Presentations on Use of ICT for Development and Social Protection: Drivers, Constraints and Best...

8/18/2019 Presentations on Use of ICT for Development and Social Protection: Drivers, Constraints and Best Practice and Identity Management, Cyber Security and Social Protection

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Asian Development Bank

March 2016

Dr. John UreDirector, TRPC Ltd (Singapore)

Associate Professor and Director of the TRPSocial Science Research Centre

University of Hong Kong

www.trpc.biz

ICT and Social Protection

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Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflectthe views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they

represent. ADB Does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in the presentation and accepts no responsibilityfor any consequence of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.

http://www.trpc.biz/http://www.trpc.biz/


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Agenda

Focus – social insurance, social assurance andlabour markets

ICTs – nature of their adoption/applications andhow to classify them = taxonomy

ICT applications – how are ICTs being adoptedand with what results, databases, costs and

benefits?Role of ID – different approaches

Lessons – who is doing what and why?

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ICTs and social protection

• A simple key point: national policies,demographics and finances are the keydrivers – ICTs are ways to administer,monitor and evaluate social protectionprojects and programmes

o But… ICTs (online, social media, etc.)empower citizens by opening up

information and social engagement whichcan influence policies and resourcesdevoted to social protection

• Very little systematic internationalresearch: still early days…

• Most ICT adoption up-to-date has a single service focus: butintegration of databases to support them is growing, increasesefficiency, reduces duplications, etc.

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Terminology and Taxonomy

• Different ways to Identify classes of ICTs, usages andimpacts: typically some combination of…

Technical/incremental: usually refers to ICTs that automate orreplace manual routines/paper work with digital technologies

Sustained: usually refers to the adoption of ICTs that bring aboutlong-term organizational/administrative improvements in efficiency,

accuracy, targeting, etc.

Disruptive : usually refers to a fundamental restructuring in the wayprojects and programmes are organized, a shift of ‘ownership’, etc.

Radical: beyond disruptive? a shift in stakeholder influence?

Transformative: totally

radical? a wholesale change in approach?

1. Technical3. Sustained5. Radical

2. Incremental4. Disruptive6. Transformative

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Still early days for comprehensive ICT adoption

• ICTs have been around for decades: but universal industrystandards have taken time to evolve and to be adopted, holdingback…

o Full interconnectivity of networks

o Full interoperability over networks of apps

• Backend digital technologies evolving quickly: systemsarchitectures need to evolve incrementally in a modular way toensure…

o Different parts of IT systems from different vendors need tocommunicate with each and share data, programmes and apps

o Upgrading is a relatively easy and less costly process

• Frontend user technologies evolving quickly: smart devices,Internet-of-Things (IoT),etc., are opening up new opportunities forradical technology adoption

• Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) embraces both ends5


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Therefore still early days for research studies

• The BIG picture: social protection as development policy (preventing poverty) vs. social protection asinstrumental for poverty relief (addressing poverty)o ITC4D is about promoting economic growth and social inclusion

= policy driven/vision oriented/goals to be achieved

o ICT4SP is more about efficient streamlining of registrations,assessments and deliverables = needs driven/outputoriented/targets measured

• Most detailed research by international institutions:

World Bank, ADB, European Commission, ISSA, etc. o But many over-lapping agencies concerned with social

protection: eg’s UNDP, OCHA, UNICEF, ESCAP, ILO, WHO…

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And still very early days for the complete vision

• Fully-integrated back, middle and front-end systems:embracing databases, Big Data analytics, ERM, MIS,CRM, etc. – all systems digital to give holistic overview.

• Cross-cutting departments within an agency

• Cross-cutting government agencies

• Cross-cutting NGO and private sector partners

• Integrating pro-active engagement with beneficiaries

• Integrating self-help by recipients (use of smart devices, etc.)

Note: ICTs free up staff to focus on services

• Cloud services: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS…. XaaS to provideubiquitous access; with different rights of access

• But!... Is sharing of data allowed between agencieswithout permissions? How secure are the systems?

