Assignment 6. The Assignment 6. The European Colonial European Colonial

Empires Empires Monika AhmadiMonika Ahmadi

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SpainSpain Spain is a very interesting country Spain is a very interesting country

and has much history behind its and has much history behind its geography, population, society, geography, population, society, culture and much more. Many of culture and much more. Many of this history can be based on its this history can be based on its people and their rich taste and people and their rich taste and flavor in music and foods. Their flavor in music and foods. Their history also shows us that from history also shows us that from Spain originated many cultures Spain originated many cultures that made many different that made many different countries we know today. Spain’s countries we know today. Spain’s dances are also popular and still dances are also popular and still carried on today. Spain is carried on today. Spain is surrounded by France and surrounded by France and Portugal. Its size is slightly more Portugal. Its size is slightly more than twice of Oregon. Spain’s than twice of Oregon. Spain’s major problems are pollution of major problems are pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification. deforestation; desertification.

SpainSpain Spain is one of the world’s Spain is one of the world’s

leading tourist countries. leading tourist countries. Many people visit exciting Many people visit exciting sights such as the sights such as the Mediterranean beaches Mediterranean beaches and islands, the rocky and islands, the rocky Atlantic coast, and castles Atlantic coast, and castles and churches in historic and churches in historic Spanish cities. Most of Spanish cities. Most of Spain is a high, dry plateau Spain is a high, dry plateau called the Meseta. Hills and called the Meseta. Hills and mountains rise throughout mountains rise throughout the Meseta, and north of it the Meseta, and north of it a mountain barrier extends a mountain barrier extends across the peninsula. across the peninsula.

SpainSpain In the A.D. 700’s, Moors In the A.D. 700’s, Moors

conquered most of Spain. conquered most of Spain. They held control for They held control for Hundreds of years. In the Hundreds of years. In the 1000’s, the Spanish people 1000’s, the Spanish people began to drive the Moors began to drive the Moors from the country. The from the country. The Spaniards finally defeated Spaniards finally defeated the Moors in 1492. That the Moors in 1492. That same year, Christopher same year, Christopher Columbus, who was sailing in Columbus, who was sailing in Spanish ships, reached Spanish ships, reached America. Columbus’ voyage America. Columbus’ voyage touched off a great age of touched off a great age of Spanish exploration and Spanish exploration and conquest. The Spaniards conquest. The Spaniards built an empire that included built an empire that included much of western South much of western South America and southern North America and southern North America. America.

SpainSpain The economies of Cuba and The economies of Cuba and

Puerto Rico are very similar Puerto Rico are very similar during the 16th, 17th, and during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. As Spain 18th centuries. As Spain colonized these two islands in colonized these two islands in the 16th century under the the 16th century under the idea that gold was abundant. idea that gold was abundant. Thus in turn the islands Thus in turn the islands became a safe port for Spain became a safe port for Spain and her vessels. It also set out and her vessels. It also set out to be a huge migration from to be a huge migration from the Spain to the islands, the Spain to the islands, because everyone was set to because everyone was set to search for gold. . This turned search for gold. . This turned out to be short lived as the out to be short lived as the mining of gold peaked in 1517 mining of gold peaked in 1517 till 1819. By Spain using Cuba till 1819. By Spain using Cuba and Puerto Rico for mining and Puerto Rico for mining gold they needed slave gold they needed slave laborers as the local Indians. laborers as the local Indians.

SpainSpain The Indians soon became The Indians soon became

unsatisfied with their new unsatisfied with their new conditions of living, they became conditions of living, they became hostile and many not able to cope hostile and many not able to cope with being slaves committed with being slaves committed suicide and genocide. By 1540 – suicide and genocide. By 1540 – 1550 silver was discovered in 1550 silver was discovered in Mexico and Peru. As Spain found Mexico and Peru. As Spain found its’ new source of income in its’ new source of income in Mexico and Peru, it left Cuba and Mexico and Peru, it left Cuba and Puerto Rico to literally fend for Puerto Rico to literally fend for themselves. By the 1590’s their themselves. By the 1590’s their economy began to prosper by economy began to prosper by cattle breeding and farming as cattle breeding and farming as this lead to new jobs on the this lead to new jobs on the islands. This new slow and uneven islands. This new slow and uneven growth led supplies to be more growth led supplies to be more expensive.expensive.

