PRESENTATION ON

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

By:Shri. S.C. GirotraSenior Consultant

Ed.CIL, 10-B, I.P. EstateNew Delhi - 110002

● India is a vast country having very large population. ● Although India cover approximately only 2.5% of the

land but has around 16% of the world population. ● There are substantial variation in geographical

conditions, climatic conditions but large chunk of land and population is prone to Cyclone, Earthquake, floods and whether vagaries.

● The school building need special provisions in the design to avoid sudden collapse to save guard, the children population.

● The school buildings are generally used in case of disaster as shelter for the general public.

● Hence the school buildings are to be safe which can with stand the natural calamities.

Presentation on Disaster Management by Shri. S.C. Girotra, Sr. Consultant, TSG

● There have been earthquakes in Lattur in Maharashtra, Uttar Kashi in Uttranchal and other part of the country. The earthquakes which occurred on 26th January, 2001 in Bhuj/Kutch in Gujarat was the most damaging one, shook the country most. The other earthquake which shook J&K (Indian part) and (Pakistan occupied part) and did lot of damages to the property and humanity.

● Gujarat State after devastation rose to the occasion and with the help of experts from all over the country prepared necessary designs for their buildings for rehabilitation and reconstruction.

Measures Taken Under SSA● Technical Support Group (TSG) has been regularly

providing necessary resource support to States at National Level and individually to the States, in Quarterly Review Meetings and otherwise to the State Project Engineers.

● The resource support is also shared in JRMs, Secretary and SPD meets and in Regional Review Meetings.

● TSG utilized the expertise of SSA Gujarat engineers for bringing awareness in all the SSA States and Union Territories Engineers for preparing their designs which can withstand the intensity of earthquake from sudden collapse.

● Some of the important slides of the presentation shared are

SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF INDIA

Zone II

Zone III

Zone IV

Zone V

IS 1893 (Part – 1 – 2002)

SEISMIC ZONES

Over 60% of India’s land under Seismic Zones III, IV & V

INDIAN SEISMIC CODE

HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT SCHOOL

An earthquake resistant building has six virtues

• Good Structural Configuration : Size, shape and structural system carrying loads are such that they ensure a direct and smooth flow of inertia forces to the ground.

• Lateral StrengthThe maximum lateral (horizontal) force that is can resist is such that the damage induces in it does not result in collapse.

• Adequate Stiffness : Its lateral load resisting system is such that the earthquake induced deformations in it do not damage its contents under low – to – moderate shaking.

• Good Ductility : Its capacity to undergo large deformations under severe earthquake shaking even after yielding, is improved by favorable design and detailing strategies.

• Construction quality :

• Soil Conditions :

HORIZONTAL BANDS

• Plinth Band• Sill Band• Lintel Band• Roof Band• Gable Band

Resource Support Provided to Individual States for Earthquake Resistant Buildings

● Independent campaign was launched particularly for sensitive States like J&K, North-Eastern States and Bihar where presentation on earthquake resistant building were given to most of the State engineers.

STEPS TAKEN BY INDIVIDUAL STATES● Gujarat of-course is a pioneer State in taking

measures for earthquake resistant building and have their designs prepared in accordance with SIEMIC Zones.

● Uttranchal had their school designing prepared from CBRI Roorkee and is implementing the same.

● Bihar has also designed their buildings in accordance with SIEMIC Zone requirement long time back and recently got wetted the same from Prof. (Dr.) Arya, adviser to Government of India on SIEMIC matter.

● Meghalaya has also got their designs wetted from PWD engineers for SIEMIC requirement.

● Arunachal is building pre-feb bamboo structures in some of the districts.

● Assam has designed their school buildings with necessary SIEMIC resistant requirements.

● J&K recently revised their designs and cattered the seismic requirement. State was advised to stop using Randam Rubble masory.

