PRESENTATIONON

NUCLEAR REACTOR

April 12, 2023 1

FUNDAMENTAL OF PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY

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BASIC STRUCTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

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LAYOUT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

REACTOR

Containment and biological shield

TURBINE GENERATOR

FEEDPUMF

(SINGLE FLUID SYSEM)April 12, 2023 4

Benefits of Nuclear Power

Reduce demand of Coal

Stable fuel cost

Improves the environment

Less space is requiredApril 12, 2023 5

Bigger capacity gives additional advantage

Economic benefits – jobs & economy

Waste product is controlled, stored, monitored, protected and regulated

Proven, reliable, low-cost supplier of electricity

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A Nuclear Power Plant

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How a Nuclear Power Plant Works: Fuel

Uranium-238 atoms are split apart in a process called nuclear fission.

As more and more atoms split inside the reactor, a large amount of heat is produced.

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Where Does the Energy Come From?:

When an 235U atom fissions:-

235U + 1 neutron 2 neutrons + 92Kr + 142Ba + ENERGY

The mass seems to be the same on both sides of the reaction:

235 + 1 = 2 + 92 + 142 = 236

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IT SEEMS THAT NO MASS IS CONVERTED INTO ENERGY. HOWEVER, THIS IS NOT ENTIRELY CORRECT. THE MASS OF AN ATOM IS MORE THAN THE SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL MASSES OF ITS PROTONS AND NEUTRONS, WHICH IS WHAT THOSE NUMBERS REPRESENT. EXTRA MASS IS A RESULT OF THE BINDING ENERGY THAT HOLDS THE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS OF THE NUCLEUS TOGETHER. THUS, WHEN THE URANIUM ATOM IS SPLIT, SOME OF THE ENERGY THAT HELD IT TOGETHER IS RELEASED AS RADIATION IN THE FORM OF HEAT. BECAUSE ENERGY AND MASS ARE ONE AND THE SAME, THE ENERGY RELEASED IS ALSO MASS RELEASED. THEREFORE, THE TOTAL MASS DOES DECREASE A TINY BIT DURING THE REACTION.April 12, 2023 12

MAIN PART OF NUCLEAR REACTOR AND REACTOR CONTROL

C

OR

E

FULE RODS

Control Rods

MODERATOR

Coolant OUT

Coolant IN

STEAM

TO

STEAM TURBINE

RADIATION SHIELDREFLECTOR

HEAT EXCHANGER OR STEAM GENERATOR

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Containment Vessel1.5-inch thick steel

Shield Building Wall3-foot thick reinforced concrete

Dry Well Wall5-foot thick reinforced concrete

Bio Shield4-foot thick leaded concrete with1.5-inch thick steel lining inside and out

Reactor Vessel4- to 8-inches thick steel

Reactor Fuel

Weir Wall1.5-foot thick concrete

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Multiple Layers to Safety

45 inch steel-reinforced concrete

1/4 inch steel liner

36 inch concrete shielding

8 inch steel reactor vessel

nuclear fuel assemblies

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MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR

REACTOR

FUEL

MODERATOR

REFLECTOR

COOLANT

CONTROL RODS

SHIELDING

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FUEL:-

THE FUEL WHICH USUALLY USED IS NATURAL U-235. IT IS USED IN THE FORM OF RODS AND MODERATOR SURROUNDS IT.

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MODERATOR:-

THE FUNCTION OF MODERATOR IS TO REDUCE THE ENERGY OF NEUTRON EVOLVED DURING FISSION INORDER TO MAINTAIN THE CHAIN REACTION.IT ALSO REDUCES THE QUANTITY OF FUEL REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN THE CHAIN REACTION.

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REFLECTOR:-

DURING THE CHAIN REACTION SOME NEUTORN WHICH ESCAPE FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CORE WITHOUT TAKING PART IN THE FISSION ARE REFLECTED BACK INTO THE CORE TO TAKE PART IN THE FISSION REACTION.

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COOLANT:-

THE PURPOSE OF THE COOLANT IS TO TRANSFER THE GENERATED HEAT TO GENERATE THE STEAM. THE COOLENT IS CIRCULATED IN THE REACTOR AND KEEPS AND KEEPS THE TEMPRATURE OF THE TEMPRATURE BELOW THE SAFE LEVEL BY CONTINEOUS REMOVAL OF ENERGY FROM THE CORE.

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CONTROL RODS:-

THE CONTROLS RODS HELPS TO VARY THE OUTPUT ACCORDING TO THE LOAD AND SHUT DOWN THE REACTOR UNDER EMERGENCY CONDITIONS. BY ABSORBING MORE NUMBER OF NEUTRONS THAN EMITTED AND THE FISSION REACTION DIES OUT.

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SHIELDING:-

THE REACTOR IS THE SOURES OF INTENSE RDIO-ACTIVITY AND THESE RADIATION ARE VERY HARMFUL TO THE HUMAN LIFE. TO PREVENT THAT A THICK CONCRETE LINING OUTSIDE AND THIN STEEL LINING IS PROVIDED TO AVOID THE ESCAPE OF RADIATIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERE.

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CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEAR REACTOR

On The Basis Of Neutron Energy IN THERMAL REACTOR / neutron energy ( 0.03 ev) IN FAST REACTOR / neutron energy (1000 ev) IN INTERMEDIATE REACTOR / ( in b/w )

On The Basis Of Fuel One of the material can be use U-233 , U-235 , PU-239

On The Basis Of Type Of Coolant Used GAS (CO2, H2) LIGHT WATER HEAVY WATER LIQUID METALHYDRO CARBON HYDROCARBON

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On The Basis Of Moderator Used Light Water Heavy water Graphite Organics

On The Basis of Type of Fuel Enrichment

Natural Fuel Enriched Fuel

On The Basis of Geometry of Fuel Moderator Arrangement

Homogeneous( fuel is homogeneously dispersed in the moderator)

Heterogeneous( fuel in the form of rod or plates in the matrices of moderator)April 12, 2023 24

On The Basis Of Their Applications, Function And Construction

Research teaching and material testing reactor

Plutonium production reactor which produce fissile material from fertile material or produce isotopes

Power reactors Stationary power plant Center station power reactor Package reactor for easy mobility, specially

for defense purpose Mobile reactor , Naval reactor , merchant

ship reactor Space reactor which are used in space craft Food irradiation reactor

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BASIC REACTOR SYSTEM Pressurized water reactor Boiling water reactor Sodium graphite reactor Fast breeder reactor Homogeneous reactor Organic cooled and moderator

reactor Gas cooled reactor High temperature gas cooled

reactorApril 12, 2023 26

Pressurized water reactor

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1 Reactor vessel 8 Fresh steam 14 Condenser

2 Fuel elements 9 Feedwater 15 Cooling water

3 Control rods 10 High pressure turbine 16 Feedwater pump

4 Control rod drive 11 Low pressure turbine 17 Feedwater pre-heater

5 Pressurizer 12 Generator 18 Concrete shield

6 Steam generator 13 Exciter 19 Cooling water pump

7 Main circulating pump    

Pressurized water reactor

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Boiling water reactor

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Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor (AGR)

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Heavy Water Reactor/candu

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THANK YOU

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