SpainSpain

By the 17th century the By the 17th century the cabildos began to govern cabildos began to govern migration, basically they migration, basically they stopped migration. The stopped migration. The Spanish government Spanish government implemented regulation implemented regulation and restrictions, which in and restrictions, which in demand increased prices demand increased prices and taxes. As a result, and taxes. As a result, many began to use the many began to use the black market in order to black market in order to purchase contraband. purchase contraband.

SpainSpain

At this time agriculture also developed and At this time agriculture also developed and farming expanded with sugar, coffee and farming expanded with sugar, coffee and tobacco crops.tobacco crops.

PortugalPortugal Under King Emanuel, Under King Emanuel,

Portuguese power reached its Portuguese power reached its height. From 1497 to 1499 height. From 1497 to 1499 Vasco da Gama made the first Vasco da Gama made the first voyage to India following the voyage to India following the route discovered by Dias, and route discovered by Dias, and inaugurated a lucrative trade inaugurated a lucrative trade in spices and other luxuries in spices and other luxuries between Europe and South between Europe and South Asia. Led by Afonso de Asia. Led by Afonso de Albuquerque, the Portuguese Albuquerque, the Portuguese occupied Goa, India, in 1510, occupied Goa, India, in 1510, Malacca (now Melaka, Malacca (now Melaka, Malaysia) in 1511, the Malaysia) in 1511, the Moluccas (in present-day Moluccas (in present-day Indonesia) in 1512-14, and Indonesia) in 1512-14, and Hormuz Island in the Persian Hormuz Island in the Persian Gulf in 1515. During the same Gulf in 1515. During the same period they opened up trade period they opened up trade with China and established with China and established relations with Ethiopia. relations with Ethiopia.

PortugalPortugal As other Portuguese kings had done, As other Portuguese kings had done,

Emanuel dreamed of uniting Portugal Emanuel dreamed of uniting Portugal and Spain under his rule and and Spain under his rule and successively married two daughters of successively married two daughters of King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I. King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I. Under pressure from his Spanish Under pressure from his Spanish relations, he followed their example by relations, he followed their example by expelling Jews and Muslims from his expelling Jews and Muslims from his domains in 1497, thus depriving domains in 1497, thus depriving Portugal of much of its middle class. Portugal of much of its middle class. His son, John III, promoted the His son, John III, promoted the settlement of Brazil and (again settlement of Brazil and (again influenced by the example of Spain) influenced by the example of Spain) introduced (1536) the Inquisition into introduced (1536) the Inquisition into Portugal to enforce religious Portugal to enforce religious uniformity. By the time he died in uniformity. By the time he died in 1557, Portugal had begun to decline as 1557, Portugal had begun to decline as a political and commercial power. This a political and commercial power. This trend continued under King Sebastian, trend continued under King Sebastian, who was killed during another who was killed during another expedition against Morocco in 1578. expedition against Morocco in 1578. On the death of his successor, King On the death of his successor, King Henry, in 1580, the Aviz dynasty came Henry, in 1580, the Aviz dynasty came to an end.to an end.

PortugalPortugal Portugal had many great Portugal had many great

explorations in the past. First of explorations in the past. First of all, the king of Portugal, all, the king of Portugal, Manuel, sponsored many great Manuel, sponsored many great discoveries. discoveries. Prince Henry of Portugal was Prince Henry of Portugal was given command of the port of given command of the port of Ceuta (N Morroco) and it's Ceuta (N Morroco) and it's ships. They used these ships to ships. They used these ships to explore the West Coast of explore the West Coast of Africa, and he paid for Africa, and he paid for numerous expeditions that numerous expeditions that eventually reached Sierra eventually reached Sierra Leone on Africa's northwest Leone on Africa's northwest coast. Later kings of Portugal coast. Later kings of Portugal financed expeditions that financed expeditions that rounded the Cape of Good rounded the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Hope on the southern tip of Africa. Portugal became Africa. Portugal became immensely rich and powerful immensely rich and powerful through its control of trade in through its control of trade in this area. this area.