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An ongoing European Community study is oneof the most comprehensive

• An EC-JRC Technical Report (2015) study(1) = the firststeps towards a comprehensive review across the EU ofICTs in social protection (SP) programmeso ‘the first exercise of its kind ever conducted by the EC directly”

o The paper is the first draft of an ongoing in-depth study(1) http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/EAP/documents/20150206_IESI_D121_DRAFT_V20_JRC-IPTS_DEF.pdf

• Methodology: the choose 50 from an inventory of 100integrated approaches to SP project initiatives according

the criteria of:o Policy relevance

o ICT-enabled innovation

o Evidence of outcomes

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http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/EAP/documents/20150206_IESI_D121_DRAFT_V20_JRC-IPTS_DEF.pdfhttp://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/EAP/documents/20150206_IESI_D121_DRAFT_V20_JRC-IPTS_DEF.pdfhttp://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/EAP/documents/20150206_IESI_D121_DRAFT_V20_JRC-IPTS_DEF.pdfhttp://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/EAP/documents/20150206_IESI_D121_DRAFT_V20_JRC-IPTS_DEF.pdf


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Summary of findings of the EC study

• Main focus of the initiatives = promoting efficiency and cost savingsvia (i) cross-sector collaboration/integration, (ii) innovation in thedelivery of services to beneficiaries

• Most initiatives “address mainly one policy or problem area of

the target group within an individual social service”

• But many initiatives aim to transform “how individuals interfacewith social service providers” through the design of integratedapproaches… “electronic user records, the use of data analytics

and interoperable technologies that enable the at-riskbeneficiaries and a better understanding of service use.”

• “The one-stop shop model of integrated service delivery isemerging as a trend…”

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Summary of EU initiatives

Initiatives

72%

46% 34%

Most

51%

43%

Focus and character

Labour markets/helping young peopleintegrate into society

Help individuals throughout their lives Modernising SP systems

Show “an elevated integration of

services”

Organizational/sustained

Disruptive/radical/transformative

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EU findings: the integration of services improvesoutcomes by…

Operational/Organizational

• Enhances efficiency byreducing costs

• Increases capacity andvalue for money

• Improves strategicplanning and system

integrity• Reduces the demand for

emergency services.

Beneficiaries

• Provides simplifiedaccess

• Provides holistic andcustomised support

• Faster response times

• Improved user

experience

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Some key benefits of database integration

1. Informed policy-making;generate reports

2. Coherent and consistentpolicy making acrossgovernment

3. Eradicates duplication andreduces fraud

4. Provides each agency with aholistic view of every

recipient/beneficiary5. Speeds up search and

processing, does away withpaper-work = error reduction

6. Enables use of analyticssoftware for estimations,forecasts, calculations, etc.

7. Potential ubiquitous accessthrough secure networks andGovt/ hybrid or encrypted publicclouds

8. Can be made interoperablewith agency mid-stream SWprogrammes

9. Can give partitioned accessto recipients

10. Can promote self-service byrecipients/ beneficiaries

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Some key costs of database integration

1. Capex set-up costs,maintenance, upgrades andcosts of opex

2. Data collection, cleaning,formatting, especially frompaper-based or legacy ITsystems

3. Cross-government agencyadoption, installation, budgets

4. Staff IT skills, training costs,resource redeployments

5. Legality of data sharing,privacy legislation, etc.

6. Security issues, firewalls,detection systems, etc.

7. Costs of fibre networks

8. Costs of alignment of agency

sub-systems for inter-operability9. Costs of designing anddeveloping new user-friendlyinterfaces for fixed and wirelessdevices

10. Costs of outreach facilitiessuch as e-Kiosks, mobilenetworks, WiFi hotspots, tele-centres, etc.

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Database Info

• Databases and their integration lie at theheart of ICT4SP

For transactions

For operational analytics

To link with frontend systems

As the central item of cost

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Sequence of data ingest to data warehouse

Data Ingest

Extract, Transform,Load

Data ResourceManagement System

Multiple Servers(local or online)

Enterprise DataWarehouse

• Data input manually or electronically from other device

• ETL for Standardization – standard formatting, spelling, numbering,sequencing of data record, etc., prior to loading it into a database

