Presented to: By: Dennis H. Whitley Date: January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration North...
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Transcript of Presented to: By: Dennis H. Whitley Date: January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration North...
Presented to:
By: Dennis H. Whitley
Date: January 31, 2013
Federal AviationAdministration
North Florida FSDO
Loss of Control
Loss of ControlTake Off and LandingsStabilized ApproachesFollowing Procedures
Tampa Designate Pilot Examiners
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DPE WorkshopJan. 31, 2013
A Crosswind Accident?
The pilot lost control after the aircraft touched down on one wheel, swerved sharply, hit several runway lights, left the runway, and came to rest in the airport boundary fence. The winds were at 60-degree crosswind to the runway at 32 kts with gusts to 40.
What caused this accident?
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A Crosswind Accident?
In most cases we will find that inadequate training was a major contributing factor. Even in cases of outside influences or mechanical intervention, training and knowing what to do during an abnormal situation is often overlooked.
What caused this accident?
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Approach and Landing Accidents
TRAINING SUGGESTIONS• Situational Awareness – Contingency plan
for every takeoff and landing.• “Brief” the landing/go-around procedure,
including flaps and airspeeds.• Review Graphs and Tables in the POH.• Teaching the Stabilized Approach - Profile• Practice emergency/evacuation procedures.
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We have a LOSS of Control Problem!
• This airplane lost control on landing when the pilot flared too high and stalled in West Texas.
• He attempted to taxi the airplane to the ramp, and it worked until the nose wheel collapsed.
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Loss of Control
• This “new” private pilot LOST CONTROL when he attempted to land on a public highway to look at an auction site, near Pecos, Texas.
• The crosswind caught him and put him into the ditch and a fence.
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• What Part do you play in all of this??
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Any Landing You Can Walk Away From?
• LandingIt’s a Matter of Risk Management
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Percent of Accidents by Phase of Flight
17% 54%
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Take Off Planning and Briefings
• Plan your take off.– Technical Information
• Runway Length• Density Altitude• Weight and Balance• Contingencies• Alternates• Performance• What If’s
• Other factors include obstructions, night operations, runway conditions and weather.
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DPE WorkshopJan. 31, 2013
Take Off Planning and Briefings
• Brief your take off.– Passengers and Crew (Including SP Ops)
• Passenger Requirements• Departure procedure• Crew Duties• Call Outs• Abort Procedure• Emergency Procedures after takeoff• What do we do in case of ???
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DPE WorkshopJan. 31, 2013
Approach and Landing Accidents
• Over half of all accidents occur during these phases.
• The leading accident factor for takeoffs and landings is loss of control (30.2 % of takeoff accidents and 32.8 % of landing accidents).
• Other factors include obstructions, night operations, runway conditions and weather.
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Landings“Can you identify the Risks?”
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Glide Path/Angle
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Approach and Landing Accidents
• Major Factors To Consider– Lack of Situational Awareness - CFIT– Nonstabilized Approaches– Wind (Direction and Velocity)– Obstructions– Weather – Turbulence,Wind Shear,
Microburst – Runway (Condition, Length, Slope)– Night (Decreased Visibility)
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Why Focus on Landings?
Statistics indicate:
46% Of accidents occurred during the Landing phase of Flight.
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Landings
• Good Approach = Good Landing• Bad Approach = Bad Landing
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Landings
• Good Approach = Good Landing• Bad Approach = Bad Landing
• Period End of Statement !!!!
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Stabilized Approach
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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Stabilized Approach
• FAA Order 8400.10, volume 4, chapter 2, section 3, paragraph 511 discusses stabilized approaches.
• Defines a stabilized approach as maintaining:– Stable speed, – Stable descent rate, – Stable vertical flight paths, – Stable configuration.
VFR- Below 500 ft
IFR- Below 1000 ft
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DPE WorkshopJan. 31, 2013
Stabilized Approach
• Proper airspeed for the segment of the approach • Correct flight path • Correct aircraft configuration for the phase of flight • Appropriate power setting for aircraft configuration • Normal angle and rate of descent for the type of
approach • Minor corrections for pitch and power required to
maintain stabilized approach • Normal bracketing (+/-5°) used to correct for lateral
navigation deviations
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Stabilized Approach
• The Stabilized VFR Approach– On Glide Path, On Airspeed
• Profile –Approach Segment Airspeeds (Vref)– Downwind– Base– Final– Short Final
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IAP Rate of Descent Table
Speed 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
G.S.
