk-hero to his people.

But what distinguished Mr. Zia was his clear vision for

improving life in his heavily-Muslim country. Early on he

uttered statements unpopular in the world‟s eighth most

populous country, such a “Population control must be our

nation‟s no. 1 priority” and “Bangladesh must feed itself and

stop depending on the world for help.” Last year he enunciated

and took to the villages a four-point “peaceful revolution.” It

called for doubling food production in five years; a mass

literacy campaign, family planning and population control and

the establishment of a volunteer militia for both police and

development work.

Even if the present rebellion which brought Mr. Zia‟s death is

quelled, which it apparently has been, Bangladesh obviously is

in for many more and times. The best eulogy one can pay Mr.

Zia is to suggest that Bangladesh‟s future welfare well may

depend upon whether his successors have as broad and outlook


as his about what this most desperately poverty-stricken of

countries has to do.

Source: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Dated: 02-Jun-1981)

Link:


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17 Plotters Face Court Martial In Aborted Coup in

Bangladesh

DACCA, Bangladesh (AP) - A military court will try 17 army officers on charges of complicity in the aborted coup in which President Ziaur Rahman was assassinated, Government officials

announced. Three other officers, including the coup leader, Maj. Gen. Abul Mansur, were killed by enraged village guards after

their arrest, the officials said. A number of deputies in Parliament indicated concern, meanwhile, that the military might step in to end the multi-party democratic system Zia

forged.

“Democracy must be protected, power must be transferred peacefully through ballot not bullet,” Prime Minister Shah Azizur Rahman told the deputies. He called for “massive

national unity” as a weapon to crush any “adventurism.”

Bangladesh has a history of military-led coups. Zia, as Ziaur was known here, came to the fore through a series of power plays but in recent years moved his impoverished nation of

some 90 million towards democracy. The 45 year old President was killed by rebel army officers

early Saturday in the southern port of Chittagong. The plotters were arrested Monday. Although emergency decrees

suspending most citizen rights remained in effect, this capital city of some 3.5 million returned to normal after a massive outpouring of grief at Zia‟s funeral Tuesday and sonic

uncertainty about the immediate transition period.

The country is now led by acting President Abdus Sattar, an aging man of 75. According to the constitution, a presidential election must be called within the next six months.


The parliamentary makeup remains unchanged, with Zia‟s

Bangladesh Nationalist Party dominating the dozen other political parties. It holds 250 of the 330 seats. Well informed observers note that the danger of another military coup could

come if the political parties - many of them fractured internally - should fail to reach a working census and allow the country to

drift. But today‟s special parliamentary session saw only unity among

pro-Government as well as opposition leaders in their praise of Zia and a revulsion over what one member called “the politics

of killing.” Some members also called for an end to the emergency decrees and a parliamentary inquiry into the rebellion. One theory is that the coup was the work of a highly

ambitious officer who may have quarreled with Zia shortly before the killing or had long nursed a real or imagined

grievance. The Government has yet to give a formal account of the incident

By DENES D. GRAY

Source: The Hour (Dated: 03-Jun-1981)


0603&id=TCdJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fAYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=132

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Zia murder paves way for more Bangladesh

bloodshed

LONDON – For an “international basket-case” as Henry

Kissinger once called it, Bangladesh is surprisingly handy at

self-mutilation. This time, it may have managed to cut its own

throat.

The bloody murder of President Ziaur Rahman by one of his

own senior officers in Chittagong last Saturday did not bring the

conspirator, Major-General Manzur Ahmed, to power. It has not

even plunged the nation into civil war – yet. But it was a

disheartening reversion to type in a nation where politics in both

frivolous and deadly.

Deadly, because the Bangladeshis play for keeps. The nation

gained its independence from Pakistan in 1971 amid vast

slaughter and every change of leadership since then (including

three coups in 1975 alone) has been accompanied by further

welters of blood.

