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President Lincoln’s President Lincoln’s PlanPlan• End of 1863End of 1863
– Lincoln begins creating a plan for Lincoln begins creating a plan for ReconstructionReconstruction• Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South
– Destroyed physically and economically by the Destroyed physically and economically by the warwar
• Quick readmissionQuick readmission– Keep property (except slaves)Keep property (except slaves)– Didn’t want to punish citizens for rebellionsDidn’t want to punish citizens for rebellions
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President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan
* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)
* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. – must recognize the abolition of slavery
* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.
* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.
* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.
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President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan
1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR
* “loyal assemblies”
* They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.
Radical Republicans were not pleased: felt that the Ten Percent Plan was too lenient
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Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Radical Republican Plan
Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).
Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.
Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.
Not supported by Lincoln
Pocket-veto
SenatorBenjamin
Wade(R-OH)
Congressman
HenryW. Davis(R-MD)
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Presidential AssassinationApril 14April 14thth, 1865, 1865
•Lincoln and his wife go to Ford’s Theater is Lincoln and his wife go to Ford’s Theater is Washington, DC to see “Our American Washington, DC to see “Our American Cousin”Cousin”
•At approximately 10:20 PM, Lincoln was At approximately 10:20 PM, Lincoln was shot near his left earshot near his left ear
– Booth knew the playBooth knew the play• Planned to shoot the President during a part where Planned to shoot the President during a part where
the crowd would be laughingthe crowd would be laughing
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Presidential Assassination
• Booth fell from President’s box and broke Booth fell from President’s box and broke his leghis leg– Fled on horse to nearby town of CharlesFled on horse to nearby town of Charles
• Went to doctor for his legWent to doctor for his leg
• Lincoln was taken across the street to a Lincoln was taken across the street to a boarding houseboarding house– Died at 7:22 AM on April 15, 1865Died at 7:22 AM on April 15, 1865
• Booth was captured and killed on April 26, Booth was captured and killed on April 26, 18651865
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Jeff Davis Under ArrestJeff Davis Under Arrest
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Land DistributionLand Distribution
• Providing property for newly freed people Providing property for newly freed people became necessarybecame necessary– LA: former slaves continue to live on estates LA: former slaves continue to live on estates
of their former masters but are now paid of their former masters but are now paid wages, given medical care, etc.wages, given medical care, etc.• Closely supervised by federal troopsClosely supervised by federal troops
– GA & SC: Sherman will set aside land for GA & SC: Sherman will set aside land for newly freed slavesnewly freed slaves• 40 acres and a mule for each family in “Sherman 40 acres and a mule for each family in “Sherman
Land”Land”
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Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Created by Lincoln and
Congress to help newly freed people
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.
Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.
Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.
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Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and
nothing to do.
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Freedmen’s Bureau School
Freedmen’s Bureau School
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Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866
• April 9, 1866April 9, 1866– First US federal law to define US citizenship First US federal law to define US citizenship
and affirm that all citizens are equally and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the lawprotected by the law
– Intended to protect the civil liberties of African Intended to protect the civil liberties of African AmericansAmericans
– Initially vetoed in 1865 & 1866 by President Initially vetoed in 1865 & 1866 by President Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson• Congressional override in 1866Congressional override in 1866
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President Andrew Johnson
President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian
Democrat.
Anti-Aristocrat.
White Supremacist.
Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.
Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!
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President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)
In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.
Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.
EFFECTS?
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!
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Growing Northern Alarm!
Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state
constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.
Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.
Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES BLACK CODES
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Black CodesBlack CodesPurpose:
* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.
* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.
Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].
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Congress Breaks with the President
Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern
Congressional delegates.
Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.
February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.
March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!
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14th Amendment14th AmendmentRatified in July, 1868.
* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.
* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.
* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!
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The Balance of Power in Congress
The Balance of Power in Congress
State White Citizens Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
MS 353,000 436,000
LA 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000
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The 1866 Bi-ElectionThe 1866 Bi-Election
Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”
A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.
Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.
Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.
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Radical Plan for Readmission
Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were
subject to military supervision.
Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.
In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.
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Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Military Reconstruction Act
* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.
* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.
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Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Command of the Army Act
* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.
Tenure of Office Act
* The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.
Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government.
A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton
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President Johnson’s Impeachment
President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.
Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!
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The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial
11 week trial.
Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).
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SharecroppingSharecropping
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Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner
Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.
Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.
Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.
Plants crop, harvests in autumn.
Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.
Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.
Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.
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SharecroppingSharecropping
• Each family assigned a small tract of landEach family assigned a small tract of land– Given food, clothing, equipment, etc.Given food, clothing, equipment, etc.– Crop was harvested and given to owner of Crop was harvested and given to owner of
plantation and he took it to marketplantation and he took it to market• Took out cost of items given to family Took out cost of items given to family • Half of the remaining amount was given back to Half of the remaining amount was given back to
the familythe family
• Became the way of life for most African Became the way of life for most African Americans living in the SouthAmericans living in the South
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Black & White Political Participation
Black & White Political Participation
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Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.
Blacks were politically unprepared.
Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.
The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.
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15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!
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The “Invisible Empire of the South”
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
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The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875
Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.
Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.
Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.
No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!
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The 1868 Republican Ticket
The 1868 Republican Ticket
Presidential Candidate:
Ulysses S. Grant-former Union
Gen.
Vice Presidential Candidate:
Schuyler Colfax-former Speaker
of the House
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The 1868 Democratic Ticket
The 1868 Democratic TicketPresidential
Candidate: Horatio Seymour- former
governor
Vice Presidential Candidate:
Frank Blair- former
Republican-opposed Radical
Reconstruction
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1868 Presidential Election
1868 Presidential Election
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President Ulysses S. GrantPresident Ulysses S. Grant
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1872 Presidential Election
1872 Presidential Election
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Popular Vote for President: 1872
Popular Vote for President: 1872
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The Panic of 1873The Panic of 1873 It raises “the money
question.”
* debtors seek inflationarymonetary policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks.
* creditors, intellectuals support hard money.
1875 Specie Redemption Act.
1876 Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races The “Crime of ’73’!
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Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th
Amendments
Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th
Amendments U. S. vs. Cruickshank (1876) LA white supremacists accused of
attacking a meeting of Blacks & were convicted under the 1870 Enforcement Acts. The Court held that the 14th Amendment
extended the federal power to protect civil rights ONLY in cases involving discrimination by STATES. Therefore, discrimination by individuals or groups
were NOT covered.
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Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th
Amendments
Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th
Amendments Civil Rights Cases (1883)
The Court declared the 1875 Civil Rights Act unconstitutional. The Court held that the 14th Amendment gave
Congress the power to outlaw discriminations by the states, but NOT by private individuals.
Black people must no longer “be the special favorites of the laws.” Therefore, this marked the end of federal attempts to
protect African American rights until well into the 20c!
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Northern Support WanesNorthern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption.
Panic of 1873 [6-yeardepression].
Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.
Key monetary issues:
* should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.
* should war bonds be paid back in specie orgreenbacks.
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1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets
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1876 Presidential Election
1876 Presidential Election
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The Political Crisis of 1877
The Political Crisis of 1877
“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?
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Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877
• Settled the dispute regarding the Election of Settled the dispute regarding the Election of 18761876– Hayes was given the presidency under these Hayes was given the presidency under these
conditions: conditions: • federal troops from the Southfederal troops from the South• Appoint at least one Southern Democrat to cabinetAppoint at least one Southern Democrat to cabinet• Construction of transcontinental railroad to Texas and Construction of transcontinental railroad to Texas and
the Pacificthe Pacific• Pass legislation to help the South recover more from Pass legislation to help the South recover more from
the Civil Warthe Civil War
– Only the first two were carried out Only the first two were carried out
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Hayes PrevailsHayes Prevails
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A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877