PortugalPortugal Another explorer was Vasco da Another explorer was Vasco da

Gama, a Portuguese explorer Gama, a Portuguese explorer and navigator, who was the and navigator, who was the first European to reach India by first European to reach India by a sea route. Da Gama was born a sea route. Da Gama was born in Sines, Alemtejo (now Baixo in Sines, Alemtejo (now Baixo Alentejo). In 1497 he began a Alentejo). In 1497 he began a voyage to reach India by sea. voyage to reach India by sea. He rounded the Cape of Good He rounded the Cape of Good Hope and anchored at Malindi Hope and anchored at Malindi on the East Coast of Africa. Da on the East Coast of Africa. Da Gama then directed his course Gama then directed his course eastward and on May 20, 1498, eastward and on May 20, 1498, reached Calicut on the Malabar reached Calicut on the Malabar Coast of India. Because of the Coast of India. Because of the hostility of Muslim merchants, hostility of Muslim merchants, he could not establish a he could not establish a Portuguese trading station Portuguese trading station there. After fighting his way out there. After fighting his way out of the harbor of Calicut, he of the harbor of Calicut, he returned to Portugal in 1499.returned to Portugal in 1499.

England England During the 16th century During the 16th century

England and much of Europe England and much of Europe found itself in turmoil and in found itself in turmoil and in a constant state of war. The a constant state of war. The outbreak of fighting led to outbreak of fighting led to the invention and the invention and development of new development of new weapons and the growth and weapons and the growth and change of weapons of old. change of weapons of old. The development of The development of weapons was a trademark of weapons was a trademark of the time, with a sort of the time, with a sort of renaissance, or re-birth in renaissance, or re-birth in the field of weaponry the field of weaponry (Miller). The technology was (Miller). The technology was highlighted by the invention highlighted by the invention of gunpowder by the of gunpowder by the Chinese which eventually Chinese which eventually found its way to England found its way to England (Grolier). (Grolier).

EnglandEngland

However, the use of However, the use of gunpowder was minimal, gunpowder was minimal, because the use of had because the use of had yet to be perfected. The yet to be perfected. The technological technological advancement most advancement most useful during the period useful during the period was progression of the was progression of the metals used in metals used in weaponry. The new weaponry. The new forms could be found in forms could be found in the production of the production of swords, arrows, swords, arrows, cannons, and armor, as cannons, and armor, as well as varies siege well as varies siege weapons. weapons.

EnglandEngland

The three major categories of weapons used The three major categories of weapons used during the 16th century were handheld, during the 16th century were handheld, siege, and missiles. The primary use of siege, and missiles. The primary use of handheld weapons is for the obvious is hand handheld weapons is for the obvious is hand to hand combat in close quarters. to hand combat in close quarters.

EnglandEngland

In the seventeenth century, the political power of the Parliament In the seventeenth century, the political power of the Parliament in England, and the Monarchy in France increased greatly. These in England, and the Monarchy in France increased greatly. These conditions were inspired by three major changes: the aftermath of conditions were inspired by three major changes: the aftermath of the reformation, the need for an increased governmental the reformation, the need for an increased governmental financing, and the reorganizing of central governments. These financing, and the reorganizing of central governments. These three points were each resolved in a different way in both England three points were each resolved in a different way in both England and in France. and in France.

EnglandEngland The first major point which The first major point which

eventually increased eventually increased political power was the political power was the aftermath of the Protestant aftermath of the Protestant reformation. In England, reformation. In England, after the establishment of after the establishment of the separate Anglican the separate Anglican church of England there church of England there were many protestant were many protestant groups left in England still in groups left in England still in conflict. These groups all conflict. These groups all tried to push and pull tried to push and pull parliament in their favor -- parliament in their favor -- which ultimately made which ultimately made it so that nothing could be it so that nothing could be done. These conflicts even done. These conflicts even came to the point of bloody came to the point of bloody civil wars and suffering on civil wars and suffering on both sides of the fighting. both sides of the fighting.