Privileged elite

Yet it is frivolous too because most of the killing is merely to

decide which member of a privileged military elite is to preside

over this perpetual emergency disguised as a nation.

Manzur Ahmed‟s mutiny was just one more act of naked

personal ambition in an officer corps where loyalty has never

been an outstanding characteristic but it is also a tragedy of

Bangladesh, not that the late President Ziaur Rahman was a

saint - if he had been, he would have died years ago. President

Zia survived because he was tough enough, for example, to


execute about 600 air force mutineers after an attempted coup in

1977.

But Bangladesh under Zia‟s direction, though as always within

measureable distance of famine, managed to widen the margin

of safety slightly. And for six year, he more or less kept the

peace as well. The two achievements are linked because hunger

is a very political subject.

Latter-day disciples of that grimmest of all economists, the 18th

century British doom-sayer Thomas Robert Malthus, wait

almost impatiently for Bangladeshi to demonstrate the truth of

his doctrine that population always outruns resources in the end,

resulting in famine.

With birth control techniques administered by Governments

undermining (or at least postponing) Malthus‟s predictions

about runaway population growth almost everywhere in the

Third World, Bangladesh, which already stands so close to the

brink of disaster, attracts an almost ghoulish interest.

Bangladesh in not only likely to be the first county since 19th-

century Ireland to demonstrate the relevance of Malthus‟s

calculations about population and famine. It is also the country

most likely to show us what the political and social

consequences of that kind of catastrophe would be.

In the 20th century, they are not likely to be pretty.

Much of Bangladesh is an immensely fertile river delta where

you can raise three crops a year if your land is not devastated by

the frequent floods or cyclone, but it is not enough, there are

already 90 million Bangladeshis trying to earn a living, all but


two percent of them from agriculture in a country no bigger

than England.

Totally landless

Forty percent of the populations are totally landless, and yet the

average land-holding is still less than two acres. Two thirds of

the present population is already severely under-nourished, are

there will be at least half as many again by the end of the

century. Even with much good luck and massive foreign aid,

only steady responsible Government in Dacca can stop this

unbalanced equation between people and land from toppling

sooner or later into mass famine.

What Malthus could not foresee, however, is that in the 20th

century, with its widespread political awareness and its widely

available techniques for mass mobilization and revolution, such

a disaster cannot even approach – much less occur without the

most drastic political consequences. Almost every member of

Bangladesh‟s tiny elite of privileged and educated people now

shares the perception that the country faces the possibility of

cataclysmic social revolution.

Indeed, no illegal revolutionary group, the National Socialist

party, has a line rather reminiscent of the Khmer Rouge‟s about

the need to exterminate “class enemies”. In some versions, this

category includes almost everybody in Bangladesh who read

write except themselves.

This is not some obscure fringe group. Its military wing, the

People‟s Revolutionary Army, has heavily infiltrated the

enlisted ranks of the army and air force and nearly gained power

in one of the 1975 coups. It tried again in 1977 and 230 troop


died in the fighting to suppress it. Nor is this the only such

group in Bangladesh.

However understandable their grievances, the ghastly

consequence of fanatics like this gaining power has been amply

demonstrated in Cambodia. Yet Cambodia had the advantage of

being a lightly populated land; hardly anybody ever went

hungry there before the war and the Khmer Rouge.

In Bangladesh, on the other hand, any breakdown in the

administrative machinery for getting at least some food to the

very poorest - corrupt and inefficient though it is - would

condemn many millions to starvation.

That is not what faces Bangladesh right now. For Manzur

Ahmed was simply another general on the make. But the man

he has murdered was the only leader Bangladesh has produced

who was able to impose order in that anarchic country and even

to achieve a bit of development.

If Bangladesh now returns to the chaos from which Ziaur

Rahman rescued it in 1975, sooner or later an immense

catastrophe is almost inevitable.