• DRMS allocates the data to storage according to pre-set algorithms,periodically defragmenting the storage to maximize the spaceavailable for new data ingests

• Local database storage of data in data marts which may be in manydifferent geographical locations spread across the country

• EWD Matching – software spots different entries that appear rathersimilar, such as 100% the same, 75%, 60%, etc., for furtherinspection

Stage 2

Stage 3

• EWD Relational – persons A and B may have commoncharacteristics, e.g. live same house, are married to each other, oneis the child of the other, etc

• Transactional checks – ‘Big Data’ stored over 10 or 15 years or morecan be checked for trends, multiple UIDs, systematic financialleakages, etc


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Database Basics

For non-specialists involved in the budgeting and policy decisions

• Structured/Unstructured Data : Structured - For operational-analytical purposes, either

relational databases or programmes that can manage toestablish relationships across unstructured data.

Unstructured - For transactional purposes

• Structured Query Language : SQL originated with IBM which later became part of Oracle

products. Anopen-source standard programming language for

relational databases.

• Hypertext Preprocessor - PHP : widely used programming language for websites, free to

download and works with most operating systems


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Database Basics

• Family of SQL Databases

SQL• designed for

largerelationaloperationalanalytics

MySQL• designed

for use inweb-basedapplications

NoSQL• does not use

SQL, used fornon-relationaldatabases thatis not organizedin a tabularstructure

NewSQL

• SQL-basedrelationaldatabases butable to handledata from non-relationaldatabases such

as NoSQL


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• Open Source software:

Costs reduction for open source software and off-the-shelf(‘commodity’) hardware. Additional customisation of software

is usually required for enterprise and government purposes.

Database Basics

• Proprietary software:more expensive, but often come with many services. Care

needs to be taken that the programmes and applications areinter-operable and compatible with other parts of the ICTsystem from different vendors

• Single/distributed: data can be housed within a single database or distributed

across many in different locations. A secure high-speed(broadband) network is required to link them, and a distributedprocessing framework is required to use them


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• Scale/scope:

the scale of the data to be handled by social protectionprogrammes will depend upon population size and the scopeof the programmes involved.

a) medium or large in quantityb) relational by design

c) distributed across different databases A central master database is desirable against which localdatabases can be updated and cross-checked for the validityof their entries

Database Basics

• Cleansed/standardized: data needs to be a cleansed and standardized before it canbe centralized.

Problems arise during ingest process, consolidating all thedata into one central national reference database


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Database Basics

Hadoop:

An open sourcesoftwaredeveloped by the

Apache SoftwareFoundation using

the HadoopDistributed FileSystem (HDFS) which enables theresourcemanagement of

data in manydifferent formatsand from manydifferent sources

Hadoop 2: uses a resource management

operating platform called YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator) thatallows a multitude of programmes torun on top of Hadoop, including SQL(SQL-on-Hadoop).

can aggregate structured/unstructuredand single/distributed data andcleanse/standardize it in the process


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• Power and resource management:

Powerful tools that speed the data processing and analytics, suchas Oracle Database and recent iterations of IBM’s DB2 family ofdatabase products which use the BLU (Big data, Lightening fast,Ultra easy) enhancement

Database Basics

• Database in the cloud: a private cloud computing network houses the data warehouse onservers that are accessed over an Intranet

This might consist of a mix of(i) offline office-based servers(ii) online servers connected terrestrially by optical fibre cables(iii) a data warehouse accessed through a government-owned and

managed Intranet cloud(iv) part of that data warehouse containing public information

becoming accessible in the public cloud over the Internet


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Ballpark costs of databases and their environment

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Typical “environment” System requirements

Ballpark costs(after discounts

on list prices)

• The production or EDW system Database system using SQL USD400k upwards

• Redundancy/disaster managementrecovery

Duplicate of the EDW that must be in asecure and non-contiguous location andwell connected by infrastructure

USD400k upwards

• Test system for any newly installed

hardware or software

All additional hardware and software needs

to be fully tested for malware and softwareglitches

USD100k upwards

• Development environment tocustomise the hardware andsoftware and applications by asystems integrator

