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Housing & Sanitation scenario in urban Housing & Sanitation scenario in urban IndiaIndia

Department of Civil EnggGURU NANAK DEV ENGG COLLEGE

Email ID: Kulbirgillkulbir@yahoo.co.in

by

Er. Kulbir Singh gill

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Urbanisation and DevelopmentUrbanisation and Development ““Urban” in India is defined as a human Urban” in India is defined as a human

settlement with a minimum population of 5000 settlement with a minimum population of 5000

persons, with 75% of the male working persons, with 75% of the male working

population engaged in non-agricultural activities population engaged in non-agricultural activities

and a population density of at least 400 persons and a population density of at least 400 persons

per sq. km. Further, all statutory towns having a per sq. km. Further, all statutory towns having a

Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council or Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council or

Nagar Panchayat as well as a Cantonment Board Nagar Panchayat as well as a Cantonment Board

are classified as “URBAN”are classified as “URBAN”

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Urbanisation and DevelopmentUrbanisation and Development

99% of the housing shortage of 24.7 million at the 99% of the housing shortage of 24.7 million at the end of the 10th Plan pertains to the Economically end of the 10th Plan pertains to the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Groups Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Groups (LIG) sectors.(LIG) sectors.

National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) 61st National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) 61st Round reports that the number of urban poor has Round reports that the number of urban poor has risen by 4.4 million persons, between 1993-94 to risen by 4.4 million persons, between 1993-94 to 2004-05.2004-05.

From 12 in 1981 with 26.8% share of the total From 12 in 1981 with 26.8% share of the total urban population, the number of million plus urban population, the number of million plus cities has increased to 35 in 2001 with 37% share cities has increased to 35 in 2001 with 37% share of the total urban population.of the total urban population.

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Rural to Urban shift of labourRural to Urban shift of labour It is important to highlight the fact that the It is important to highlight the fact that the

informal sector in urban areas is growing informal sector in urban areas is growing exponentially. In the decade 1991-2001, exponentially. In the decade 1991-2001, workers classified as “marginal workers” workers classified as “marginal workers” registered an increase of 360% as compared to registered an increase of 360% as compared to an increase of only 23% for workers classified an increase of only 23% for workers classified as “main workers.” As a consequence, the ratio as “main workers.” As a consequence, the ratio of marginal workers to total workers increased of marginal workers to total workers increased from 2.2% in 1991 to 7.9% in 2001from 2.2% in 1991 to 7.9% in 2001

TThe proportion of female workers to total he proportion of female workers to total workers rose from 14.3% in 1991 to 16% in workers rose from 14.3% in 1991 to 16% in 20012001

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Urban India: Statistical Profile 2008

• Urban Population 286 Million

• Urban Population % 28%

• No of Urban Agglomerations/Towns 5,161

• No of Metropolitan Cities 35

• Metropolitan Population Share 38%

• Share of Cities with Population > 50000 74%

• Urban Contribution to GDP 60%

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Urban India: Slums & Poverty Scenario

Slum Population 1991 : 42 Million

2001 : 62 Million

Growth in Urban Population

1991-2001 : 58 Million

Growth in Slum Population

1991-2001 : 20 Million

Poverty Scenario: Urban BPL Population

1973-1974 : 60 Million

1999-2000 : 67 Million

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Share of Slum Population in City Share of Slum Population in City Population: Select CitiesPopulation: Select Cities

MumbaiMumbai 54% 54%

FaridabadFaridabad 46% 46%

AligarhAligarh 45% 45%

MeerutMeerut 44% 44%

Warangal 43% Warangal 43%

AmaravatiAmaravati 43% 43%

RaipurRaipur 37% 37%

NagpurNagpur 36% 36%

GunturGuntur 33% 33%

KolkataKolkata 32% 32%

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Urban India: Growth in Urban India: Growth in Population & Slum PopulationPopulation & Slum Population

Decadal Total Population GrowthDecadal Total Population Growth 25% 25%

Decadal Urban Population GrowthDecadal Urban Population Growth 40% 40%

Decadal Metro-Population Growth Decadal Metro-Population Growth 79% 79%

Decadal Slum Population GrowthDecadal Slum Population Growth 70%70%

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Poverty and Housing needsPoverty and Housing needs

According to the Census 2001, 61.82 million persons or According to the Census 2001, 61.82 million persons or 23.1% of the urban population resides in slums. During the 23.1% of the urban population resides in slums. During the 11th Plan, the Group estimated that the total housing 11th Plan, the Group estimated that the total housing requirement (including backlog) will be to the tune of 26.53 requirement (including backlog) will be to the tune of 26.53 million units for 75.01 million households.million units for 75.01 million households.