Source: The Montreal Gazette (Dated: 04-Jun-1981)

Linkhttp://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19810

604&id=IRUyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yaQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6636,

1354534

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19810604&id=IRUyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yaQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6636,1354534




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Democracy, Economy Appear In Danger After

Bangladesh President’s Death Analysis

DACCA, Bangladesh (AP) - The outlook appears bleak for the

survival of democracy and the improvement of the economy in

this impoverished nation of 90 million following the

assassination of President Ziaur Rahman.

The expressed hope of the country‟s top civilian leaders is that

Bangladesh will hold on to a democratic system, built up in

recent years by Zia slain by rebel army officers May 30 in an

aborted coup.

The fear is that nobody of sufficient stature will emerge to

replace Zia as he was known here, that the 50 odd political

parties will expend more energy fighting one another than

trying to keep the country on constitutional rails and that the

military will step in to impose another authoritarian regime.

The fear of intervention by armed force hangs over the 330-

member Parliament although it is only referred to indirectly.

The Minister of information, Shamsul Huda Chowdhury, said in

an interview, “Everyone in Parliament is agreed that power

should be captured by ballots, not bullets or planned chaos”

Bangladesh is certainly one country which cannot afford a crisis

of any kind. The margins between an adequate existence and

abject poverty at times between life and death are just too small.

Western diplomats and international aid officials – who

invariably praise Zia‟s efforts, are now gauging how negative

the impact of his loss will be on such vital projects as


population control, greater food production and village self-

Government.

“There are some competent officials here but you won‟t have

the needed dynamic push that Zia gave to things”, said one well

informed Western diplomat, “Zia made development a

household word.”

Those predicting trouble certainly have the decade-old history

of military coups, failed plots and political assassinations the

father of Bangladesh independence from Pakistan. Sheik

Mujibur Rahman, was killed by army officers and Zia himself

survived half a dozen earlier attempts to topple him from power.

But Prime Minister Shah Azizur Rahman, in an interview with

The Associated Press, said that democracy had taken quick and

deep root in Bangladesh, even within the military. He pointed to

the peaceful transition of power amid the national trauma of

Zia‟s killing as a signpost to future stability.

The Prime Minister expressed hope that some leader will “rise

to the occasion” and become strong candidates in presidential

elections which, by the constitution, must be held within the

next six months.

There is in fact no natural successor to Zia or anyone of major

stature on the political scene. The acting President, Justice Abul

Sattar, 75, has already said he would not seek election because

of his failing health. Little is known about the current power

shifts within the military or whether the army could produce a

national leader from its ranks.

The key political parties are also not in the best of shape.


The ruling Bangladesh Nationalist Party formed by Zia three

years ago from a number of disparate factions admits to

organizational problems. The Awami League, the strongest

opposition party, has the best organization in the countryside

and in the world of one diplomat “a good capacity for mounting

demonstrations”. But it too is plagued by internal strife and lack

of charismatic helmsmen.

Western diplomats and other informed sources say that any

political drift would not only increase the chance of military

intervention but multiply odds that the country will be

overwhelmed by its economic and social problems.

Source: Sarasota Herald-Tribune (Dated: 07-Jun-1981)


0607&id=970qAAAAIBAJ&sjid=92cEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6637,

2579101

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http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19810607&id=970qAAAAIBAJ&sjid=92cEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6637,2579101




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Without Zia, Less Chance for the ‘Peaceful

Revolution’

DACCA, Bangladesh - If the population of the entire world

were squeezed into the continental United States, that land

would be about as densely populated as Bangladesh is now.

That is the kind of illustration prized by the legions of aid and

development experts who for years have been drawn to this

country because its demographic statistics are so appalling.

The life expectancy at birth is 47 years. Eighty percent of

children below the age of five are undernourished. Seventy

percent of the entire population is anemic. Only one person in

five can read. And, despite improvements in agricultural

efficiency and the enormous quantities of foreign aid, the

average per capita consumption of rice, the dietary staple, is less

today than it was 20 years ago. It is easy to feel hopeless about

Bangladesh and many people do. But in the past few years there

have been some small signs that things were getting a bit better

and hopes that they would get better still.