Customised hardware and software needsto be designed

USD100k upwards

• Systems integrator and servicesprovider to customise the databasesystem

Unless systems adaptation can be handledentirely in-house, a specialist vendor isrequired

USD500k upwards

• Entire system Needs to be scaled up according to size ofenterprise or organizations

USD1.5 millionupwards


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Integrated databases and the budget

• Very difficult to compare costs across countries

Source: Oxford Policy Management ‘Key aspects to consider when setting up an integrated systemfor data and information management… and international best practice’ Development Pathways,

Jakarta Workshop, March 2015

System components andinfrastructure

Costs

Implementation costs US$02 – 9 million annually

Data collection costs US$4-14 per applicant

Development and infrastructure costs US$1 – 5 million

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Early examples go way back

Source: Knut Leipold (World Bank) ‘ICT in Social Protection’, 2001 24


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World Bank summary of costs



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World Bank summary of benefits



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Examples from Africa

• Examples abound of ICTs being used to streamline processes andprovide multi-access channels – but in the case of projects and fieldtrails how to scale them up?

• ISSA (2015) ‘In Africa, using new technologies to improve the

delivery for social security’ lists examples from…

Examples: (i) electronic filings of employers’ contribution to socialinsurance in Mauritius reduced staff requirements from 35 to 7; (ii)enhanced social security payments system in Côte d’Ivoire cuttransactions costs per insured recipient by 77%; (iii) in Tanzania,electronic systems allow Parastatal Pensioners services access 24x7

•

AlgeriaCameroonCôte d’Ivoire

EgyptGhanaMauritania

MauritiusMoroccoSwaziland

TanzaniaTunisiaUganda

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Examples from Asia and Pacific

• ISSA (2012) ‘ Asia and the Pacific : Addressing complex needsthrough innovative and proactive social security’ lists examples from…

• Some examples:

Collect insurance contributions electronically (Malaysia, Philippines,

Sri Lanka, Thailand) Hotlines, one-stop shops, help-desks and 24/7 online service availability

(Bhutan, Kuwait, Nepal, Saudi Arabia)

Improve outreach, delivery of services with online/SMS and home visits(Jordon, Kiribati, New Zealand)

BhutanFijiIndia

Jordon

KiribatiKuwaitMalaysia

Nepal

New ZealandPhilippinesSaudi Arabia

SingaporeSri LankaThailand

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Example from Brazil

• Brazil: the Directorate of the National Social Security (DIRAT/INSS)has introduced a planning process to mainstream the streamlining ofSP. This includes…

INSS introduced a Service by Appointment Program using toll-freenumbers to a national call centre, which includes enquires advice =

reduce physical queuing Electronic records replaced paper allowing front-end staff to check

payments due to beneficiaries = “the benefits granting process can be

carried out in 30 minutes – in contrast to weeks or months requiredin the recent past” (EJISDC 2011, ‘ICT-driven public servicetransformation of social security systems …’)

Two biggest banks linked to the social insurance electronic database toenable ATM-SP withdrawals

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Example from Brazil

• Brazil: mainstreaming began 2006 …. average time in grantingbenefits (Baroni and Montagner, 2009)

• Cross-border data transfers: another important feature is integration withthe social security systems of neighbouring MERCORSUR countries underthe International Agreement System in Social Security (SIACI) since2008 to replace paper information exchange = system of digitalcertificates to ensure security and confidentiality

Benefits 2007 2009

Retirement 69 days 17 days

Widows 21 days 12 days

Maternity leave 41 days 29 days

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Example from Belgium

• Crossroads Bank for Social Security - coordinates servicefinances for e-Govt across Belgium’s social sector

(https://www.ksz-bcss.fgov.be/binaries/documentation/en/cbss_2014_def_web.pdf )

• Examples of savings

Combines electronic data collection, contributions and paymentsfrom public and private sectors

Rationalization of the information exchange process betweenemployers and the social sector implies annual admin annual

savings of around €1.7 billion (about US$1.9 billion) foremployers

Mandatory declarations by foreign employees and self-employed(500,000 annually) via integrated electronic deliver service =process time down from 7 days to 5 minutes