2 105 160 210 265 320 370 425 475 530
2.5 130 200 265 330 395 465 530 595 665
3 160 240 320 395 480 555 635 715 795
3.5 185 280 370 465 555 650 740 835 925
4 210 315 425 530 635 740 845 955 1060
4.5 240 355 475 595 715 835 955 1075 1190
5 265 395 530 660 795 925 1060 1190 1325
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V-Ref – Approach Speeds
• Vref = Landing Reference Speed at a point 50 feet above the landing threshold.
• It is not less than 1.3 times the stall speed in the normal landing configuration.
In simple terms.... your final approach speed.
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V-Ref – Approach Speeds• FAR Part 23
– Single engine and Multi Engine < 6000 lbs stall speed =61 kias• Vref=1.3 VSo• 1.3 x 61= 79.3 kias
• C-172 Vso=51• Vref (1.3x51) =66.3
• PA-32 Vso=58• Vref (1.3*58) =75.4
• Meaning-The last 500 ft of descent should approx. 70 Kias.
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V-Ref – Inst. Approach Speeds
A less than 90 90 - 150
C182 - TB20 - C208 - BE35
B 90 - 120 120 - 170
B190 - E120 - AT42 - SF34
AT72- B350 - M20T - DHC8
C 121 - 140 160 - 220
A320 - B717 - B737 - FA50
B757 - CRJ7 - C130 - LR45
D 141 - 165 185 - 220
A225 - A340 - B777 - DC10
MD11 - A330 - L101 - IL86
E 166 - 210 185 - 220 CON
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Stabilized Approach
• Do not change flap position after crossing the Final Approach Fix until the runway is in sight and landing is assured.
• If the requirements for landing from instrument conditions are not met, a missed approach must be executed.
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Landing - Common Errors
Un-stabilized approach.Failure to allow enough room on final to
set up the approach, necessitating an overly steep approach and high sink rate.
Too low on approach resulting in possibly landing short.
Too low an airspeed on final resulting in inability to flare properly and landing hard.
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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Landing - Common Errors(continued)
Too high an airspeed resulting in floating on round out.
Prematurely reducing power to idle on round out resulting in hard landing.
Touchdown with excessive airspeed.Excessive and/or unnecessary braking
after touchdown.Failure to maintain directional control.
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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What about the Crosswind???
• Technique?– Whether “kick or crab”,
proper runway alignment must be maintained!!!
– Upwind wing lowered and runway center line alignment maintained using proper control inputs for the crosswind conditions
– REMEMBER…
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Crosswind Landings
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Crosswind LandingsCommon Errors
Unstabilized approach.
Attempting to land in crosswinds that exceed the airplane’s maximum demonstrated crosswind component.
Inadequate compensation for wind drift on the turn from base leg to final approach, resulting in undershooting or overshooting.
Inadequate compensation for wind drift on final approach.
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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Crosswind LandingsCommon Errors
Failure to compensate for increased drag during sideslip resulting in excessive sink rate and/or too low an airspeed.
Touchdown while drifting.
Excessive airspeed on touchdown resulting in loss of control or excessive braking.
Failure to apply appropriate flight control inputs during rollout.
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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Don’t let the conditions exceed your limits … if you start to get that “uncomfortable” feeling…
• GO AROUND!!
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Go Around From Rejected Landing
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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Go Around Common Errors
Pitch attitude increased excessively resulting in a stall
Applying only partial power
Failure to reconfigure the aircraft (gear and Flaps) for climb
Retracting the flaps too quickly
Elevator trim (excessive forward pressures)
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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Approach and Landing Accidents
MSA figures are extremely helpful!
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Approach and Landing Accidents
landing airportlanding airport
• Know altitude and distance from
• Be aware of your DA or MDA• Pay attention to the MSA
• Know altitude and distance from
• Be aware of your DA or MDA• Pay attention to the MSA
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Approach and Landing Accidents
LESSONS LEARNED• A current pilot and an airworthy aircraft can
get into trouble.• The importance of preflight planning and
preparation.• Night operations require extra planning.• Understand flap configurations.• Manage Your Focus of Attention.• Always fly the aircraft!
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Approach and Landing Accidents
TRAINING SUGGESTIONS• Situational Awareness – Contingency plan
for every takeoff and landing.• “Brief” the landing/go-around procedure,
including flaps and airspeeds.• Review Graphs and Tables in the POH.• Teaching the Stabilized Approach - Profile• Practice emergency/evacuation procedures.
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Approach and Landing Accidents
• Fly some Simulation Time• Practice Approaches• Practice Missed Approaches• Practice Emergency Options• Practice Equipment Expectations
• Practice-Practice-Practice
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Thanks for Having Me!!!