England England Witchcraft in Europe during the Witchcraft in Europe during the

17th century was common. It 17th century was common. It mainly mainly took place in Germany, but also took place in Germany, but also took place in England. Witches took place in England. Witches were were associated with evil; it was associated with evil; it was believed witches inherited believed witches inherited magical powers magical powers from Satan in exchange for the from Satan in exchange for the witch’s soul. Some of these witch’s soul. Some of these magical magical powers included outrageous powers included outrageous claims such as flying, being able claims such as flying, being able to to transform and cursing bad luck on transform and cursing bad luck on others. It was extremely others. It was extremely dangerous dangerous to be accused of being a witch as to be accused of being a witch as the most common punishment the most common punishment was was death, often by beheading or death, often by beheading or even being burnt at the stake. even being burnt at the stake.

England England

A large proportion of society in England believed in A large proportion of society in England believed in witchcraft, but the reasons as to why a country which was witchcraft, but the reasons as to why a country which was developing a belief in science and logic had faith in such a developing a belief in science and logic had faith in such a very much mythical based idea still remains a question. It is very much mythical based idea still remains a question. It is easy to follow the theory that society had developed a state easy to follow the theory that society had developed a state of hysteria following the civil war in 1642 and wanted to of hysteria following the civil war in 1642 and wanted to direct their anger at something, but it could be something direct their anger at something, but it could be something more than that. more than that.

FranceFrance

In the seventeenth century, the political power of the Parliament in In the seventeenth century, the political power of the Parliament in England, and the Monarchy in France increased greatly. These England, and the Monarchy in France increased greatly. These conditions conditions were inspired by three major changes: the aftermath of the were inspired by three major changes: the aftermath of the reformation, the reformation, the need for an increased governmental financing, and the reorganizing of need for an increased governmental financing, and the reorganizing of central governments. These three points were each resolved in a central governments. These three points were each resolved in a different different way in both England and in France. way in both England and in France.

FranceFrance The first major point which The first major point which

eventually increased political eventually increased political power was power was the aftermath of the the aftermath of the Protestant reformation. In Protestant reformation. In England, after the England, after the establishment of the separate establishment of the separate Anglican church of England Anglican church of England there were many there were many protestant groups left in protestant groups left in England still in conflict. These England still in conflict. These groups all groups all tried to push and pull tried to push and pull parliament in their favor -- parliament in their favor -- which ultimately made which ultimately made it so that nothing could be it so that nothing could be done. These conflicts even done. These conflicts even came to the point came to the point of bloody civil wars and of bloody civil wars and suffering on both sides of the suffering on both sides of the fighting. fighting.

FranceFrance In the 17th and 18th In the 17th and 18th

centuries, Great Britain, centuries, Great Britain, France, and the Hapsburg France, and the Hapsburg Empire were all competing Empire were all competing for the fate of Europe. for the fate of Europe. France, in particular, was France, in particular, was caught between being a caught between being a continental power or a continental power or a world power; taking control world power; taking control of the Rhine and most of of the Rhine and most of Central Europe, or taking Central Europe, or taking control of The New World. control of The New World. France’s primary goal at France’s primary goal at the time was for control of the time was for control of the Rhine, but this goal the Rhine, but this goal was not without obstacles. was not without obstacles.

FranceFrance Great Britain’s main concern Great Britain’s main concern

was to keep the balance of was to keep the balance of power in Europe on their side, power in Europe on their side, while expanding overseas. The while expanding overseas. The Hapsburg Empire’s goals were Hapsburg Empire’s goals were dealing with conquering the dealing with conquering the Holy Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire and the Germanic states, in turn taking Germanic states, in turn taking over the entire continent from over the entire continent from the inside out. All 3 of these the inside out. All 3 of these great powers were being great powers were being opposed from their pursuits, opposed from their pursuits, and survival was always the top and survival was always the top concern. Also, after 1660, a concern. Also, after 1660, a growing multipolar system of growing multipolar system of European states made European states made decisions within each state decisions within each state based more on national interest based more on national interest than before, when most than before, when most conflicts and militaristic conflicts and militaristic decisions were based on decisions were based on religion. religion.