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https://www.ksz-bcss.fgov.be/binaries/documentation/en/cbss_2014_def_web.pdfhttps://www.ksz-bcss.fgov.be/binaries/documentation/en/cbss_2014_def_web.pdfhttps://www.ksz-bcss.fgov.be/binaries/documentation/en/cbss_2014_def_web.pdfhttps://www.ksz-bcss.fgov.be/binaries/documentation/en/cbss_2014_def_web.pdfhttps://www.ksz-bcss.fgov.be/binaries/documentation/en/cbss_2014_def_web.pdf


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ADB ICT-related projectsSocial protection comes within Public Sector Management (18%)

Source: http://www.adb.org/sectors/ict/main

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http://www.adb.org/sectors/ict/mainhttp://www.adb.org/sectors/ict/main


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ADB Monitoring and Evaluation ADB (2013) An Evaluation of the Electronic Pension Payment System in Tajikistan

• In 2012 an electronics pensions payments system in 15 of 68districts introduced using plastic cards issued by the Amonatbankfor use at POS/ATM terminals

• Typical M&E problem = lack of hard data on costs and benefits “In the absence of quantitative information and reports on changes in

costs, these interviews were essential for evaluating the qualitativeimpacts that the system had on the various parties.”

Sample group: 65% used Amonatbank ATMs; 24% still used cashiers;15% used POS;


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ADB Monitoring and Evaluation ADB (2013) An Evaluation of the Electronic Pension Payment System in Tajikistan

ADB assessment:

Amonatbank’s operating costs reduced by eliminating manualverification, processing and reconciliation of pension paymentdocuments for 1/3rd of all pensioners

Amonatbank’s investments in ATMs and POS can bring inadditional revenues from the bank’s over 400,000 card holders

The electronic pension payment system has positive effects for

pensioners in terms of convenience and wait times.

Not all pensioners benefitted, especially for some in ruralareas who experienced increased wait and travel times.

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Some obvious constraints in the use of ICTs

Service administration

Poor telecoms/Internetnetworks – public or Govt.(unified communications)

broadband networks required Tamper-proof systems –

fraud by ID theft, hacking,duplication, etc.

Reliable national ID system –

biometrics preferred forverification purposes;acceptable alternativedocumentation to be defined

Service delivery

Poor telecoms /Internetnetworks – mobile networkseasier and cheaper to build

and to use; other technologiessuch as TVWS, WiFi, etc.

Illiteracy among recipients – mobile and web apps that usesymbols can help

Delivery points – a localsystem of banks, ATMs, POs,bank agents, NGOs, etc., forcash and credit transfers

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Asian Development Bank

October 2015

Dr. John UreDirector, TRPC Ltd (Singapore)

Associate Professor and Director of the TRP

Social Science Research Centre

University of Hong Kong

www.trpc.biz

ICTs and National ID

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http://www.trpc.biz/http://www.trpc.biz/


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ID Overview

• National ID systems and how to build and manage them

• ID types and technologies

• Examples from Pakistan, Columbia, India and Peru

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ID classification by ethnicity, caste, religion, etc., can andhas been used for discrimination and “cleansing”


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Identify: Legal, Registered and NationalCivil Registration and Vital Statistics Agenda (CRVS) http://www.globalsummitoncrvs.org/

• The critical issue = Legal identity Without it no contractual arrangements such as property rights,

bank loans and mortgages, etc.

How to assign rights of access to SP programmes without it?

