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SUBTOPICS
Functional Elements
Fire Protection
Water/ Damp Proofing
Thermal Insulation
Skylights
Solar Design
Assemblies
Roofing and Flooring
Staircases
Doors and Entrances
Exterior wall, Bearing wall, Curtain wall
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FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS
FIRE PROTECTION
• According to National building code of India- Fire
protection is the study and practice of mitigating the
unwanted effects of fires.
• Basic Fire safe design, various smoke control practices
and fire proofing has been taken into consideration in
further slides
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FIRE SAFE DESIGN•Fire resistive
construction
•Compartmentation
•Provision for fire
fighting
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SMOKE CONTROL
Passive Smoke Control
Smoke Shafts
WallVents
Active Smoke Control
Exhaust Systems
PressurizationProcess
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FIRE PROOFING
• Sprayed-on applications of mineral fiber or
cementitious materials
• Encapsulation of structural steel members with
concrete
• Floor or roof, ceiling and Wall assemblies
• Wood products can be treated or coated to
improve behavior in fire
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WATER PROOFING/ DAMP PROOFING
• Water Proofing- It is used to prevent water penetration
under hydrostatic pressure to the surfaces of components,
such as structural steel and through assemblies such as
exterior masonry walls, foundation walls, roofs.
• Damp Proofing- It means protection against the passage
of water in small quantities and not under pressure;
commonly against penetration through capillary attraction
only.
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WATER PROOFING
The Method used is Brick Bat Coba Location
Terrace
Toilets
Expansion Joints
Tanks
Basements
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DAMP PROOFING
• A damp-proof course is a
horizontal barrier in a wall
designed to resist
moisture rising through
the structure by capillary
action - a phenomenon
known as rising damp
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THERMAL INSULATION
• Insulation is defined as a material or combination of
materials, which retard the flow of heat. The materials
can be adapted to any size, shape or surface. A variety
of finishes are used to protect the insulation from
mechanical and environmental damage, and to enhance
appearance.
• Its helps in energy savings, fire protection, Sound
attenuation, greenhouse gas reduction.
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Functions
Reduce heat loss or heat gain
greenhouse gases reduction
Control surface temperatures
or reduce condensation
Reduce noise
Increase operating efficiency
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Materials
•cork board, mineral wood, saw dust, asbestos cement
•fixed to walls or roofs
Slab/ Block
•flexible fibrous rolls made of mineral wood, processed wood fibers
•spread on wall or ceiling surfaces
Blanket Insulation
•pulp of wood, cane or other materials + suitable adhesives
•used for interior lining of walls/partition walls
Insulating Boards
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Methods
•Orientation of a building with respect to Sun
•Height of Ceiling [1 to 1.3 m]
General Methods
•Increase wall thickness and Cavity wall construction
•Fixing of heat insulating materials on the inside or outside of walls
Insulation Of Walls
•Reduce incidence of solar heat- Chajjas(external), curtains (internal)
•Insulating glass or double glass with air space
Insulation Of Doors/Windows
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SKYLIGHTS
• Skylights add natural lighting to dull, dark rooms by
adding a skylight. Skylights provide the simplest means
of introducing the daylight into a space under a flat or
pitched roof assembly
• FEATURES
1.Allows diffused light to enter.
2. Add to the aesthetic appeal of the viewer
3.Any of the shapes can be fabricated
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SOLAR DESIGN
• It means the use of solar energy in various
forms to decrease the use of electrical energy
and increase human thermal comfort. It has two
components:-
• Passive solar design
• Active solar design
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Passive Solar Design Techniques
• Orient the house with the long axis running east/west.
• Select, orient, and size glass to optimize winter heat gain and minimize
summer heat gain for the specific climate. Consider selecting different
glazing for different sides of the house (exposures).
• Size south-facing overhangs to shade windows in summer and allow solar
gain in winter.
• Add thermal mass in walls or floors for heat storage.
• Use natural ventilation to reduce or eliminate cooling needs.
• Use daylight to provide natural lighting.
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BUILDING ASSEMBLIESFLOORING AND ROOFING
Flooring-Flooring today
offers a considerably
wider choice in
materials, properties.
and appearance to
meet changing
performance criteria.
Types
Stone Flooring
Cementitious Flooring
Burned Clay Flooring
Resilient Flooring
Wood Flooring
Carpet Flooring
Seamless Chemical Flooring
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COMMERCIAL ROOFING
• COMMERCIAL ROOFING is a building material used to protect and seal the top of commercial structures. It covers structural framing and prevents rain and other precipitation from entering the building. Commercial roofing generally has a relatively flat slope.
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STAIRCASES
• Stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs are names for a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps.
• The following features were studied:-• Stairway lighting• Staircase design Considerations
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Reinforced Concrete Stairs
• Categories depending on span of the stair slab– Stair with slab spanning horizontally
• Stair is supported on one side by side-wall/stringer beam and on the other side by a stringer beam
• Each step is designed as spanning horizontally with B.M as WL²/8
• Main reinforcement – 12mm diameter bars at 150 mm c/c
• Distributed reinforcement - 6mm diameter bars at 150 mm c/c
• Waist of 8 cm is provided– Stair with slab spanning longitudinally
• Slab is supported at bottom and top of the flight
• Main reinforcement is parallel to flight
• Distribution reinforcement is along the width of flight
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EXTERIOR WALL
• Bearing wall: wall that carries the load of floors and
roof above in addition to its own weight
• Curtain Wall: it is an outer covering of a building in
which the outer walls are non-structural, but merely
keep out the weather.
• Non-bearing Wall: non load bearing walls carry only
their own weight.
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Examples