Presentation Work on Water Resourses
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Transcript of Presentation Work on Water Resourses
8/8/2019 Presentation Work on Water Resourses
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WATER
- 71% of the earth is covered with water- only 0.014% is available fresh water- needed for all life on the planet.- water sculpts the earth- moderates climate and dilutes pollutants
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PHYSICAL NATURE OF WATER
- exists as a liquid over a wide ranges oftemperatures.
- can store large amounts of heat.- can dissolve a variety of compounds.- water can break down into H+ and OH-.- strong attractive forces between
molecules cause high surface tensionand high wetting ability.
- unlike most liquids, water expands whenit freezes.
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E COLOGICAL EFFE C T S OF
WATER Water carries Nutrients
Provides Habitat Flood Plains provide mostproductive farmland
Hydrological cycle recycles waterto provide fresh water
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FRE SH WATER
Fresh water is a renewableresource, yet the world·s supply
of clean, fresh water is steadilydecreasing.Water demandalready exceeds supply in many
parts of the world and as theworld population continuesto rise, so too does the waterdemand.
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U SE S OF FRE SH WATER
Uses of fresh water can be categorized as:
1.Consumptive: A use of water isconsumptive if that water is notimmediately available for another use.Loses to sub-surface seepage andevaporation are considered consumptive,as in water incorporated into a product.
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2.Non-consumptive: water that
can be treated and returned as
surface water, such as sewage,is generally considered non-
consumptive if that water can
be put to additional use.
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U SE S OF WATER
1. AGRICULTURE: 69% of worldwidewater use is for irrigation, with 15-35% o
irrigation withdrawals being unsustainableThey are of two types:(a) less efficient- less expensive
- Disadvantages(i) water evaporates(ii)runs off or drainsbelow the root zone.
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(b) more efficient- more expensive- advantages
(i) greater potential tominimize the run off,drainage and evaporation.
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2.INDUSTRIAL: 22% worldwide wateruse is industrial. Major industrial usersinclude:
(i) Power Plants which use water forcooling.(ii) Ore and Oil refineries which use
water in chemical process.
(iii) Manufacturing plants which use wateras a solvent.
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3. HOUSEHOLD: 8% of worldwide water
use is for household purposes.These include drinking water, bathing,cooking, sanitation and gardening.
4. RECREATIONAL: Recreational wateruse is usually a very small but growingpercentage of total water use.
Recreational water use is mostly tied toreservoirs. Release of water from a fewreservoirs is also timed to enhanceboating, water skeins, nature andenthusiasts and swimmer.
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5.ENVIRONMETAL ACTIVITIES:Environmental water use is also very smallbut growing percentage of total water use.
Environmental water usage includesartificial lakes intended to create wildlifehabitat, fish ladders, and water releasesfrom reservoirs timed to help fish spawn.
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SOUR CE SOF WATER
1. SURFACEWATER: Surface water iswater in a river, lake or fresh water
wetland.2.GROUNDWATER: Ground water, isfresh water located in the pore space ofsoil and rocks. Its also water that isflowing within aquifers below the watertable. The natural input is seepage fromsurface water the natural output is
springs and seepage to the oceans.
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3. DESALINATION: It is an artificial
process by which saline water is convertedto fresh water. The most commondesalination process are distillation andreverse osmosis.
4. FROZENWATER: Several schemeshave been proposed to make use of
iceberg as a water sources. Glaciersrunoff is considered to be surface water.
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WATER CR ISIS
It applies to the situation where there is
not enough water for all uses, whetheragricultural, industrial or domestic. Below1000 cubic meters, water scarcity begins
to hamper economic development andhuman health and well being.
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REASONS FORWATER CRISIS
1. POPULATION GROWTH:Water
demand will increase unless there arecorresponding increases in waterconservation and recycling of this vital
resource.
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2.EXPANSION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY:Business activity ranging fromindustrialization to services such astourism and entertainment continues toexpand rapidly. This expansion requiresincreased water services including bothsupply and sanitation, which can lead to
more pressure on water resources andnatural ecosystem.
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3.RAPID URBANISATION: The trendtowards urbanization is accelerating.Urbanization requires significantinvestment in water infrastructure inorder to deliver water to individuals.4. CLIMATE CHANGE: Climate changecould have significant impacts on water
resources around the world because ofthe close connections between the climateand hydrological cycle.