Dependent upon charities and NGOs without it• Registration is essential for legal identify

WB estimates 1.8 billion people unregistered (>1/3 children)

• Registration necessary but not sufficient for National ID

Functional ID vs. Foundational ID• National ID is sufficient but not necessary for legal

identity Example, UK has no National ID but close to 100% legal identity

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National ID

See also Robert Palacios, ‘Social protection delivery systems with a focus in identification’ World

Bank, 2014

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National Identify SystemsTarget #16.9 of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals

“Provide legal identity to all, including birth registration, by 2030”

• #16.9: A legal identity confers human rights, and the achievement of atleast 10 SD goals… :

Social protection, including for the most vulnerable;

Assistance in dealing with shocks and disasters;

Equal rights to economic resources, including property and finance;

Empowerment of women; Improvements in maternal and child health;

Coverage by vaccines and similar treatments;

Improving energy efficiency and eliminating harmful energy subsidies;

Child protection, including the ending of harmful child labour;

Reducing remittance costs; and

Reducing corruption, fighting crime and terrorism and strengthening and improvingthe equity of fiscal policy

• World Banks’ ID4D Working Group established 2014

See http://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goals

A rather mixed bag, but some outcomes lead to others

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http://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goalshttp://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/sdg-target-focusing-identification-critical-supporting-achievement-post-2015-development-goals


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How to…

How to obtain a Unique

National Identifier

1. Registrations necessary but not sufficient, needs

something unique to that person2. A unique common identifier is the only way to

enable cross-checking of databases

How to achieve

universal coverage

1. National campaigns, local authorities, NGOs and

donors, etc.2. Unregistered maybe because Overlooked, lack of capacity, end of the

queue, hidden from view, inaccessiblelocations, resistance, etc.

Excluded by policies or prejudices on grounds

of ethnic and social minorities, gender, sexualorientation, political leanings, etc.

Corruption (e.g., require a bribe) orincompetence

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How to…

How to authenticate,

de-duplicate, monitorfor updates

1. Inspections and check-ups

2. Cross-reference to other agency databases3. Use of algorithms to identify duplicates and

suspiciously similar registrations or ‘ghost’

registrations4. Identify unclaimed benefits, database records of

the deceased, or those who have migrated,

those who cease to quality, etc.5. Penalties for fraud, misrepresentation and

especially corruption

How to integrate all SPsystem databases

1. Clean-up all data around UNIDs to ensure inter-operability

2. Link databases sequentially, one at a time,testing each time

3. Use systems integrator professionals

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ID card types and technologies

Types Uses

1. Foundational 1. Typically NID

2. Functional 2. Purpose specific; may be sponsored

3. Offline/online 3. May require additional information, password, etc.

4. Biometric/smartcards make

ID theft moredifficult

4. Is there a better alternative? Technology improves, becomes cheaper and mobile

Uses unique features of individuals Smartcards can be linked to multiple services Easy database systems management Difficult but not impossible to synthetically replicate Raises the costs of data loss through hacking, etc.

5. Standards 1. Only international standard requirement is set by the

International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO)2. For cross-border services and data exchange, regional if not

global standards are needed3. Use global standards for smartcard/ biometrics = lower cost,

easier to maintain, and easier to update

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Source: Alan Gelb and Julia Clark Center for Global Development, Bangalore 201244


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Pakistan’s National Database and Registration Authority (ICAO HQ, Montreal, Canada, 2012)

Shows development of ID use from identify to access to services

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Source: Pakistan NDRA 201246


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Cards and costs: Columbia, Indian and Peru

• Columbia’s SISBEN vulnerability and identification system for socialassistance

Database of > 70% pop = ID data + vulnerability index + software toindex each household in need

Local door-to-door ID survey $4-5 per head

http://www.social-protection.org/gimi/gess/RessourcePDF.action?ressource.ressourceId=51857

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India’s Aadhaar Card

Functional card

• RSBY card (RashtriyaSwasthya Bima Yojana inHindi means "National Health

Insurance Programme“) Cashless insurance for the poor

$2-3 per head

Foundational card

• Aadhaar card

Linked to new bank accounts forthe poor for direct SP payments

$3-4 per head50


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Peru’s RENIEC Children Identification cycle

2013: UN PublicService Award – by2012 around 95% ofPeru’s 10 million

children had an ID

• Carlos Reyna Izaguirre Presentation: ‘National ID Card forPeruvian children: Impact on human rights and development’

• Costs: standard $10.3; coastal $21.8; mountains $42.1;Jungle $79.8 (see Palacios, WB 2014)

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Thank You

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