One fourth of the country’s total urban population, One fourth of the country’s total urban population, numbering 80.7 million persons is below the poverty line.numbering 80.7 million persons is below the poverty line.

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Access to Housing 2001Access to Housing 2001

Household having:Household having: %age of %age of HouseholdsHouseholds

No Exclusive RoomNo Exclusive Room 2.32.3

One RoomOne Room 35.135.1

Two RoomsTwo Rooms 29.529.5

More than Two More than Two RoomsRooms

33.133.1

Housing Scenario in India

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Total Housing ShortageTotal Housing Shortage

Housing shortage Housing shortage at the beginning at the beginning of 11th Five Year Plan (1.4.2007)of 11th Five Year Plan (1.4.2007)

24.71 million24.71 million dwelling units dwelling units

Additional Housing RequirementAdditional Housing Requirement for the 11th Plan ( 2007-2012)for the 11th Plan ( 2007-2012)

1.82 million 1.82 million dwelling units dwelling units

Total housing requirementTotal housing requirement during during 11th Plan Period including the carried 11th Plan Period including the carried over housing shortageover housing shortage

26.53 Million26.53 Million dwelling units dwelling units

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Category-wise Housing ShortageCategory-wise Housing Shortage

Estimated Urban Housing Unit Estimated Urban Housing Unit Shortage as on 1.4.2007:Shortage as on 1.4.2007:

More than 99% shortage is for EWS/LIG segments

Total : 24.71 m 100.00%EWS : 21.78 m 88.14%LIG : 2.89 m 11.69%MIG&HIG: 0.04 m 0.16%

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Financial Investment Required for Financial Investment Required for Overcoming ShortageOvercoming Shortage

For 24.71 million Dwelling Units. For 24.71 million Dwelling Units. Rs.14719.50 Rs.14719.50 million million

Additional housing requirement Additional housing requirement (1.82 million Units) during 11th (1.82 million Units) during 11th PlanPlan

Rs.21412.31 Rs.21412.31 millionmillion

TotalTotal Rs.36131.81 Rs.36131.81 millionmillion

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11.8

4.352.35

18.09

6.83.11

29.79

6.213.3

41.17

8.08

2.7

47.49

9.16

2.18

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50N

o o

f H

ou

se

s (

in M

illio

n)

1971(18.5)

1981(28)

1991(39.3)

2001(52.06)

2007(58.83)

Year

Pucca

Semi-Pucca

Kutcha

*

The figure in Parenthesis is the total housing stock (in Million)

Quality of Housing StockQuality of Housing Stock

1515

12.65

19.86

23.43

20.07 19.44

9.70

15.20

17.24

12.8211.65

1.95

4.666.19

7.25 7.89

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Growth of SlumsGrowth of Slums

28

46

61.8

Slum Population as %age of total urban population is given in parenthesis

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Balanced Regional DevelopmentBalanced Regional Development The way to bring about a symbiotic development The way to bring about a symbiotic development

between rural and urban areas is by adopting “a between rural and urban areas is by adopting “a Regional Planning approach.”Regional Planning approach.”

In view of the fact that 50% of India’s population In view of the fact that 50% of India’s population is forecasted to be living in urban areas by 2041, is forecasted to be living in urban areas by 2041, it is necessary to develop new integrated it is necessary to develop new integrated townships.townships.

Development of sustainable habitat is closely Development of sustainable habitat is closely related to the adoption of ‘related to the adoption of ‘the Regional Planning the Regional Planning approachapproach’ while preparing Master Plans of towns/ ’ while preparing Master Plans of towns/ cities, District Plans and Regional/Sub-Regional cities, District Plans and Regional/Sub-Regional Plans.Plans.

The new Habitat Policy reaffirms the The new Habitat Policy reaffirms the importance importance of small and medium urban agglomerates/towns of small and medium urban agglomerates/towns which have potential for future urban growthwhich have potential for future urban growth..

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National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy 2007

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Affordable Housing for All Affordable Housing for All Spotlight on EWS Housing for promoting social Spotlight on EWS Housing for promoting social

inclusioninclusion Special focus on SC,ST,BC, Minorities & Special focus on SC,ST,BC, Minorities &

empowerment of women within ambit of urban empowerment of women within ambit of urban poorpoor

VISION

2020

The Cooperative SectorThe Cooperative Sector The Labour Housing sectorThe Labour Housing sector The Employee Welfare Housing SectorThe Employee Welfare Housing Sector The Employer Housing Sector ,andThe Employer Housing Sector ,and The Private SectorThe Private Sector

Public partnerships with

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Focus Areas

The new policy considers the 74th Amendment Act in terms of preparation of District Plans by District Planning Committees (DPCs) as a vital determinant of systematic urban planning.

