Presentation prepared for Queensland University, Brisbane, July 22, 2010.
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Transcript of Presentation prepared for Queensland University, Brisbane, July 22, 2010.
Overview
Within-nation subcultures in Culture’s Consequences
Recent within-nation subculture researchTheories of culture origins applied to within-
nation cultural groupsOngoing projects
Subcultures in Culture’s Consequences
Multilingual countries: Belgium, Switzerland, Yugoslavia
Also, reference to East and West Germany, Francophone and Anglophone Canada, etc.
Especially institutional explanations, mainly government-based colonization and conquest
Implicitly, normative influence and imitation linked to language
Recent Within-Nation Subculture Research
Alternative to nation-level and individual-level views
Boyacigiller and Adler (1991) advocate attention to within-nation subcultures as a confounding variable (also Lundberg & Peterson, 1994)
Individual-level region comparisons in Brazil, northern Latin America and China circa 2000 (Lenartowicz, Roth, Johnson; Ralston, Egri)
Region-level measure based research in Brazil (Hofstede and colleagues, JCCP, in press)
Mostly examples, many gaps
Drive to Theories of Culture OriginsHow do cultural groups emerge? How does culture
get linked national and other boundaries?TheoriesFunctional explanations: e.g., climate, farming
demandsInstitutional explanations: e.g., conquest,
evangelism, best practices transferComplexity/interpretive explanations: e.g., herosLiteraturesHistory (medieval) and anthropologyPolitical scienceSociology
Peterson, M.F. (forthcoming). International Themes in Organization Culture Research (HOCC, 2nd ed, Sage Press).
Theory manuscript with Aycan Kara.
Regions Project Concepts and MeasuresValuesWVSSVS
Roles, Rules and Norms (Social Structures)Superiors, subordinates, colleagues, formal
rules, organizational and national norms, friends and family
Similar to role theory/decision theory categoriesNot role expectations, but sources of meaningNot making decisions, but giving meaning to
events
Regions Projects UnderwayNigeria (Mogaji, Fanimokun), Hungary, Iran
(Rowney), Francophone Canada (Toffoli)Individual levelRoles, rules and norms (sources of guidance) from
MDQ and WVS
North America (Lenartowicz), China (Pan), Netherlands (van Iterson), Lussophone (Jesuino), othersIndividual-level means, region-level clusters using
WVS, MDQ, and SVS, and region differences in correlations
Germany, Portugal (van Iterson; Maastricht colleagues)Region-level WVS and economic indicators
Europe (Vadi; Tartu colleagues)
Nigeria WVS: Formal and Unwritten RulesSources of Guidance
Inglehart items/scales
Hausa Muslim
Hausa Christian
Yoruba Ibo
Mean(s.d.)
Mean(s.d.)
Mean(s.d.)
Mean(s.d.)
Ethnic Groups R 2 Δ
Formal rules
Confidence in Government
3.00(.81)
2.93(.83)
2.31(.82)
2.47(.81)
.08 ***
Rule Breaking Justifiable
1.62(.97)
1.63(.77)
2.22(1.65)
2.22(1.61)
.03**
Unwritten Rules
Conform to friend’s expectation
3.10(.96)
2.57(.95)
3.01(.86)
3.16(.83)
.04***
Nigeria WVS: Widespread BeliefsSources of Guidance
Inglehart items/scales
Hausa Muslim
Hausa Christian
Yoruba Ibo
Mean(s.d.)
Mean(s.d.)
Mean(s.d.)
Mean(s.d.)