FranceFrance Louis XIV(1661-1715) is Louis XIV(1661-1715) is

responsible for a responsible for a considerable gain in the considerable gain in the power of France. He had power of France. He had huge armies, (at some points huge armies, (at some points reaching up to half a million reaching up to half a million troops), that were organized troops), that were organized with barracks, hospitals, with barracks, hospitals, parade grounds, and depots parade grounds, and depots to support them. Along with to support them. Along with an organized enormous fleet an organized enormous fleet at sea, France became a true at sea, France became a true hybrid power. Its energies hybrid power. Its energies were diverted between were diverted between continental aims and continental aims and maritime and colonial maritime and colonial ambitions.ambitions.

FranceFrance The invention of the powerful artillery The invention of the powerful artillery

guns would change man’s role in guns would change man’s role in warring engagements. The artillery warring engagements. The artillery guns at first were very limited by their guns at first were very limited by their own design. The guns were very heavy own design. The guns were very heavy and had to be transported by water, and had to be transported by water, which meant that only towns and which meant that only towns and fortresses that were close to a body of fortresses that were close to a body of water could be attacked with artillery water could be attacked with artillery also known as the cannon. There were also known as the cannon. There were also some fortresses that were also some fortresses that were impervious to the early cannon attacks impervious to the early cannon attacks based on strong designs or natural based on strong designs or natural defenses. The French were able to defenses. The French were able to penetrate the round shaped castles and penetrate the round shaped castles and large walls during the late 1400s by large walls during the late 1400s by using concentrated fire of several small using concentrated fire of several small guns instead of a few large ones. guns instead of a few large ones. A new design of smaller walls that were A new design of smaller walls that were built in uneven lines, like a star shape, built in uneven lines, like a star shape, was implemented to strengthen the was implemented to strengthen the area called crownworks or hornworks. area called crownworks or hornworks. Other modifications of new designs Other modifications of new designs included lower and thicker walls, gun included lower and thicker walls, gun towers that projected at an angle, towers that projected at an angle, intervals of guns for fields of fire, wide intervals of guns for fields of fire, wide and deep ditches, and pillboxes. and deep ditches, and pillboxes.

FranceFrance Of course with the new Of course with the new

design of castles came new design of castles came new ways to attack. Some ways to attack. Some effective ways to attack effective ways to attack these castles, but also rare these castles, but also rare ways to attack, were by ways to attack, were by surprise, by storm, or by surprise, by storm, or by treachery. The most treachery. The most common way to attack the common way to attack the castles were long term castles were long term engagements that engagements that consisted of either consisted of either surrounding the castle or surrounding the castle or getting in close enough that getting in close enough that the castles guns would be the castles guns would be ranged over the position. ranged over the position.

DutchDutch During the 17th and 18th centuries, During the 17th and 18th centuries,

mercantilism was the emerging economic mercantilism was the emerging economic policy through which the slave trade policy through which the slave trade developed in Europe. In the Netherlands developed in Europe. In the Netherlands many historical events gave rise to a desire many historical events gave rise to a desire for domination of international trade. They for domination of international trade. They were serious tradesman and were heavily were serious tradesman and were heavily involved in the profitable business of slavery. involved in the profitable business of slavery. The Dutch, intelligent and self-ruling The Dutch, intelligent and self-ruling tradesmen took no time in displaying their tradesmen took no time in displaying their dominance over rival countries, Portugal, dominance over rival countries, Portugal, England and Spain, in the Atlantic and Indian England and Spain, in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. They established their international Ocean. They established their international superiority in trade and impacted today’s superiority in trade and impacted today’s society. society.      From 1609 to 1713, the Dutch Republic      From 1609 to 1713, the Dutch Republic was going through “The Golden Age.” It was was going through “The Golden Age.” It was a time of economic wealth, and a higher a time of economic wealth, and a higher standard of life compared to most European standard of life compared to most European countries. However, the Netherlands had the countries. However, the Netherlands had the highest cost of living out of all European highest cost of living out of all European countries. It was the period in which countries. It was the period in which mercantilism expanded, and domination of mercantilism expanded, and domination of trading power was necessity. England, trading power was necessity. England, France, and Portugal were also expanding France, and Portugal were also expanding their boundaries of trade, which will begin a their boundaries of trade, which will begin a long fight for mastery at sea.long fight for mastery at sea.

