Presented by

Se elex students

Pvppcoe

TYPES OF PULSE MODULATION

Pulse Amplitude Modulation

• Pulse-amplitude modulation, acronym PAM, is a form of signal modulation where the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses.

• Example: A two-bit modulator (PAM-4) will take two bits at a time and will map the signal amplitude to one of four possible levels, for example −3 volts, −1 volt, 1 volt, and 3 volts.

• Demodulation is performed by detecting the amplitude level of the carrier at every symbol period.

Types Of PAM

• There are two types of pulse amplitude modulation:

• 1.Single polarity PAM: In this a suitable fixed dc level is added to the signal to ensure that all the pulses are positive going.

• 2.Double polarity PAM: In this the pulses are both positive and negative going.

• Pulse-amplitude modulation is widely used in baseband transmission of digital data, with non-baseband applications having been largely replaced by pulse-code modulation, and, more recently, by pulse-position modulation.

Use in Ethernet

• Some versions of the Ethernet communication standard are an example of PAM usage.

• In particular, the Fast Ethernet 100BASE-T2 medium (now defunct), running at 100 Mbit/s, uses five-level PAM modulation (PAM-5) running at 25 megapulses/sec over two wire pairs.

• A special technique is used to reduce inter-symbol interference between the unshielded pairs.[citation needed].

• Later, the gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T medium raised the bar to use four pairs of wire running each at 125 megapulses/sec to achieve 1000 Mbit/s data rates, still utilizing PAM-5 for each pair.

Use in photobiology

• The concept is also used for the study of photosynthesis using a PAM fluorometer.

• This specialized instrument involves a spectrofluorometric measurement of the kinetics of fluorescence rise and decay in the light-harvesting antenna of thylakoid membranes, thus querying various aspects of the state of the photosystems under different environmental conditions.

Use in electronic drivers for LED lighting

• Pulse-amplitude modulation has also been developed for the control of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), especially for lighting applications.

• LED drivers based on the PAM technique offer improved energy efficiency over systems based upon other common driver modulation techniques such as pulse-width modulation (PWM) as the forward current passing through an LED is relative to the intensity of the light output and the LED efficiency increases as the forward current is reduced.

• Pulse-amplitude modulation LED drivers are able to synchronize pulses across multiple LED channels to enable perfect colour matching. Due to the inherent nature of PAM in conjunction with the rapid switching speed of LEDs it is possible to use LED lighting as a means of wireless data transmission at high speed.

Pulse Width Modulation

• Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a commonly used technique for controlling power to inertial electrical devices, made practical by modern electronic power switches.

• The PWM switching frequency has to be much faster than what would affect the load, which is to say the device that uses the power.

• The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low.

• PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.

Types of PWM

• Three types of pulse-width modulation (PWM) are possible:

• The pulse center may be fixed in the center of the time window and both edges of the pulse moved to compress or expand the width.

• The lead edge can be held at the lead edge of the window and the tail edge modulated.

• The tail edge can be fixed and the lead edge modulated.

Principle

• Pulse-width modulation uses a rectangular pulse wave whose pulse width is modulated resulting in the variation of the average value of the waveform.

• The simplest way to generate a PWM signal is the intersective method, which requires only a sawtooth or a triangle waveform (easily generated using a simple oscillator) and a comparator

• When the value of the reference signal (the red sine wave in figure 2) is more than the modulation waveform (blue), the PWM signal (magenta) is in the high state, otherwise it is in the low state.

Applications

Telecommunications

• In telecommunications, the widths of the pulses correspond to specific data values encoded at one end and decoded at the other.

• Pulses of various lengths (the information itself) will be sent at regular intervals (the carrier frequency of the modulation).

• The inclusion of a clock signal is not necessary, as the leading edge of the data signal can be used as the clock if a small offset is added to the data value in order to avoid a data value with a zero length pulse.

Power delivery

• PWM can be used to control the amount of power delivered to a load without incurring the losses that would result from linear power delivery by resistive means.

• Potential drawbacks to this technique are the pulsations defined by the duty cycle, switching frequency and properties of the load.

• With a sufficiently high switching frequency and, when necessary, using additional passive electronic filters, the pulse train can be smoothed and average analog waveform recovered.

Voltage regulation

• PWM is also used in efficient voltage regulators.

• By switching voltage to the load with the appropriate duty cycle, the output will approximate a voltage at the desired level. The switching noise is usually filtered with an inductor and a capacitor. ne method measures the output voltage.

• When it is lower than the desired voltage, it turns on the switch. When the output voltage is above the desired voltage, it turns off the switch.

Audio effects and amplification

• PWM is sometimes used in sound (music) synthesis, in particular subtractive synthesis, as it gives a sound effect similar to chorus or slightly detuned oscillators played together.

• he ratio between the high and low level is typically modulated with a low frequency oscillator, or LFO.

• In addition, varying the duty cycle of a pulse waveform in a subtractive-synthesis instrument creates useful timbral variations.

Applications for RF communications

• Narrowband RF (radio frequency) channels with low power and long wavelengths (i.e., low frequency) are affected primarily by flat fading, and PPM is better suited than M-FSK to be used in these scenarios.

• One common application with these channel characteristics, first used in the early 1960s, is the radio control of model aircraft, boats and cars.

• PPM is employed in these systems, with the position of each pulse representing the angular position of an analogue control on the transmitter, or possible states of a binary switch.

• The number of pulses per frame gives the number of controllable channels available.

• The advantage of using PPM for this type of application is that the electronics required to decode the signal are extremely simple, which leads to small, light-weight receiver/decoder units.

• Servos made for model radio control include some of the electronics required to convert the pulse to the motor position – the receiver is merely required to demultiplex the separate channels and feed the pulses to each servo.

• More sophisticated R/C systems are now often based on pulse-code modulation, which is more complex but offers greater flexibility and reliability.

• Pulse position modulation is also used for communication to the ISO/IEC 15693 contactless smart card as well as the HF implementation of the EPC Class 1 protocol for RFID tags.

Pulse Position Modulation

• Pulse-position modulation (PPM) is a form of signal modulation in which M message bits are encoded by transmitting a single pulse in one of possible time-shifts

• One of the key difficulties of implementing this technique is that the receiver must be properly synchronized to align the local clock with the beginning of each symbol. Therefore, it is often implemented differentially as differential pulse-position modulation, whereby each pulse position is encoded relative to the previous, such that the receiver must only measure the difference in the arrival time of successive pulses.

• It is possible to limit the propagation of errors to adjacent symbols, so that an error in measuring the differential delay of one pulse will affect only two symbols, instead of affecting all successive measurements.

Illustration of PAM, PWM and PPM(a) is input (information) signal

Time division multiplexing of two PAM signals

Effects of noise on pulses(a) effect on PAM only for ideal pulses(b) effect on PWM & PPM for practical

pulses

Natural sampling in t- and f-domains

Flat topped sampling (PAM) in t- and f-domains

A definition of baseband and bandpass signals

Relationship between PAM, quantised PAM and PCM signals

Input/output SNR for PCM

Delta PCM transmitter and receiver

Quantisation error interpreted as noise, i.e. gq(t) = g(t) + q(t)

THANK YOU