Presentation livelihood resilience final

Livelihood Resilience - Adapting to a changing Climate?Success Factors, Limitations & Transferability

Munich Re, 17th April 2015

Global Change Management (M.Sc.): Shanjida Akter, Laura Maier, Milton Sarkar, Janina Fago, Maruf Hossain, Elena Klöttschen

Agenda

1. Definitions & Approaches

2. Two Case Studies• Introduction• Findings • Analyses: What are success factors?What are limitations?

3. Transferability & Innovative Ideas

4. Conclusion

(Ullah 2009)

Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015

Definition Livelihood Resilience

“A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future, while

not undermining the natural resource base.” (Chambers and Conway 1992)

(Ullah 2009)


Resources for Livelihood Resilience (Sadik and Rahman 2009):social, physical, human, financial, natural

Osbahr et al. 2010

Environment

Society

GovernmentNon-Gov.- Actors

Business

Holistic Approachof Sustainability

Bangladesh – Introduction


(Nationsonline.org)

Districts: Rangpur, Kurigram, Lalmonirhat

Village Subarnabad in Sundarban area

• High population density

• Low lying land• Highly vulnerable

to climate change effects

Subarnabad – Introduction


(Pouliette et al. 2009)

(Ahmed 2010)

Population 2.440 Area 3,2 km2

Subarnabad – FindingsTraditional livelihood:Farming (rice & other land-based crops), homestead gardening, cattle on common grazing lands, fishing, gathering

Problems facing the area:• Environmental: sea level rise,

temperature rise, storms, river flow changes

• Social: construction and poor maintenance of Coastal Embarkment Program (CEP), Farraka Barrage Dam, local water diversion


(Pouliette et al. 2009; Sadik and Rahman 2009)

decreased water and soil quality

main hazards: salinity, flooding and waterlogged conditions

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Rice_Field.jpg

Subarnabad – Findings

Success of Shrimp farming:• Gain for National Economy, good for large shrimp operators

Problems resulting from shrimp farming:• Social: decreased access to common property renewable resources (for fuel,

fodder, building, food), loss of land, unemployment rise, dependancy on export• Environmental: loss in crop production, decrease in fresh water, increase of health

problems, increase of mud home fragility, decrease in soil and water quality


Activity not tailored to suit the poor but only wealthy farmersPouliette et al. 2009; Sadik and Rahman 2009

Livelihood shift due to shrimp farming (since 1980s)

drivers: • flourishing export market, • international donor support, • governmental strategies

Small farmers either sold their land or started producing shrimp; Farmers without clear land titles were forced off the land

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Shrimp_pond.jpg

Subarnabad – FindingsLOCAL STRATEGIESmainly reactive and autonomos; short-term and on invididual/household level:• Loans: most widely employed strategy• Selling/leasing land/animals• Increase no of family members in workforce• Decrease food intake• Work outside village• Raise goats instead of cattle• Theft


Pouliette et al. 2009; Sadik and Rahman 2009

Subarnabad – FindingsNEW STRATEGIES

Trainings, Technical support, Acces to loans & savings bank• Saline tolerant vegetable gardens: most widely adopted• Goat rearing, Chicken farming, Hen egg production:

popular• Crab fattening & Duck rearing: slightly less adopted• Tree planting and Handicrafts


Results:• Strategies maintained when proofed successful and self-sustaining• Adoption of more than only one strategy • Adaptation of initial idea to suit own situation Minimal need for land requirements Meet immediate needs for food and income, enhance households capacity to

stresses, improves financial assets


IDEAL CARE Bangladesh CIDA

http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/article_sunderbans_inline4.jpg

Northern flooding area – Introduction


Low land

Rural area

River: Brahmaputra and Tista

Tropical wet & dry climate: monsoon, high temperature, humidity & heavy rainfall

Three Districts: Rangpur, Kurigram and Lalmonirhat

Northern flooding area – Findings

Main hazards: unpredictable droughts and flooding-land erosion: loss of fertile soil and lack of safe drinking water

heavy monsoon high temperature Barrage in India

Additional stressors:• Environmental: Invasive water species water hyacinth • Social: Poverty, insufficient infrastructure


Traditional livelihood:• Historically, rural households used to depend

on weather sensitive agriculture • Main income through farming activities

(tobacco, cauliflower, pumpkin), lower percentage involved in fishing activities

• Houses build from natural materials (wood, bamboo, mud)

Selvaraju et al. 2006

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LOCAL ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES: Floating beds


Ullah 2009



Ullah 2009

Northern flooding area – FindingsLOCAL ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES: Floating beds

Additional LOCAL ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES

• Early warning system: Mosques, radio station, weather forecasting center, red flag system, shelter rooms

• Raising public awareness, Community managed CLC (Community Learning Center)



WRDS CARE IUCNPractical Action



For floating cultivation:• ducks and other animals may

cause damage on the crops• large waves could damage the

seed• Scarcity of certain materials• Conflict with fisheries


Future risk further increasingly high temperature and low rainfall leading to drought condition due to climate change

Note: “Water hyacinths accumulate heavy metals to concentrations several hundred times the initial levels” (Haq 2004)


Guideline – 5 Success Topics

Resources:• social• physical• human• financial• natural

Are livelihoods independent from external sources and actions?

