President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* “Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction” (December 8, 1863)

* Presidential Pardons to: 1) took loyalty oath to the Union and Constitution & 2) agreed to emancipation.

* When 10% of the voting pop. in the 1860 election were “loyal” the state could be reestablished.

* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan

1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR

* “loyal assemblies”

* They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Many Republicans in

Congress felt Lincoln’s plan too lenient.

Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take oath

“Iron-clad Oath” only non-Confederates could vote only if they never voluntarily aided the rebellion.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

Lincoln “pocket” vetoed it.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

Jeff Davis Under ArrestJeff Davis Under Arrest

13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Slavery abolished.

Congress has the power to enforce it.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) “Bureau of Refugees,

Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands”

Provided food, schooling, and attempted land. “Forty Acres and a mule”?

Headed by General Oliver O. Howard

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

•Established 3,000 schools and several black Colleges - educated 200,000 by 1870

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

President Andrew Johnson

President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian

Democrat.

Anti-Aristocrat.

White Supremacist.

Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.

“Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty with oath to most southerners

Confederate civil and military officers and the wealthy ($20,000 or more in property) had to apply directly to Johnson

States had to ratify 13th Amendment.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

None of the new state constitutions extended voting rights to blacks - result?

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

Johnson the Martyr / Samson

Johnson the Martyr / Samson

““If my blood is to be shed If my blood is to be shed because I vindicate the because I vindicate the Union and the preservation Union and the preservation of this government in its of this government in its original purity and original purity and character, let it be shed; character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and blood that now warms and animates my existence animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union.libation to the Union.”” (February 1866) (February 1866)

“slavery is dead?”“slavery is dead?”

Black CodesBlack Codes Couldn’t own land

“Vagrants” could be arrested and forced into labor

Purpose:

* Guarantee stable labor supply.

* Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

The 1866 Bi-ElectionThe 1866 Bi-Election

Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.

Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.

Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

14th Amendment14th AmendmentLate 1866 (Ratified in July, 1868).

* Citizenship Clause: All persons born or naturalized in U.S. are citizens.

* Due Process Clause: States can’t deny citizen rights, “equal protection” or “due process” to any U.S. citizen

* Disqualified former Confederate political leaders from holding state or fed. office.

* Confederate states must pay off debts.

* Equal Protection Clause: Punished states that denied black suffrage by reducing members of Congress & electoral college

Radical Plan for Readmission

Radical Plan for Readmission Military Reconstruction.

Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress authorized the military to assist enrollment of black voters.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act

* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.

* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

The Balance of Power in Congress

The Balance of Power in Congress

State White Citizens Freedmen

SC 291,000 411,000

MS 353,000 436,000

LA 357,000 350,000

GA 591,000 465,000

AL 596,000 437,000

VA 719,000 533,000

NC 631,000 331,000

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Command of the Army Act

* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.

Tenure of Office Act

* The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.

Edwin Stanton

President Johnson’s Impeachment

President Johnson’s Impeachment

Johnson fired Stanton in February, 1868.

Johnson fired generals who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

“Waving the Bloody Shirt!”

“Waving the Bloody Shirt!”

Republican “Southern Strategy”

“This is a white man’s government”

Cartoonist Thomas Nast

1868 Presidential Election

1868 Presidential Election

What was essential to Grant’s victory in the South?

15th Amendment15th Amendment Passed in 1869 - Ratified in 1870.

The right to vote can’t be denied by the fed or state government “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

The Congress shall enforce it.

Women’s rights groups were furious - why?

Susan B. AnthonyGrrrr!

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of

unprecedented growth and corruption.

* Jay Gould & James Fisk corner the Gold Market “Black Friday ”

* Credit Mobilier Scandal

* Whiskey Ring.

* The “Indian Ring.”

* “Grantism”

The Tweed Ring in NYC

The Tweed Ring in NYC

William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine)

[Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]

The Election of 1872The Election of 1872 Horace Greeley runs

as a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.

“New Departure” Democrats

Greeley attacked as afool and a crank & waved the “bloody shirt” again

Greeley died two weeks after the election

“Whoever says this isn’t a real Elephant is a liar!”

1872 Presidential Election

1872 Presidential Election

The Panic of 1873The Panic of 1873 Sparked by failure of Jay

Cooke & Company & over-speculation of railroads

Lasted 4 years

Raised “the money question.”

* Greenbacks vs. “sound currency”

1875 Specie Resumption Act

1876 Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races The “Crime of ’73’!

Blacks limited successBlacks limited success Reunited with families, many moved to

cities.

Rise of Negro Baptist and American Methodists Episcopal (AME) churches

New black colleges - Howard, Atlanta, Fisk, Morehouse - train black ministers & teachers

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

SharecroppingSharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Black & White Political Participation

Black & White Political Participation

Black Senate & House Delegates

Black Senate & House Delegates

20 blacks served in the House and 2 Senators includingHiram Revels & Blanche Bruce Senators of Mississippi

The Myth of Colored

Rulein the South?

The Myth of Colored

Rulein the South?

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Ku Klux KlanFounded in 1867

*Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 (KKK Acts) - fed troops to stop violenceand protect civil rights.*Grant declared SC “state of lawlessness” *By 1872 KKK in decline

The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Prohibited discrimination

in public transportation, public places (hotels, railroads & theaters) & in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked strong enforcement once troops were gone.

No new civil rights act was attempted for nearly 90 years!

Thaddeus Stevens& Charles Sumner

Return of White RuleReturn of White Rule

Amnesty Act of 1872

The rise of the “Redeemers” or “Bourbon Rule”

By 1876 Democrats regained all ex-confederates except SC, FL & LA.

Northern Support WanesNorthern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption.

Panic of 1873

[worst depression yet].

Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.

Rise of Social Darwinism

1874 Democrats gain House

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets

1876 Presidential Election

1876 Presidential Election

The Political Crisis of 1877

The Political Crisis of 1877

“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877

Republicans: Hayes as presidentDemocrats (& South): end of military Reconstruction,

internal improvements, Southern cabinet member.

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!

Hayes Prevails“His Fraudulency” & “Ruther-fraud Hayes”

Hayes Prevails“His Fraudulency” & “Ruther-fraud Hayes”

Rise of the Jim Crow Rise of the Jim Crow SouthSouth

• Civil Rights CasesCivil Rights Cases of 1873 of 1873 - 14th - 14th Amendment didnAmendment didn’’t protect from t protect from discrimination by private citizensdiscrimination by private citizens

• Plessy vs. FergusonPlessy vs. Ferguson (1896) upheld (1896) upheld segregation on LA railroads segregation on LA railroads ““separate but equalseparate but equal””

• Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws passed in southern passed in southern satessates

• Cumming v. County Board of Ed.Cumming v. County Board of Ed. (1899) segregated schools okay(1899) segregated schools okay

• Disenfranchisement: Disenfranchisement: poll taxespoll taxes, , literacy testsliteracy tests, and , and Grandfather Grandfather ClauseClause & rise of & rise of lynchingslynchings