Last weekend, when President Ziaur Rahman was killed in a

hail of bullets during an attempted army coup d'etat, a good

many of those hopes died with him. There were at least two

reasons why. His death at the age of 45 plunged the nation into

a crisis that no one could quite see the end of and political

instability can scarcely be good for development efforts.

Moreover, since he seized power in 1975, President Zia had

become one of Asia's most effective heads of Government. His

regime was beginning to make progress, though it was very

much a one-man show and much of what he did went against

the traditions of this ancient land. Whoever eventually succeeds


him, whether a general or civilian politician, seems unlikely to

follow the same course.

Birth control is clearly the country's most important need, since

by the year 2000, Bangladesh will have half the population of

the United States living in a land smaller than Wisconsin. Sheik

Mujibur Rahman, the founder of the country (who also died by

assassination nearly six years ago), used to say, when pressed

on the subject, “We Moslems love our children. If there are

many of them, Allah will provide”. That is the traditional view.

By contrast, President Zia, a tough and often ruthless former

general who took power a few months after Sheik Mujib was

killed, repeatedly referred to the population explosion as ''our

number one national problem.'' He gave a military-style impetus

to the drive to solve it, cutting through Government inertia in

providing birth control means to the villages where most of the

people live. There were signs that the approach was beginning

to work. ''This is the first time that the leader of a developing

country and an Islamic country has put himself totally behind

population control programs,'' Health Minister M. A. Matin said

optimistically a year ago.

President Zia's commitment to birth control was part of what he

called a “peaceful revolution” for Bangladesh. Other points

included a literacy campaign and an almost certainly overly

optimistic plan to double food production over five years with

expanded irrigation of the land and the introduction of higher

yield seed varieties.

Tirelessly hopping around this green marshy country in a

helicopter and spending as much as 20 days a month outside

Dacca, he sold the message personally and it had some effect. ''I


remember Zia came here one day last year and he talked about

irrigation canals,'' a farmer in Julal, a village 30 miles north of

the capital, recalled last week. “But it wasn't just talk. A canal

actually got built and now it irrigates that plot of land right there

and we can have an extra crop in the dry season. No leader ever

did that before. Zia will be missed very much in Julal. We are

very sad.”

In a part of the world where political leaders are often venal or

lethargic, there are not many figures like President Zia. In the

period of electioneering that is about to begin leading up to a

presidential election that under the Constitution is supposed to

be held within the next six months, some new national saviour

may emerge. But it is far easier to imagine a return to the

slippery political intrigues which center on the capital or to a

new round of murderous army plots and takeovers.

At the center of the Government now is a vacuum and no one

can say who will come along to fill it. On the civilian side,

neither President Zia's Bangladesh Nationalist Party nor the

opposition Awami League (Sheik Mujib's party) has an obvious

presidential candidate and both are badly factionalized. As for

the 65,000-man army, it too is beset by bitterness and rivalry

that date back to the war of 1971 in which Bangladesh, backed

by India, won its independence from western Pakistan. In the

long round of eulogies last week, much was made of what

former Chief Justice Abdus Sattar, the ailing, 75-year-old acting

President, called “the democratic heritage left to us by our

beloved martyred leader”. Critics said that President Zia's was a

flawed democracy and the Government was certainly autocratic.

But the orderliness of the transition last week may have been an


indication that the political institutions he built over recent years

had more solidity than the pessimists thought.

Still, a period of serious instability with a deadening effect on

development activities seems inevitable. It had already started

last week with late night meetings, hints, posturing and

horsetrading in the Parliament, the ministries and the officers'

quarters of military garrisons all over the country.

''Will Bangladesh make it?'' people in the West sometimes ask,

as if it were a patient hovering between life and death in some

intensive care ward. The answer is, of course. The country is

not going to disappear and 92 million Bangladeshis, soon to be

100 million, will still be here, whenever anyone cares to look,

and still hungry. At times, the signs for them will be a bit better.