DutchDutch

German settlers came to North America in the late 17th century, they settled mainly in German settlers came to North America in the late 17th century, they settled mainly in Pennsylvania. Germans built large, lasting houses of wood and quarry stone. Pennsylvania. Germans built large, lasting houses of wood and quarry stone.

Dutch settlers came, more than a century earlier, to the New World. Their first Dutch settlers came, more than a century earlier, to the New World. Their first settlements were in New Amsterdam, now known as New York City and the Hudson settlements were in New Amsterdam, now known as New York City and the Hudson Valley to the north. Dutch immigrants used stone and brick to build their homes. Their Valley to the north. Dutch immigrants used stone and brick to build their homes. Their homes were large according to colonial standards. Dutch homes were noted for their homes were large according to colonial standards. Dutch homes were noted for their decorative brickwork. decorative brickwork.

The Germans enticed by such good reports, more displaced Germans came, crowding The Germans enticed by such good reports, more displaced Germans came, crowding the trails that led westward. The rolling hills and fertile soils of the River Valley in the trails that led westward. The rolling hills and fertile soils of the River Valley in Pennsylvania reminded them of their homeland, so they settled by the thousands, and Pennsylvania reminded them of their homeland, so they settled by the thousands, and their descendants, misnamed the "Pennsylvania Dutch" remain there to this day. their descendants, misnamed the "Pennsylvania Dutch" remain there to this day.

DutchDutch The Dutch landed and decided to call The Dutch landed and decided to call

New Amsterdam their home. They New Amsterdam their home. They learned to use the sea to their learned to use the sea to their advantage and became fisherman, advantage and became fisherman, they supplied seafood to Europe and they supplied seafood to Europe and soon became one of the leading soon became one of the leading exporters. exporters.

Germans used Gable roofs with hoods Germans used Gable roofs with hoods in building their dwellings. Germans in building their dwellings. Germans used hoods, or abbreviated roofs, to used hoods, or abbreviated roofs, to protect the people walking, from rain, protect the people walking, from rain, and helped with the removal of rain and helped with the removal of rain from the roof. Dutch settlers built their from the roof. Dutch settlers built their homes using intricate, stepped gables. homes using intricate, stepped gables.

Some of the main architectural Some of the main architectural features in German and Dutch features in German and Dutch influenced houses are dormer influenced houses are dormer windows, stepped gables or "hoods", windows, stepped gables or "hoods", metal gutters, small windows with metal gutters, small windows with sliding shutters, and the Dutch door. sliding shutters, and the Dutch door. The Dutch door is a door that is The Dutch door is a door that is divided in half horizontally, like the divided in half horizontally, like the door outside of the pool for the door outside of the pool for the concession stand. concession stand.

DutchDutch There are some distinctive features of There are some distinctive features of

the German and Dutch; Germans had the German and Dutch; Germans had fireplaces in the center of the first fireplaces in the center of the first floor. The fireplace was the center of floor. The fireplace was the center of most activities. On the opposite side of most activities. On the opposite side of the fireplace was a large family room the fireplace was a large family room for entertaining, they used the light for entertaining, they used the light and heat from the fireplaces to do and heat from the fireplaces to do many daily chores and used for the many daily chores and used for the entertaining of the guests. A favorite entertaining of the guests. A favorite feature of the Dutch was wide front feature of the Dutch was wide front porches on their homes. The Dutch porches on their homes. The Dutch also had dormer windows that are still also had dormer windows that are still widely used today. Dormer windows widely used today. Dormer windows are windows that are projecting are windows that are projecting through a steeply sloping roof. through a steeply sloping roof.