Ethnic Groups R squared Δ
Widespread Beliefs
Religion Important
3.97(.18)
3.98(.15)
3.93(.29)
3.90(3.59)
.01
Religion in Public office
4.57(.76)
4.04(1.10)
4.54(.76)
4.30(.96)
.03**
Society should not change
1.77(.64)
1.85(.63)
1.75(.68)
1.84(.69)
.00
Global WVS NormsSources of Guidance
Inglehart items/scales
Nations with WVS data
Hausa Muslim
Hausa Christian
Yoruba Ibo
Global Rank
Global Rank
Global Rank
Global Rank
Formal rules
Confidence in Government
84 20 26 84 78
Rule Breaking Justifiable
84 74 73 38 37
Unwritten Rules
Conform to friend’s expectation
66 5 39 6 3
Widespread Beliefs
Religion in Public office
63 1 5 2 4
Nigeria MDQ(Global Norms)
Hausa Muslim
Hausa Christian
Yoruba Ibo
Self
Own Experience**(of 65)
.40(63)
.57(53)
.40(64)
.27(65)
Rules and Norms
Formal Rules .73(9)
.96(2)
.86(4)
.83(6)
Unwritten Rules
-.01(44)
-.04(53)
.10(43)
.19(31)
Widespread Beliefs*
.03(13)
-.30(35)
-.26(33)
-.22(24)
NigeriaMDQ (Global Norms)
Hausa Muslim
Hausa Christian
Yoruba Ibo
Role Categories
Superiors*(of 64)
.47(46)
.85(11)
.72(25)
.75(27)
Subordinates(of 65)
.08(29)
.04(40)
.15(20)
.16(31)
Colleagues(of 65)
.04(13)
.06(19)
.06(21)
.03(28)
Specialists(of 65)
-.41(52)
-.25(38)
-.18(24)
-.13(18)
Family**(of 11)
-.52(1)
-.88(3)
-.89(4)
-.95(2)
North America Regions: Minkov (2007) Culture Dimensions (w/ Lenartowicz) ExclusionismE.g., a025 Respect and love for parentsE.g., a125 Neighbors: People of a different raceIndulgenceE.g., a173 How much freedom of choice and
controlE.g., a003 Leisure time important in lifeMonumentalismE.g., a007 Service to others important in lifeE.g., g006 How proud of nationality
NA: SVS-Related Region-Level FactorsSVS WVS1 (alpha= .78 in NA) Conservatism?a191 living in secure surroundingsa193 help the people nearbya197 looking after the environmenta198 traditionSVS WVS2 (alpha= .83 in NA) Initiative?a189 think up new ideas and be creativea190 be richa194 being very successfula195 adventure and taking risksSVS WVS3 Hedonism?a192 have a good time
First two correlated r=.65N=13 regions of U.S. and Canada
NA: SVS Region Measures from CLIPPERConservatism (5 items; alpha=.81)Intellectual Autonomy (3 items; alpha=.56)Affective Autonomy (3 items; alpha=.67)Hierarchy (4 items; alpha=.75)Egalitarianism (5 items; alpha=.33)Mastery (4 items; alpha=.71)Harmony (3 items; alpha=.81)
NA Correlations Among Region-Level SVS-based Measures
SVS WVS1SVS WVS2Conserv. .01 .40Int. Aut. -.49 -.31Aff. Aut. -.52 -.25Hierar. -.02 .29Egalitar. -.13 .13Mastery -.16 .21Harmony -.34 -.31(N=13 regions; two significant at p<.10)
NA Correlations of WVS SVS Measures with Sources of Guidance
SVS WVS1SVS WVS2Formal -.11 -.02Unwritten .20 .25Subordinates -.02 .27Specialists .18 .45Colleagues .16 .19Self -.08 -.05Widespread .46 .57Family .36 .37Friends .46 .51
Some Things to DoCheck region-level measurement structure after
controlling for nation differencesCorrelations of sources with effectiveness as
attribution indicatorsClarify on relative importance of nation, within-
nation, and multiple nation geographic boundaries
Work carefully through culturally significant regions of all nations; group of collaborators?
Promote region-level hypothesis testing about implications for economics and social indicators
Journal special issue (w/ Soendergaard?)Focused within-nation culture book