Subarnabad study


Success & Limitation

Northern flooding area


Success & Limitation

Case study– Transferability?

Approaches will require local awareness raising


It is most important to...• organise small-scale and poor farmers at grass-roots level• build up their entrepreneurial capacity for running small businesses• incorporate in all decision making, that human well-being depends on nature well-being

Innovative ideas


Freshwater ponds

Integrated fish-farming Bio-rights (Wetland International)

Conclusion

• Conduct participatory research to analyse existing strategies, main hazards and local needs (e.g. Shared Learning Dialogue; Sustainable Livelihood Assessment Framework)

• Mainstream climate change into existing development approaches

• Offer resources to diversify livelihoods (educational, financial, technical)

• Create local ownership and support use of traditional knowledge

• Support or help implement community networks & self-organization

• Offer incentives for nature protection & enhancement

• Promote the process of sharing new and existing knowledge


Approach for formal institutions enhancing livelihood resilience

Livelihood Resilience Adapting to a changing Climate?


Thanks for your attention!

Global Change Management (M.Sc.): Shanjida Akter, Laura Maier, Milton Sarkar, Janina Fago, Maruf Hossain, Elena Klöttschen

Success Factors, Limitations & Transferability

Sources Ahmed, Asib (2010): Some of the major environmental problems relating to land use changes in the coastal areas of Bangladesh: A review. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning Vol. 4(1), pp. 1-8, January 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JGRP. University of Dhaka

HAHN, M.B., RIEDERER, A.M. & FOSTER, S.O.. (2009): The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A Pragmatic Approach to Assessing Risks From Climate Variability and Change - A Case Study in Mozambique. Global Environment Change, 19: 74–88.

Osbahr, H., C. Twyman, W. N. Adger, and D. S. G. Thomas (2010): Evaluating successful livelihoodadaptation to climate variability and change in southern Africa. Ecology and Society vol. 15. [online]URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/volXX/issYY/artZZ/

Pouliotte, Jennifer; Smit, Barry And Lisa Westerhoff (2009): Adaptation And Development: Livelihoods And Climate Change In Subarnabad, Bangladesh. In: Climate And Development 1 (2009), Pp. 31–46. Doi:10.3763/Cdev.2009.0001. Earthscan Sadik, Shibly; Rahman, Rezaur: INDICATOR FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING LIVELIHOOD RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE FOR VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES DEPENDENT ON SUNDARBAN MANGROVE SYSTEM: 4th South Asia Water Research Conference on “Interfacing Poverty, Livelihood and Climate Change in Water Resources Development: Lessons in South Asia” May 4-6, 2009, Kathmandu, Nepal (218-230)

Kumar, Shantanu SAHA (2010): Soilless Cultivation for Landless People: An Alternative Livelihood Practice through Indigenous Hydroponic Agriculture in Flood-prone Bangladesh. Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University. p 139-152

Nambi, A. Arivudai; Bahinipati, Chandra Sekhar: Water Scarcity in Bangladesh (Ashild Kolas, Line Barkved, 2013): Regional Program Strategy Document, 2013-2017 Haq, A. H. M. R., T.K. Ghosal and P. Ghosh.(2004): Cultivating Wetlands in Bangladesh. India: LEISA.

Ullah et al. (2009): Good practices for community resilience. Mainstreaming Livelihood centered Approaches to desaster Management Project. Practical Action Bangladesh. Dhaka Bangladesh


http://www.academicjournals.org/JGRP

http://www.academicjournals.org/JGRP

SourcesImage source: Image Mosque wikipedia.orghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Mosque-port_said-egypt.jpg Image (modified) : Map Bangladeshhttp://i.infoplease.com/images/mbanglad.gif Image : Fresh Water pond wikipedia.orghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/IMTA_in_Freshwater_Pond.JPG Image: building on water (ramsar.org 2007)http://archive.ramsar.org/pictures/screen12-po-sm.jpg

Shrimp pond: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Shrimp_pond.jpg

Sunderbans: http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/article_sunderbans_inline4.jpg

Bangladesh:http://www.batbangladesh.com/group/sites/bat_85djtr.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO85DKEH/$FILE/medMD87YH6H.jpg?openelement

Nationsonline.org


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Mosque-port_said-egypt.jpg

http://i.infoplease.com/images/mbanglad.gif

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/IMTA_in_Freshwater_Pond.JPG







http://www.batbangladesh.com/group/sites/bat_85djtr.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO85DKEH/$FILE/medMD87YH6H.jpg?openelement




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