At other times, they will be a bit worse. Last week they seemed

very much worse indeed.

By WILLIAM BORDERS

Source: The New York Times (Dated: 07-Jun-1981)

Link:http://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/07/weekinreview/witho

ut-zia-less-chance-for-the-peaceful-revolution-william-

borders.html

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http://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/07/weekinreview/without-zia-less-chance-for-the-peaceful-revolution-william-borders.html




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Outlook bleak for Bangladesh

DACCA, Bangladesh (AP) - The outlook appears bleak for the

survival of democracy and the improvement the economy in this impoverished nation of 90 million following the assassination of President Ziaur Rahman. The expressed hope of the

country‟s top civilian leaders is that Bangladesh will hold on to a democratic system built up in recent years by Zia, slain by

rebel army officers May 30 in an aborted coup. The fear is that nobody of sufficient stature will emerge to

replace Zia, as he was known here, that the 50 odd political parties will expend more energy fighting one another than

trying to keep the country on constitutional rails and that the military will step in to impose another authoritarian regime.

The fear of intervention by armed force hangs over the 330-member Parliament, although it is only referred to indirectly.

The Minister of information, Shamsul Huda Chowdhury, said in an interview, “Everyone in Parliament is agreed that power should be captured by ballots, not bullets or planned chaos”.

Bangladesh is certainly one country which cannot afford a crisis of any kind. The margins between an adequate existence and

abject poverty, at times between life and death, are just too small. Western diplomats and international aid officials - who

invariably praise Zia‟s efforts - are now gauging how negative the impact of his loss will be on such vital projects as population control, greater food production and village cell

Government.

“There are some competent officials here, but you won’t have the needed dynamic push that Zia gave to things,” said one well-informed Western diplomat. “Zia made development a

household word”. Those predicting trouble certainly have the


decade-old history or Bangladesh on their side. It is a history of

military coups, failed plots and political assassinations. The father of Bangladesh independence from Pakistan, Sheik Mujibur Rahman, was killed by army officers and Zia himself

survived half a dozen earlier attempts to topple him from power.

But Prime Minister Shah Azizur Rahman, in an interview with The Associated Press, said that democracy had taken quick and deep root in Bangladesh, even within the military. He pointed to

the peaceful transition of power amid the national trauma of Zia‟s killing as a signpost to future stability. The Prime Minister

expressed hope that some leaders will “rise to the occasion” and become strong candidates in presidential elections which, by the constitution, must be held within the next six months.

There is in fact no natural successor to Zia or anyone of major

stature on the political scene. The acting President, Justice Abul Sattar, 75, has already said he would not seek election because of his failing health. Little is known about the current power

shifts within the military or whether the army could produce a national leader from its ranks.

Source: Gadsden Times (Dated: 07-Jun-1981)


0607&id=26wfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=j9YEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2598,

790949


(Soldiers lower the coffin containing the body of former

Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman Tuesday during the funeral services in the capital city of Dacca.)

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Political office in Asia a gamble with death

NEW DELHI, Sunday - The assassination of Bangladesh‟s

President, General Ziaur Rahman, is another proof of the

increasingly high cost of political office in Asia

In the past three years, four political leaders have been killed or

executed - Prime Ministers Amin and Taraki in Afghanistan,

Mr. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged in Pakistan and now

President Ziaur Rahman has been assassinated in Bangladesh.

A little earlier, Mr. Mujibur Rahman, Bangladesh‟s founding

President had been killed, besides the top leadership dozens of

lesser politicians have been either murdered or executed in

turbulent South and South-West Asia.

Because of the uncertainties and obvious dangers of a political

career many of the talented and educated are keeping out of

politics.

The result: The developing world, with its millions of illiterate

and under-nourished people, those who are in the greatest need

of guidance, opportunities and leadership, are not getting it.