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5.DEPUTATION OF AQUIFERS:D ue to theexpanding human population, competition forwater is growing such that many of the worldsmajor aquifers are becoming depleted. This isdue to both for direct human consumption as well
as agricultural irrigation by ground water.6.POPULATION AND WATER PROTECTION:water pollution is one of the main concern of the
world today. Many pollutants threatens watersupplies, sewage, sludge, garbage, chemicalwastes and even toxic pollutants are all dumpedinto water.
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ISSUE S REQUIR I NG
IMMEDIATE ATTENT ION
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REDUC T ION I N S TORAGE OF RE SERVOIR S
Result of survey of 114 reservoirsindicates:
More than 25% reduction in usefulcapacity in 47 reservoirs
In some cases, reduction in storagecapacity > 50%
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GROUND WATER EXPLOI TAT ION
Concentration of dark &overexploited blocks in Rajasthan,Punjab, Tamilnadu, Haryana &
Gujarat
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WATER QUAL I T Y
Reverie Length (km)
High Pollution 6086
Moderate Pollution 8691
Relatively clean 30242
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POOR EFF ICIENCY Efficiency of irrigation systemrelatively very low
Present level of efficiency
-surface water: 35-40%
-- ground water: 65-70%
Scope for further improvement
-surface water: 60%
-- Ground water: 75%
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OP T ION S FOR EFF ICIENT U SE
OF WATER To go for rain water harvestingTo introduce micro irrigation with
fertigation in a larger scaleTo introduce high tech farming withpost harvest techniquesTo ensure protection of farmproduce till it reaches the consumers.
Consumption of Water forAgriculture is 80%
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This has to be reduced by adopting conveyanceefficient techniques.
Like Micro irrigation, Pressure irrigation andflow irrigation using pipes
Increase the storage condition of aquifer byproviding farm ponds and rejuvenation of wellsetc
Using cropping practices, tilling practices, toreduce water consumption
Increasing the yield per ha by using less water.
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ADVANTAGE S OF MICRO IRR IGAT ION
Low application rate
Uniformity of applicationrate
Precision placement of water efficient fertilizer and che-mical application
Better control of root zoneenvironment
Crop yield enhancement quality improvement of produce improved disease control discouraged weed growth
effective saving of irrigation water lesser use of power reduce labour cost suitable for difficult land terrain ideal for marginal lands Maintains soil health
Suitable for inferior quality water
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RE CHARGI NG OF WELL SIncreases ground water potentialWater available for pumping for more number of daysImproves the aquifers of near by wells alsoThe works are:
- Raising the bund height across the slope- Provide farm pit / check dam to store water near well- Allow surface run off to enter the well through fieldchannel to enter the well from the filter pit
-Renovation of side walls if they are badly damaged-Boring in wells horizontal or vertical holes to tap the water from theweathered zone to improve the water level , this ensures less pumpinghours and thus reduction in consumption in electricity-200 wells are suggested at Rs. 40 lakhs @ Rs. 20,000 / well
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DA MSAND WATER RE SOUR CE S
The first known dams were constructedabout eight thousand yrs ago inMesopotamia .
Dams built in Jordan and Egypt 1100 BC
Dujiang irrigation project in China 300 BC² 800,000 hectares
Large dams in the world (>15m high )-- In 1949 some 5000 existed
-- By 2000 , there were 45,000
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ROLE OF DA MS
Tailings Dam , River Rimac ,PERU
Frequently
Contains ManyToxic Materials .
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ROLE OF DA MS
Cowlitz Falls Dams , LewisRiver , Washington
PowerGeneration
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ROLE OF DA MS
Kariba Dam , Zimbabwe
General Purpose
Water Supply
EnergyGeneration
Large AreaInundated
Change In Fish
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ROLE OF DA MS
Hollands DamsHold Back theSea
Flood Control
GreatEnvironmental
Change Acceptedas Positive
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NEGAT I VE IMPAC T S OF DA MS
Inundated Lands.Displaced People.Changes in River Regime.Changes of Habitat.
Dam Safety Concerns.Predicted Benefits notAchieved.