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Addressing the special needs of women Addressing the special needs of women headed households, single women, headed households, single women, working women and women in difficult working women and women in difficult circumstances in relation to housing circumstances in relation to housing serviced by basic amenities.serviced by basic amenities.

Special Provision for WomenSpecial Provision for Women

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Public-Private PartnershipsPublic-Private Partnerships

Forging strong partnerships between Forging strong partnerships between public, private and cooperative sectors for public, private and cooperative sectors for accelerated growth in the Housing Sector accelerated growth in the Housing Sector and sustainable development of habitatand sustainable development of habitat

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Healthy EnvironmentHealthy Environment

Developing cities/towns in a manner which Developing cities/towns in a manner which promotes a healthy environment, encouraging promotes a healthy environment, encouraging use of renewable energy resources and use of renewable energy resources and ensuring effective solid waste management in ensuring effective solid waste management in collaboration with persons involved in recycling collaboration with persons involved in recycling activities.activities.

Protecting our cultural heritage and architecture Protecting our cultural heritage and architecture as well as promoting traditional skills with as well as promoting traditional skills with suitable adaptation to modern technologies.suitable adaptation to modern technologies.

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Research & Development Research & Development OrganisationsOrganisations

Undertake research to respond to different Undertake research to respond to different climatic conditions with a focus on climatic conditions with a focus on transition from conventional to innovative, transition from conventional to innovative, cost effective and environment friendly cost effective and environment friendly technologiestechnologies

Intensify efforts for transfer of innovative Intensify efforts for transfer of innovative technologies and materials from lab to technologies and materials from lab to fieldfield

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JnNURM at a GlanceJnNURM at a Glance

No. of Houses Sanctioned No. of Houses Sanctioned 1.046 million1.046 million

No. of Houses under ProgressNo. of Houses under Progress 0.265 million0.265 million

Budget for 2007-08-Rs.1991 CroresBudget for 2007-08-Rs.1991 Crores

(BSUP+IHSDP)(BSUP+IHSDP)

99.7 % 99.7 % achievedachieved

Urban Reforms: Earmarking of 25% of Urban Reforms: Earmarking of 25% of Municipal Budget as BSUP Fund; Timeline Municipal Budget as BSUP Fund; Timeline Target of 27 citiesTarget of 27 cities

27 cities 27 cities achievedachieved

Urban Reform: Earmarking of 20-25% of Urban Reform: Earmarking of 20-25% of developed land for EWS/LIG; Timeline developed land for EWS/LIG; Timeline Target of 16 citiesTarget of 16 cities

16 cities 16 cities achievedachieved

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i. Minimum 25 Sq mtrs Carpet area under BSUP and Covered area under IHSDP,

ii. Minimum provision of Two rooms, Kitchenette, Toilet & Bath,

iii. Vector-free housing layout,

iv. Provision of Basic Physical Amenities: Water Supply,Drainage, sanitation, Roads/Streets, street Lighting, Solid Waste management & appropriate Green Spaces,

v. Provision of Social Infrastructure: Community Centre, Livelihood Centre & Informal Sector Market, and

vi. Eco friendly Habitat which promotes Social Cohesiveness.

Eco friendly design & layouts for the Urban Poor

Inclusive Planning & Architecture

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Total cost of a Low Cost Sanitation Unit with Total cost of a Low Cost Sanitation Unit with superstructure is pegged at Rs.10,000 in plains & superstructure is pegged at Rs.10,000 in plains & Rs.12500 in hilly or difficult terrains.Rs.12500 in hilly or difficult terrains.

Subsidy by Central Govt. is 75%; Subsidy by State Govt. Subsidy by Central Govt. is 75%; Subsidy by State Govt. is 15%; & Beneficiary contribution is 10%.is 15%; & Beneficiary contribution is 10%.

Strong involvement of NGOs.Strong involvement of NGOs. Adoption of a Citywide Approach.Adoption of a Citywide Approach. Innovative Sanitation Systems.Innovative Sanitation Systems. Allocation of Rs.600 crores for urban areas during the Allocation of Rs.600 crores for urban areas during the

1111thth Plan Period. Plan Period.

Integrated Low Cost Sanitation

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Urban Infrastructure Challenges

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Social Housing

The two lowest monthly per capita expenditure classes

Saving capacity of EWS & LIG

The subsidy gap &

Converting need to demand.

…

ConclusionsConclusions

Now government can’t bear the Now government can’t bear the responsibility to provide 100% responsibility to provide 100% habitat for the urban residents .habitat for the urban residents .

Strong will Strong will Participation of N.G.O’s and private Participation of N.G.O’s and private

sectorsector Role of religious bodiesRole of religious bodies

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ThanksThanks

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