While doing this report I found that not While doing this report I found that not many houses can be influenced by many houses can be influenced by only one group of people. Shingles only one group of people. Shingles from the English settlements and from the English settlements and dormer windows from the Dutch can dormer windows from the Dutch can be used on the same house. Although be used on the same house. Although many houses have different many houses have different characteristics they still have a distinct characteristics they still have a distinct style.style.

The Jesuit RelationsThe Jesuit Relations

The Jesuits missionaries in America faced many problems, one in particular dealt with The Jesuits missionaries in America faced many problems, one in particular dealt with relations between the missionaries and the Natives. The letter deals with the relations between the missionaries and the Natives. The letter deals with the treatment of prisoners after a brief military engagement and in addition, attempts by treatment of prisoners after a brief military engagement and in addition, attempts by the Jesuits to convert the captured Iroquois. The treatment of the prisoners seems the Jesuits to convert the captured Iroquois. The treatment of the prisoners seems benevolent, compared to the past modus operandi used by the Church to hasten benevolent, compared to the past modus operandi used by the Church to hasten conversion. Furthermore, the letter exemplifies the hypocrisy of the missionaries after conversion. Furthermore, the letter exemplifies the hypocrisy of the missionaries after the prisoners, willingly, convert. This letter is a perfect of the Counter Reformation, and the prisoners, willingly, convert. This letter is a perfect of the Counter Reformation, and Church's attempt to expend its areas of influence as well as to "save" more souls from Church's attempt to expend its areas of influence as well as to "save" more souls from the Devil. Furthermore, the content of the letter can be easily proven to be bias the Devil. Furthermore, the content of the letter can be easily proven to be bias towards the Iroquois in order to promote Catholicism. This letter, being one of many, is towards the Iroquois in order to promote Catholicism. This letter, being one of many, is a part of the Counter-Reformation and serves as propaganda for the Catholic Church.a part of the Counter-Reformation and serves as propaganda for the Catholic Church.

The Jesuit RelationsThe Jesuit Relations The original New England Natives first felt the effects The original New England Natives first felt the effects

of Smallpox and other diseases during the first decade of Smallpox and other diseases during the first decade of the sixteenth century. This was shortly after John of the sixteenth century. This was shortly after John Cabot explored the coast in 1498. By 1504, constant Cabot explored the coast in 1498. By 1504, constant fishing trips were being made by the French and fishing trips were being made by the French and Portuguese, which started the spread of disease. Portuguese, which started the spread of disease. However, It wasn’t until the outbreak of 1616 and However, It wasn’t until the outbreak of 1616 and 1617, when huge numbers of natives were killed. 1617, when huge numbers of natives were killed. Diseases like chicken Pox, cholera, the plague, Diseases like chicken Pox, cholera, the plague, tuberculosis, and many others were introduced to New tuberculosis, and many others were introduced to New England for the first time. For the most part, England for the first time. For the most part, Europeans had become immune to these diseases Europeans had become immune to these diseases over the years. The natives, on the other hand, were over the years. The natives, on the other hand, were completely vulnerable.¹ completely vulnerable.¹

Native Americans were completely susceptible to Native Americans were completely susceptible to contracting the disease, but they weren't the only contracting the disease, but they weren't the only victims. Twenty people died on the Mayflower as a victims. Twenty people died on the Mayflower as a result of smallpox. There was a smallpox outbreak in result of smallpox. There was a smallpox outbreak in Plymouth Colony around 1633. Twenty people died Plymouth Colony around 1633. Twenty people died including their only physician. This was the beginning including their only physician. This was the beginning of the colonial's struggle with the disease. of the colonial's struggle with the disease.