Many political leaders do not seem to mind the uncertainties of

holding office because the position gives them so much. A great

gulf yawns between leaders and the people in most developing

countries and a standardized life style has emerged for Third

World leaders.

This includes a luxurious presidential palace, the latest cars

from the West, servants, bodyguards and substantial financial

rewards. It is a life which is a long, long way from the humble

village and it is well worth a gamble even if the stakes are high.


An increasing role for the military in politics goes hand in hand

with the tendency to solve political conflict by assassination; be

it in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma or Afghanistan.

In India it is the police and paramilitary forces which are

increasingly being used to further political ends.

In societies where the average man struggles from meal to meal,

a uniform and a gun are immense prestige symbols. It gives him

respectability and power. Joining the military is the quickest

passport to the ranks of the elite.

Some armies, like in Bangladesh are non-professional in that

they have had little experience or war or modern combat.

Like Latin American armies, the military in Bangladesh has

been more occupied in playing political games than in fighting

wars or developing the military machine along modern

technological lines.

The Bangladesh Army is, moreover, highly politicized, with

loyalty to colonels and generals based on ideological grounds.

The officer in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan is as much

a politician as he is a serving officer.

Because the military is itself politicized, it does not need

politicians for a popular base. But in Bangladesh in the

immediate post-assassination period sections of the army may

ally with political parties in order to give the impression of

mass support.

The new political pattern could see regiments and brigades split

along party lines. AP-Reuter reports: The Bangladesh


Government yesterday announced a three-man judicial

commission to investigate the assassination of President Ziaur.

A military tribunal was set up earlier to identify those involved

in the killing of President Ziaur and several bodyguards during

a raid on his guest house in the southern port city of Chittagong.

But opposition MPs also called for a civilian judicial

investigation of the assassination and for an inquiry into the

killing of General Abdul Manzur, named as leader of abortive

armed rebellion in which the President died.

From RANJAN GUPTA

Source: The Sydney Morning Herald (Dated: 08-Jun-1981)


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http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19810608&id=KIZWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=n-YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3519,2502839




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we‡`«vnx `‡ji †bZv †Rbv‡ij Aveyj gÄyi nZ¨vi Z`‡š—iI `vwe Rvwb‡q‡Q|


Everyone Loses In Bangladesh Coup Attempt

If there are worse places than Bangladesh these days, much

credit goes to Ziaur Rahman. From his rise to power in 1975

until his assassination last weekend, General Zia instilled new

motivation in the New England-sized nation of 92 million

people to produce more food and fewer children. His murder by

army rivals raised fears in Dacca of another period of political

instability and bloodshed like the one that occurred after the

army overthrew Sheik Mujibur Rahman, Bangladesh's first

President, in 1975.

There are no obvious successors to General Zia. One possibility,

Maj. Gen. Mohammed Abdul Manzur, led the plot against the

President and was himself killed after his arrest. According to

the Government, he and two other conspirators died in an

exchange of gunfire between their guards and a group of

''agitated armed people'' who tried to seize the detainees.

Seventeen other officers remained in custody and were to be

tried by a military court. The plot collapsed two days after

rebels shot President Zia in a guest house in Chittagong,

Bangladesh's second largest city and main port. General

Manzur, the local army commander, appealed to other units to

join the uprising but in vain. Like General Zia a hero of

Bangladesh's 1971 war of independence, General Manzur

chafed at his transfer to Chittagong in 1977 and was apparently

even more incensed at the President's plans to make him head of

the army staff college, a noncommand post.

Although President Zia reinstituted elections in 1978, whoever

succeeds him will have to be acceptable to the army. Acting

President Abdus Sattar, 75, said poor health would keep him


from running in elections which are to be held within six

months. Hasina Wazed, the daughter of Sheik Mujib and head

of the opposition Awami League Party, recently returned to a

tumultuous popular welcome after six years in India. But at 32,

she is too young to be President.