● Uttar Pradesh has also now designed their school buildings in accordance with SIEMIC requirement conforming to IS Code

● Large number of States/UTs have initiated processes for designing their building in accordance with Indian SIEMIC Code. Other States are following suit

Quality Parameters● Technical Support Group (TSG) laid stress on quality

control measures during construction right from inception of SSA, in their meet at States and at National Level. Some of the important slides of the presentation for bringing awareness about quality parameters are as under :

Preparation of Architectural and Structural Design

● For state context specific designs, engagement of competent architects, structural engineers and preparing geographic, climatic and in accordance with seismic, cyclonic, flood prone, Tsunami requirements and fire safety precautions, use of IS codes are essential.

TESTING OF BUILDING MATERIAL• Testing of the building material is essential

as tested material will lead to quality infrastructure. The various test need to be performed for building material and building technologies are:

I. Sieve analysis for (i) Fine sand (ii) Coarse sand

II. Water absorption test for bricksIII. Compressive strength test for bricksIV. Compressive strength test for Cement

concrete cubes V. Determination of consistency of concrete by

slump test VI. Cement mortar test for ascertaining ratio of

cement and sand in the cement mortar.

• TESTING EQUIPMENTS

Sieve Set

Motorised Sieve Shaker

Compression Testing Machines with Load Gauges

Cube Moulds

2.5

1.3

10

0.2THICK

30

0.6

0.2 THICK

AT LEAST 1.6 mmTHICK

5

1ODIA

2 ODIA

ALL DIMENSIONSARE IN CM.

FIG - 1

Slump Test Apparatus

ESSENTIAL MACHINERYCONCRETE MIXER & VIBRATOR - Mechanical mixing of cement concrete and vibrating with vibrator will helps in maintaining proper cement water ratio and producing homogenous mix for attaining appropriate strength.

3RD PARTY EVALUATION DURING CONSTRUCTION:

● There are huge targets for the year 2006-07 and 2007-08, it is necessary to have in-built quality control system during construction. As an additional precaution to safeguard quality measures, 3rd party inspection system during construction shall be introduced in the State. The 3rd party inspection will not only impart guidance to the field engineers but will alert the field engineers and the community to built quality structure and adopt quality control tests. 4th JRM in its report have recommended mandatory 3rd Party Independent Evaluation of Civil Works during construction.

● Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Maharashtra are having 3rd party inspection system already introduced some other states have initiated the process.

Fire Safety Measures● After Dhabwally fire tragedy in Haryana, in 2001,

Kumbakonam tragedy took place on 16th July, 2004 where around 90 children were burnt alive, the tragedy Shook the conscious of the country. Immediately Shri Arjun Singh, Hon’ble Minister of Human Resource and Development Government of India, wrote to Chief ministers of all the States/UTs vide latter dated 27th July, 2004 to take necessary precautions to safe guards school buildings from fire hazards.

● The supplementary agenda for State Education Secretaries and SPDs meet, on 28th – 29th September, 2004 was taken up on safety in school building, where State were asked to initiate steps to ensure safety in school buildings. Some of the steps discussed in the meeting were

1. Providing adequately wide entrances and exits in all buildings to facilitate quick dispersaal of children and staff in the event of emergency.

2. Ensuring that wall openings in classrooms are not less than 20% of floor area, if necessary by appropriate modifications.

3. Removing/replacing all inflammable material in school buildings.

4. Constructing kitchen sheds for mid-day meals in a manner so as to minimise fire hazards.

5. Providing fire-fighting arrangements in all schools.

6. Regular training of teachers and children in fire safety and evacuation drills

7. Appropriate inspections of existing buildings to determine their structural safety.

8. All the new constructions to be in accordance with the National Building Code and IS 8827 (Requirements of School Buildings), IS 456 (Design Code with Seismic Provisions), IS 2406 (Fire Protection Norms for School Buildings) and IS 14435:1997.

RETROFITTING OF BUILDINGS STRUCTURES

● In the national work shop on civil works held at Bhuj, Gujarat in November, 2005 presentation was made by PWD engineers (Gujarat) on Retrofitting of existing structures particularly school buildings.

● The cost of Retrofitting is around 10%.