Smallpox became distinguishable as the most Smallpox became distinguishable as the most destructive disease in New England in 1633. From this destructive disease in New England in 1633. From this date forward, smallpox continued to plague New date forward, smallpox continued to plague New England. Captain John Oldham was considered the first England. Captain John Oldham was considered the first Englishman to conduct explorations along the Englishman to conduct explorations along the Connecticut River. After his trip north, there was a Connecticut River. After his trip north, there was a severe breakout of smallpox severe breakout of smallpox

The Jesuit RelationsThe Jesuit Relations One common point between the two One common point between the two

civilizations was the very prominent class civilizations was the very prominent class distinctions. In both areas settlers also fought distinctions. In both areas settlers also fought to restructure these systems. Rebellions such to restructure these systems. Rebellions such as Bacon's 1676 rebellion in Virginia, and as Bacon's 1676 rebellion in Virginia, and Leisler 1689 to 1691 rebellion in New York Leisler 1689 to 1691 rebellion in New York were due to the settler's unhappiness with were due to the settler's unhappiness with the social class distinctions. Another the social class distinctions. Another similarity was that of relatively cheap and similarity was that of relatively cheap and wages which almost tripled that of the wages which almost tripled that of the English. English. Unity in New England was something that Unity in New England was something that was not commonly found in the Chesapeake. was not commonly found in the Chesapeake. New England's puritan ways easily molded New England's puritan ways easily molded this tightly knight colony. In the Chesapeake this tightly knight colony. In the Chesapeake this was not the case. Farmers were more of this was not the case. Farmers were more of loners who did not move or live in very close loners who did not move or live in very close communities. New England grew in a more communities. New England grew in a more organized way, unlike the Chesapeake that organized way, unlike the Chesapeake that was very spontaneous in its growth. New was very spontaneous in its growth. New England also established Harvard, the first England also established Harvard, the first college, in 1636 as a training school for the college, in 1636 as a training school for the ministry. This school opened only eight years ministry. This school opened only eight years after the founding of the colony. In Virginia, after the founding of the colony. In Virginia, the first college of William and Mary did not the first college of William and Mary did not open until 1693, eighty-six years after open until 1693, eighty-six years after Virginia was founded, this shows an example Virginia was founded, this shows an example of the much more organized society of New of the much more organized society of New England. England.

The Jesuit RelationsThe Jesuit Relations Religion was a very important part of Religion was a very important part of

everyday life in colonial America. Sometimes everyday life in colonial America. Sometimes people were not allowed to question what people were not allowed to question what they were taught, and if they did so they they were taught, and if they did so they were punished accordingly. Before 1700 were punished accordingly. Before 1700 some colonies had more religious freedom some colonies had more religious freedom then others. While others colonies only then others. While others colonies only allowed religious freedom to a select group, allowed religious freedom to a select group, others allowed religious freedom to all others allowed religious freedom to all different kinds of religions. In the overall different kinds of religions. In the overall there was quite a bit of religious freedom in there was quite a bit of religious freedom in colonial Americacolonial America

     First there is the colony or Rhode Island,      First there is the colony or Rhode Island, which was started by a man, named Roger which was started by a man, named Roger Williams in (1636). It did not become an Williams in (1636). It did not become an official colony until (1644) when it then official colony until (1644) when it then received a charter from Parliament. Williams received a charter from Parliament. Williams welcomed every one; he guaranteed religious welcomed every one; he guaranteed religious freedom to everyone even the Catholics and freedom to everyone even the Catholics and the Jews. Williams also granted religious the Jews. Williams also granted religious freedom to the Quakers, even though his own freedom to the Quakers, even though his own views were very different from those of the views were very different from those of the Quakers. This was truly the most democratic Quakers. This was truly the most democratic of all of the colonies. Williams did not of all of the colonies. Williams did not demand mandatory attendance at services, demand mandatory attendance at services, or oaths regarding religious beliefs. Rhode or oaths regarding religious beliefs. Rhode Island was truly the first example of religious Island was truly the first example of religious tolerance and freedom of opportunity. tolerance and freedom of opportunity.