President EisenhowerPresident EisenhowerAnd the Antarctic TreatyAnd the Antarctic Treaty

Paul Arthur BerkmanPaul Arthur BerkmanHead, Arctic Ocean Geopolitics ProgrammeHead, Arctic Ocean Geopolitics Programme

Scott Polar Research InstituteScott Polar Research InstituteUniversity of CambridgeUniversity of Cambridge

PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURAL ADDRESSPRESIDENTIAL INAUGURAL ADDRESS

Washington, DC – January 20, 1953Washington, DC – January 20, 1953

President Dwight D. EisenhowerPresident Dwight D. Eisenhower

““a day of freedom and of peace a day of freedom and of peace for all mankind”for all mankind”

SCIENCE AS A TOOL OF DIPLOMACYSCIENCE AS A TOOL OF DIPLOMACY

NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL MEETINGSNATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL MEETINGSEISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION (1953-1961)EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION (1953-1961)

Sep 08, 1955 – Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, Antarctica, Iran, …Sep 08, 1955 – Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, Antarctica, Iran, …

Jan 12, 1956 – Stockpiles, Budget, Antarctica, Nuclear WeaponsJan 12, 1956 – Stockpiles, Budget, Antarctica, Nuclear Weapons

Jun 20, 1957 – Nuclear Weapons, Ethiopia, Antarctica, Defense PolicyJun 20, 1957 – Nuclear Weapons, Ethiopia, Antarctica, Defense Policy

Jun 26, 1957 – Antarctica, Libya, Turkey, Defense PolicyJun 26, 1957 – Antarctica, Libya, Turkey, Defense Policy

Mar 06, 1958 – Antarctica, Space Policy, ScientificMar 06, 1958 – Antarctica, Space Policy, Scientific

Aug 07, 1958 – Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, Korea, Antarctica, …Aug 07, 1958 – Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, Korea, Antarctica, …

Dec 10, 1959 – Antarctica, Intercontinental Ballistic MissilesDec 10, 1959 – Antarctica, Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles

“…“…for for peaceful peaceful purposes purposes only…”only…”

CROSSING NATIONAL BOUNDARIESCROSSING NATIONAL BOUNDARIES

BEYOND NATIONAL BOUNDARIESBEYOND NATIONAL BOUNDARIES(International Spaces)(International Spaces)

INEVITABILITY OF BALLISTIC MISSILESINEVITABILITY OF BALLISTIC MISSILES

July 1, 1957 – December 31, 1958July 1, 1957 – December 31, 1958

President Dwight D. EisenhowerPresident Dwight D. Eisenhower

““I propose… To give to each other a complete I propose… To give to each other a complete blueprint of our military establishments… blueprint of our military establishments… ample facilities for aerial reconnaissance… ample facilities for aerial reconnaissance… comprehensive and effective system of comprehensive and effective system of inspection and disarmament...”inspection and disarmament...”

““OPEN SKIES” (FREEDOM OF SPACE) PROPOSALOPEN SKIES” (FREEDOM OF SPACE) PROPOSAL

Geneva – July 21, 1955Geneva – July 21, 1955

First Post-War Summit

FIRST SPACE POLICY OF THE UNITED STATESFIRST SPACE POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES

Washington D.C. – May 20, 1955Washington D.C. – May 20, 1955

National Security Council 5520National Security Council 5520

“…“…a program for a small scientific satellite could be a program for a small scientific satellite could be developed from existing missile programs already developed from existing missile programs already underway within the Department of Defense.” underway within the Department of Defense.”

““The IGY affords an excellent opportunity to mesh a The IGY affords an excellent opportunity to mesh a scientific satellite program with the cooperative world-scientific satellite program with the cooperative world-wide geophysical observational program”wide geophysical observational program”

““Considerable prestige and psychological benefits will Considerable prestige and psychological benefits will accrue to the nation which first is successful in launching accrue to the nation which first is successful in launching a satellite.”a satellite.”

The 4-stage ‘Jupiter C RS-27’ The 4-stage ‘Jupiter C RS-27’ was launched from Redstone was launched from Redstone with the fourth stage with the fourth stage intentionally inactivated. This intentionally inactivated. This rocket attained a range of 3335 rocket attained a range of 3335 miles and an altitude of 682 miles and an altitude of 682 miles and miles and “could have obtained “could have obtained sufficient velocity to place it in sufficient velocity to place it in orbit, if the last stage had been orbit, if the last stage had been activated.”activated.”

Wernher von BraunWernher von Braun

ARMY BALLISTIC MISSILE AGENCY ARMY BALLISTIC MISSILE AGENCY Redstone Arsenal – September 20, 1956Redstone Arsenal – September 20, 1956

SOVIET UNION LAUNCH OF ‘SPUTNIK’ SOVIET UNION LAUNCH OF ‘SPUTNIK’

Earth Orbit – October 4, 1957Earth Orbit – October 4, 1957

INVITATION TO NEGOTIATE AN ANTARCTIC TREATYINVITATION TO NEGOTIATE AN ANTARCTIC TREATY

Washington, DC – May 3, 1958Washington, DC – May 3, 1958

President Dwight D. EisenhowerPresident Dwight D. Eisenhower

““THE UNITED STATES is dedicated to the THE UNITED STATES is dedicated to the principle that the vast uninhabited wastes of principle that the vast uninhabited wastes of Antarctica shall be used only for peaceful purposes. Antarctica shall be used only for peaceful purposes. We do not want Antarctica to become an object of We do not want Antarctica to become an object of political conflict. Accordingly, the United States has political conflict. Accordingly, the United States has invited eleven other countries, including the Soviet invited eleven other countries, including the Soviet Union, to confer with us to seek an effective joint Union, to confer with us to seek an effective joint means of achieving this objective.”means of achieving this objective.”

CONFERENCE ON ANTARCTICACONFERENCE ON ANTARCTICA

Washington, DC (15 October – 1 December 1959)Washington, DC (15 October – 1 December 1959)

ANTARCTIC TREATY

Signed: December 1, 1959Washington, DC (1776 Pennsylvania Avenue)

“…it is in the interest of all mankind that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord; 

…establishment of a firm foundation for the continuation and development of such cooperation on the basis of freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica as applied during the International Geophysical Year…”

DECEMBER 1DECEMBER 1STST

A DAY OF PEACE FOR ALL MANKINDA DAY OF PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND