Presentation hend final 17 2-2016

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Presented bySafaa Sayed Essa Ali

LANDSCAPE STUDIES ON

ALEXANDRIA ZOO GARDEN

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Gamal Mohamed El–

TorkyProfessor of Floriculture,

Ornamental Horticulture & Landscape Gardening

Faculty of Agriculture , Alexandria University

Prof. Dr. Ali Ibrahim Abido

Professor of Vegetable and plant Tissue Culture, Plant Production Department

Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha

Prof. Dr. Hosny Abd El-Azem Abou GaziaProfessor of Forestry & Wood

Technology Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University

Prof. Dr. Basiouny Abdel-Maksoud Abdel-

MaksoudProfessor of Floriculture,

Ornamental Horticulture & Landscape Gardening,

Faculty of AgricultureAlexandria University

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Gamal Mohamed El–

TorkyProfessor of Floriculture,

Ornamental Horticulture & Landscape Gardening

Faculty of Agriculture , Alexandria University

Prof. Dr. Ali Ibrahim Abido

Professor of Vegetable and plant Tissue Culture, Plant Production Department

Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha

“Zoo’’ is a collection of wild animals in captivity. It may include also zoological gardens, biological parks, safari parks, bird parks, reptile parks, aquariums as well as insectariums .

“Zoo" zoo is an organized and permanent institution, especially educational or aesthetic in purpose, with professional staff, that owns and utilizes wild animals, cares for them, and exhibits them to the public on a regular schedule (Polakowski1989).

Alexandria Zoo Garden (Alex Zoo) is situated in Smouha District, Alexandria, Egypt and is considered to be one of the oldest zoological gardens in the east. Alex Zoo is a part of Al-Nozha garden complex which comprises three highly important historic gardens; Antoniadis Botanical Garden, the Rose Garden in addition to the Zoological Garden. Al-Nozha garden complex. Alex Zoo began in 1907 as a small '' menagerie'' . The zoo area increased to be 25 feddans, which equals approximately 130.000 m2 . The general layout of Alex Zoo garden is informal style.

A map showing the exact location of Alex Zoo in Al- Nozha garden complex (after Mohamed et.al.,2010).

History of

Zoological

gardens

1

3

5

2

4

The Medieval Collection6

Aztec and Inca civilization7

Babylonia and Assyria; Mesopotamia Ancient Egypt

Ancient Indo-Chinese Greek and Roman collections

Persian and Arab collection

1

the natural world around Mesopotamia was categorized into domestic animals, wild animals, wild birds, fishes, insects, plants, trees, vegetables, and minerals (Kisling, 2001).

Kisling (2001) reported that although all classes of Mesopotamian society had kitchen gardens and fishponds, royalty and the wealthy landowning class had shade gardens, ornamental gardens, and parks.

Babylonia and Assyria; Mesopotamia

2

While some debate what could be called the world's first zoo, the predecessor to which was the menagerie, the act of animal keeping dates back to ancient times as early as 3500B.C. in Hierakonpolis, Egypt (Dembeck, 1965;Hoage and Deiss, 1996; and Rose,2010)..

Ancient Egypt

2

Some publications date the earliest instances of '' true zoo management'' to the fifth dynasty of old- kingdom Egypt in Saqqara around 2900-2200 B.C. the likely reason for keeping these animals in captivity was for leisure, nobility, hunting and fishing purposes (Croke, 1997).

Ancient Egypt

2

Erman (1971) pointed out that wealthy Egyptians at all times kept menageries, in which they brought up the animals taken by the lasso or by the dogs in the deserts, as well as those brought into Egypt by way of commerce or as tribute.

Ancient Egypt

3

To date, little is known about the zoological activities of this Indus civilization; however, animals were domesticated, most

importantly the elephant. From the beginning, royal animal collections served both

practical and aesthetic purposes. Starting with the founder of the Shang dynasty, China's rulers built animal reserves; however, it was Wen Wang, the founder of the Zhou dynasty who built the first well – known animal reserve.

Ancient Indo-Chinese

4

Both Greek and Romans possessed vast collections of wild animals, with the Greeks focusing on songbirds (passerines).

The Greek public traveled for miles to view birds from India which may be the earliest recorded instance of paying a gate fee to enter a menagerie (Hoage et al., 1996).

Greek and Roman collections

5

After Roman Egypt became a province of the Islamic caliphate in 641, the Egyptian caliph demanded tribute from its southern regions: camels, elephants, giraffes, and other animals. Animals were also captured on the caliph's hunting trips and military excursions in these areas.

Persian and Arab collection

6 The Medieval Collection

. Animal collections at Cairo and Constantinople continued to thrive during the Medieval period. Justinian, Roman Emperor at Constantinople (483-565), maintained one of the largest animal collections of the time. This collection still existed when the Turks overthrew the Eastern Roman Empire in 1453 and it was continued by the Turkish rulers, who also maintained the collections at Cairo when they gained control of Egypt. Travelers fortunate enough to visit the Holy land and Egypt to see the antiquities and historical sights often stopped to view the

menageries at Cairo and Constantinople (Kisling, 2001).

7

Montezuma, the Aztecian King, had several residences (few years after 1519), each of which had gardens, fishponds, and birds, his most elaborate residence contained a bird house, a wild animal house (with

mammals, birds of prey, and reptiles) .

Aztec and Inca civilization

Zoological Garden

A “zoological garden" is defined as the places that enable people to see , hear and even smell constantly active animals that are eating , playing , climbing as if they were in their natural environment and to observe their relations with other animals.

Definition of

Zoological

gardens

“Menageries" are a group of cages containing

exotic animals usually arranged systematically

by families. Menageries were well established

throughout the world during the eighteenth –

and nineteenth- centuries as previously stated.

Definition of

Menageries

“Aquarium " a tank for keeping aquatic plants

and animals that is self-contained and self-

sustained as a natural system. Originally,

aquariums were also referred to as aquatic

vivariums.

Definition of

Aquarium

“Oceanarium " a public aquarium with at least

one very large aquarium tank for keeping sea

mammals , such as dolphins or whales.

Definition of

Oceanarium

“Conservation Park or Biopark " relatively new

terms for a zoo that emphasizes ecological

immersion exhibits and conservation programs.

Definition of

Conservation

Park or Biopark

The role of

modern zoos1

Conservation

2

Recreation or

Entertainment

3

Education

4

Research

Design of

zoological gardens

Designers of the twentieth – century zoological park, or living museum, intend to show, within an enclosure, the natural habitat of the animal, introducing ecological themes and

conveying information about the habitats and the behavioral biology of the animals. Exhibit designers often created moated enclosures meant to be similar to the animal's

habitat (Croke, 1997; Harrison, 1991; and Hoage and Deiss, 1996).

Zoo naturalism and how it could be achieved ? It is, then, a comparison between wild or naturalistic design and the caged zoo design on the other hand.

Design of

zoological gardens

The concept of '' landscape immersion '' is now gaining popularity in zoological gardens worldwide

(Coe, 1996, and Polakowski,1987). The idea of '' landscape immersion'' is to replicate the species'

natural environment and to place the viewer within the animal's habitat.

Plants in the zoo

landscapes, a soft

scape approach

Graetz (1995) stated that zoo plantings also fulfill several basic needs; among these are shade for visitors and animals, cover for the animals, other behavioral needs of animals, depending on the species; visual barrier for animals to avoid other animals; deterrence from escape, in some species; symbolic value; modulation of views and perceptions; and definition of space for people and animals.

1 2

3 4

5 6 Zoo art and Sculpture

7 Water component 8

Zoo garden,a hardscape approach

Animal barriers Visitor barriers

Parking areas Gates and Walkways

Lighting

Pergolas and other shelters

9 Sitting and resting places 10 Signs and labels

Animal barriers and Visitors barrier

The present study was carried out at Alexandria Zoo Garden through the years 2010 – 2015, the study included the following aspects:

12Obtaining all available layouts for the gardens for comparing with

current layouts and as built layouts.3

Surveying the location by performing several site visits to

recognize all the garden elements.

Obtaining recent Google earth satellite images of the gardens.

45Surveying the general layout of both

gardens for obtaining accurate as built layout of the garden sections

and hardscape design..6Measure the garden area by

Sokkia SET 3X Reflector less Total Station, 3" Accuracy

Surveying the softscape layout of both gardens for obtaining all main plant species and plotting each species

individually on the softscape layout.


78Drawing a general map of the

whole location for visitors recognition of the garden areas

and facilities.9Working on the Alex Zoo garden by designing a new conceptual

design for this area.

Performing a questionnaire on a random sample

of the garden visitors.


1011Surveying all plant species that

found in the zoo.12Surveying all animal species

that found in the zoo.

Surveying all hardscape components of the zoo.


Results &

Discussion

History, description, design and layout of Alexandria

Zoo Garden

Evaluation of Alexandria Zoological garden

History, description, design and layout of Alexandria Zoo

Garden

Evaluation of Alexandria

Zoological garden

Distribution of the studied cases according to their personal data

No %Sex Male 123 49.2Female 127 50.8

Educational status Non educated 20 8.0Medium educated 119 47.6Higher educated 111 44.4

Visitors relationships Friends and school mates 55 22.0Neighbors 11 4.4Families ( parents and children) 184 73.6

Are you keen to visit Alex Zoo? No 3 1.2Yes 152 60.8Very keen 95 38.0

Reason for visiting Alex Zoo

Conservation 3 1.2Entertainment and recreation

201 80.4Education

43 17.2Research

3 1.2

Distribution of the Alex Zoo studied sample according to sufficiency and general satisfaction towards the zoo

No %

Degree of sufficiency High (A) 17 6.8Moderate (B) 152 60.8Low (C) 81 32.4c2 (p) 50.8Degree of satisfaction High (A) 37 14.8Moderate (B) 134 53.6Low (C) 79 31.6c2 (p) 55.0

Opinion of the different classes of visitors towards the garden sufficiency and general satisfaction

Opinion of the studied sample about the general features and components of Alex Zoo, with respect to

the hardscape components of the visitors area.

Degree of satisfaction

Visitors areaHardscape components

Satisfied PartlyNot

Satisfied Mea

n SD C2No % No % No %1. Entrances and zoo accessibility 72 28.80 75 30.00 103 41.20 2.01 0.7

77.016*

2.Parking areas 28 11.20 58 23.20 164 65.60 1.46 0.69

122.528*

3.Walkways circulation 56 22.40 96 38.40 98 39.20 1.83 0.77

13.472*

4.Walkways for disabled 50 20.00 74 29.60 126 50.40 1.70 0.78

36.224*

5.Lighting of the parks 75 30.00 85 34.00 90 36.00 2.06 0.81

1.400

6.Zoo art and Sculpture 13 5.20 28 11.20 209 83.60 1.22 0.52

285.608*

7.Water element of landscapes 13 5.20 47 18.80 190 76.00 1.29 0.56

211.736*

8.Sitting places and Pergolas 16 6.04 55 22.00 179 71.60 1.35 0.60

173.864*

Visitors areaHardscape components

Satisfied PartlyNot

Satisfied Mea

n SD C2No % No % No %

Visitor safety barriers138 55.20 66 26.40 46 18.40 2.37

0.78

56.192*

Wayfinding signs64 25.60 86 34.40 100 40.00 1.91

0.77

7.904*

Cleaning level8 3.20 63 25.20 179 71.60 1.32

0.53

182.888*

Rest rooms15 6.00 47 18.80 188 75.20 1.31

0.58

203.336*

Cafeterias, number and distribution59 23.60 89 35.60 102 40.8 1.83

0.79

11.672*

Photographers availability59 23.60 74 29.60 117 46.80 1.77

0.81

21.752*

Children playground area22 8.80 69 27.60 159 63.30 1.45

0.65

116.312*

Opinion of the studied sample about the general features and components of Alex Zoo , with respect to

the softscape components of the visitors area.Degree of satisfaction

Visitors areaSoftscape components

Satisfied PartlyNot

Satisfied Mea

n SD C2No % No % No %Garden maintenance 18

7.20

10

8

43.20

124

49.60

1.58

0.62

78.368

* Lawns, shape and area 34 13.60 78 31.20 138 55.20 1.58 0.7

265.408*

Flowers and other ornamentals 63 25.20 76 30.40 111 44.40 1.81 0.81

14.792*

Shade trees 79 31.60 86 34.40 85 34.00 1.98 0.81

0.344

Number and variety of garden plants 63 25.20 109 43.60 78 31.20 1.94 0.75

13.208*

Plant labels 13 5.20 28 11.20 209 83.60 1.22 0.52

285.608*

Opinion of the studied sample about the general features and components of Alex Zoo , with respect to

the animal area.Degree of satisfaction

Animals areaSatisfied Partly

Not Satisfied Mea

n SD C2No % No % No %1.Exhibit simulation 147

58.80

63

25.20

40

16.00

1.66

0.85

76.136

* 2.Exhibit animal barriers 164 65.60 58 23.20 28 11.20 1.46 0.6

9122.528

* 3.Animal information labels 72 28.80 105 42.00 73 29.20 2.00 0.7

68.456*

4.Number of animals in captivity 27 10.80 49 19.60 174 69.60 1.41 0.68

150.872*

5.Cleaning level of animals and exhibits

28 11.20 13 5.20 209 83.60 1.22 0.52

285.608*

6.Availability of tour guides 28 11.20 50 20.00 172 68.80 1.42 0.69

144.416*

History, description, design and layout of

Alexandria Zoo Garden

History and Description

Fig. 4.1.: The geographical map of Alexandria city showing the position of Al-Nozha Garden Complex (marked by x)which includes Antoniadis Botanical Garden, the Rose Garden, Al-Nozha Public Garden and the Zoological Garden.

Fig. 4.3.: Al- Nozha garden complex map surveyed officially in 1943 by the Egyptian Survey Authority showing the location and area of Alex Zoo that time in the far north-west of the garden complex(marked by bold red line).

Fig. 4.4.: Al- Nozha garden complex map surveyed officially in 1977 by the Egyptian Survey Authority showing the location and enlarged new area of Alex Zoo in the far north-west of the garden complex(marked by bold red line).

Fig. 4.6.: A map showing the exact location of Alex Zoo in Al- Nozha garden complex (after Mohamed et.al.,2010).

Fig. 4.7.: Alex Zoo as-built general layout showing the informal system of design.

Fig. 4.8Alex Zoo as-built layout showing the two levels of the garden. The lower level surrounded by thick red line. The layout showing also the six stairs connecting the two levels (marked in blue)as well as the two ramp walkways (marked in purple).

Fig. 4.9.: Alex Zoo as-built general layout showing the suggested zones of the garden; level A (A-1, A-2, A-3) and level B(B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4).

Zone A1

Fig. 4.10.: Alex Zoo as-built layout showing the detailed components of zone A-1.

Zone A2

Fig. 4.19.: Alex Zoo as-built layout showing the detailed components of zone A-2.

Zone A3

Fig. 4.34: Alex Zoo as-built layout showing the detailed components of zone A-3.

Zone B1

Fig. 4.51: Alex Zoo as-built layout showing the detailed components of zone B-1.

Zone B2


Zone B3


Zone B4


Design and layout

Fig.4.87: Alex Zoo map showing the zoo entrances (E1, E2, E3, E4) as well as the possible parking areas (marked in red).

Fig.4.88: Alex Zoo map showing the walkways circulation connecting all parts of the zoo together (marked in blue).

Fig.4.90: Alex Zoo map showing the number and locations of the rest rooms (marked in red).

Fig.4.91: Alex Zoo map showing the location of the children playground or children activity area (marked in red).

Plants, the softscape

component of the Alex Zoo garden

Plant group Zone A Zone B Total

1. Palms 23 85 108

2Trees 114 315 429

3. Shrubs19 121 140

4. Cactus 2 20 22

Total number of plants 158 541 699

Lawns/ m2Q̶ 63 m2 63 m2

Survey for the number of palms, tree, shrubs and cactus and lawn area calculated for the different Alex Zoo zones

Fig.4.91: Alex Zoo map showing the location of the children playground or children activity area (marked in red).

Hardscape components

Parking areas

Entrances and walkways circulation

Lighting

Zoo art and sculpture

Water component

Pergolas and other shelters

Sitting and resting places

Fig.4.111: A photographs of the only available parking place for the cars and buses of Alex Zoo visitors.

Parking areas

Fig.4.112: A photograph showing the lighting bollards used in Alex Zoo. a: the bollard terminates with a light bulb covered with glass cover. b: the glass cover and the lamp are not present.

Lighting

Lighting

Fig.4.113: Alex Zoo as –built general layout showing the light bollards in the zoo gardens (marked in red).

Fig.4.114: The first piece of sculpture which exist in zone B-3, Alex Zoo. Notice the iron cage around the statue as well as the poor situation.



Fig.4.115: The second couple of sculptures which exist to the right and left of the E1 entrance, zone B-1 of Alex Zoo.


Fig.4.116: The third couple of sculptures which represent two lions to the right and left of the lion house door of zone B-4, Alex

Zoo.

Fig.4.117: A photograph of the central fountain of the waterfowl lake of zone B-1, Alex Zoo.

Water component

Fig.4.118:A photograph showing garden seats provided with circular umbrellas for protection against sun and rains. Alex Zoo, zone B-4.

placesSitting and resting


Fig.4.119: A photographs showing garden seats provided with longitudinal umbrellas for protection against sun and rains.

Alex Zoo, zone B-4.


Fig.4.120: A photograph showing the bad situation of garden seats of most zones of Alex Zoo.

Fig.4.121: Due to the absence of seats in some areas of Alex Zoo, visitors have to sit down on the concrete flower bed.

Fig.4.122: Some visitors crossed the visitor barrier of the waterfowl lake and sit down on the ground inside the pelican exhibit in Alex Zoo, B-1 zone.

Fig.4.123: A photograph showing some vendors displaying their food and toy products for sale at one of the entrances of Alex Zoo.

Fig.4.124: A photograph showing some vendors displaying their food and toy products for sale inside Alex Zoo.

Fig.4.127: Some visitors having their lunch on the pavement of Alex Zoo.

Fig.4.128: Some other visitors having their lunch on the sidewalk of Alex Zoo.

Softscape elements

Hardscape componen

ts


Entrances and

walkways circulation

Parking areas Lighting


Water component

Zoo art and sculpturePergolas


Sitting and

resting places

Garden seatsTrash

or garbage baskets

Rest rooms


Sitting and

resting placesDeveloping

gathering points

Developing the Swan Casino area of B-1 zoneDeveloping the monkey mountain area of B-3 zoneDeveloping the lion enclosure area of B-4 region

Fig.5.2.: Alex Zoo as- built general layout showing the suggested site of the proposed parking area which lies between the main gate of El-

Nozha garden and the E1 entrance of Alex Zoo.

Fig.5.3.: Design of the proposed parking area.

Fig.5.4.: Perspectives of the site plan of the suggested parking lot.

Fig.5.5.: Alex Zoo as built layout of zone A-3 showing the suggested ramp way specially proposed for disabled through the closed entrance,( marked in red)

Fig.5.6.: Alex Zoo as built layout of zone B-3 showing the suggested ramp way specially proposed for disabled through the E1 entrance,( marked in red)

Fig.5.7.: Alex Zoo as built general layout showing the suggested places for light bollards over the garden area, (marked

in red)

Fig.5.8.: A photograph showing the new recommended light bollards operated by solar energy.

Fig.5.9.: Some possible animal statues which could be suggested to decorate the important gathering areas of Alex

Zoo.

Fig.5.10.: Some examples of trees and shrubs topiary work commonly used in the international zoological gardens.

Fig.5.11.: The suggested location of the proposed musical fountain in the B-2 region of Alex Zoo (marked in red).

Fig.5.12.: The proposed musical fountain in the B-2 region of Alex Zoo.

Fig.5.13.: The suggested formal fountain proposed to replace the old one situated in the middle of the waterfowl lake of B-1 zone of Alex Zoo

Fig.5.14.: The suggested location of the proposed woody pergola in A-3 of Alex Zoo, (marked in green)

Fig.5.15.: The proposed pergola of A-3 region of Alex Zoo.

Fig.5.16.: Models of selected garden seats which are recommended to be used in the different parts of Alex Zoo.

Fig.5.17.: Models of selected durable garbage or trash baskets recommended to be used over the area of Alex Zoo

Fig.5.18.: The suggested design of rest room recommended for Alex Zoo.

Fig.5.19.: Alex Zoo as built general layout showing the development site of the Swan Casino and surrounding lawn area in front of the waterfowl lake,(marked in

green)

Fig.5.20.: The suggested new design of the Swan Casino building in front of the waterfowl lake of Alex Zoo, the B-1 region.

Fig.5.21.: The layout of the suggested Swan Casino of Alex Zoo, the B-1 zone.

Fig.5.22.: The location of the amusement children playground area of zone B-3, Alex Zoo, (marked in green)

Fig.5.23.: The Detailed plan for the development of the children playground of B-3, Alex Zoo.

Fig.5.24.: The proposed perspective of the museum building after adding a top floor which includes the conference room, the zoo library and the rest rooms.

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