Source: Gainesville Sun (Dated: 08-Jun-1981)


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http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19810608&id=JD1WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2OkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6182,1570513




When Rahman died, Bangladesh’s hope dies, too

DACCA, Bangladesh - It has been two and a half months since

President Ziaur Rahman was killed in an abortive coup d'etat,

yet he is still the dominant political

force in Bangladesh.

In the streets, Rahman‟s face stares out

from posters that proclaim: “Long live

President Zia.”

In Government offices, cabinet

Ministers and army generals pint to his

portrait and invoke his name repeatedly

in conversations about the country‟s

future.

In an opulent sitting room at the

presidential palace, acting President

Abdus Sattar talks of fulfilling Zia‟s

dreams for the country.

“I want to do the same things Zia did”, Sattar said in a recent

interview.

But if Zia‟s continued influence reflects just how strong and

personal his rule was, it is also a measure of the political

vacuum created by his departure.

Uncertainty and apprehension color virtually everyone‟s view

of the future. There is even doubt about an election to choose

Zia‟s successor.


Leading opposition parties have demanded that the election be

put off until November, party to dissipate the force of Zia‟s

martyrdom.

But they have also set other conditions, including revision of

the electoral rolls and an end to the state of emergency declared

on Zia‟s death.

The Government, controlled by Zia‟s Bangladesh National

Party, has advanced the election to Oct. 15 less than a month

beyond the scheduled date of Sept. 21, but has refused to any

further or accede to other demands.

Nonetheless, some opposition leaders have threatened to

boycott the election or disrupt the campaign if at least some of

their demands are not met.

If there is violence - and political violence is common in

Bangladesh - the army could step in, although senior officers

have vowed the will not.

What worried Bangladeshis most about the future is there

appears to be no one in any of the 50 registered political parties

capable of filling void left by Zia‟s death.

During his five and a half years at the helm, Zia managed to

cope with what many believed was an impossible task.

When he came to power, Zia was the fourth head of state in as

many months. But he calmed the political turmoil and set the

country on a path of tentative but perceptible progress.


He seemed to be literally willing the country forward. The

quickest way to draw his anger was to suggest that any of the

many problems was beyond solution.

He became an evangelist for family planning and food

production in a country that is hopelessly overpopulated and

underfed.

Zia‟s gains were small against the yardstick of his country‟s

problems. Still, he gave Bangladesh stability and direction and a

sense of cautious optimism about the future.

The bullets that killed him killed optimism, too. The exposed

the fragility of his gains and set the country adrift.

Among Zia‟s potential successors, the clear favorite is acting

President Sattar, 75, who is emerging as a compromise

candidate of the Bangladesh National Party. But Sattar, a retired

high court judge, is in poor health and his political experience is

limited. Factions have already developed within the party and

observers wonder how long he can contain then.

Although he brushes off questions about his health - “A minor

blood pressure problem,” he says - other people insist the

problem is more serious. His daily schedule includes lengthy

rest periods.

Even within the party, he is viewed as an interim leader.

Among the opposition figures, the most prominent is Hasina

Wajed, 34, daughter of Sheik Mujibur Rahman, who led

Bangladesh into independence, was its first President and, like

Zia, was assassinated. But she has no more political experience

than Sattar.


Another prospect, Khandaker Mostaque, 62, the leader of an 18-

party united front, was recently disqualified because of

conviction for corruption.

One of the few other candidates of any stature is M.S.G.

Osmany, 63, who commanded the Bangladesh forces in the

struggle for independence. He is not backed by any party, but

by a citizen‟s committee.

Many opposition parties appear to be more interested in

dismantling Zia‟s constitutional system than in confronting the

nation‟s problems.

They argue that the presidential form of Government

concentrates too much power in the hands of one person and

they advocate switching to a parliamentary system.

But no matter what form democracy takes, it is likely to remain

susceptible to the winds of violence that have plagued the

political process since the country‟s birth.

Los Angeles Times

Source: Gainesville Sun (Dated: 19-Aug-1981)


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President Ziaur Rahman_The Statesman

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