Presentation for China Forum (1)

7/29/2019 Presentation for China Forum (1)

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Principles and Strategies BehindSuccessful Dialect Modification and Accent

Reduction Among Ethnocultural Groups

Dr. Harold Mitchell

Dr. Tina T. Smith

Tennessee State University


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What is Communication?

Communication is:

The transmission and reception of informationamong persons

An active process

Verbal (speech)

Nonverbal (gestures, facial expressions, etc.)


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Communication has

paralinguistic cues and

is an interaction

between two or more

people.


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Communication can

occur through many

mediums such as:

Telephone

The Radio

The Television

The Newspaper

The Computer


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Components of Verbal

Communication

Sender

(Person talking)

Message

(Conversation)

Receiver

(Listener/Decoder)

Setting

(Interaction Location)


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Components of Verbal

Communication

Sender

(Person talking)

Message

(Conversation)

Receiver

(Listener/Decoder)

Setting

(Interaction Location)


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Components of Nonverbal

Communication

Prosody

(Pitch, Duration,Loudness, Rhythm)

Kinesics

(Visual Signals, Eyes,Gestures, Hands)

Proxemics(Social Space)

Paralanguage(Emotions, pitch, rate of speech,

volume)


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Other Components of Nonverbal

Communication

Nonlinguistic Cues

(Gestures, Body Language,Facial Expressions, Head and

Body Movement)

Metalinguistic Cues

(Ability to talk about, analyze,and judge language)


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What Makes a

Communicator Effective?

Speaking and expressing your thoughts and feelingsin a clear and non-defensive manner.

Being an active listener by using both verbal (un huh)and nonverbal skills (leaning forward)

Being aware of your body language and what itcommunicates to others.

Learning to code-switch in different professionalversus social settings. Example from using African American English to Standard

American English when appropriate.


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What is a Dialect?

A dialect is a variation of a language.

There are many different dialects Dialects usually differ grammatically and/or

phonologically from what is considered the

standard language.

Both vowel and consonant production may differ

Suprasegmental features may differ


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What is Accent Reduction?

Accent reduction occurs when the speaker

changes his or her speech production (eitherconsonants or vowels), suprasegmental

features, or grammatical features to become

more similar to the standard language.


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Developing Effective Oral

Communication

The purpose of this presentation is to reviewstrategies that one can use to code switch and/or to

improve the oral component of communication byfocusing on a speakers:

Articulation The manner in which the speaker produces sounds.

Grammar The manner in which the speaker uses sentence structure,

wording endings, and vocabulary.

Voice The pitch, loudness, and quality of a speakers voice.


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The Influence of Culture on

Communication

Voice, articulation, and grammar have culturalinfluences.

For example: African American English speakers use different

phonological and grammatical features than do StandardAmerican English speakers.

NOTE: Speaking a dialect does not mean that a person is notan effective communicator. However, learning to codeswitch is an important skill depending on the environment inwhich the person is communicating.


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Phonological Features of AAE

/l/ omitted (aways)

/r/ omitted (doah)

f/th (teef for teeth)

d/th (dis for this)

v/th (breave for breathe)

Cluster reduction (des

for desk)

Metathesis (aks for axe)

I/E (pin for pen)

Deletion of finalconsonants (ba for bad)

n/ng (walkin for walking)

b/v (bes for vest)


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Grammatical Features of AAE

Omission of:

Noun possessive

Noun plural

Third person singular

Is and are

Have Past tense endings

Subject-verbagreement

Multiple negatives(dont have no more)

Distributive be

At at the end of

where questions Additional auxiliaries

Do/does


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Social Dialects

In this global society, people are seeking tolearn a standard dialect with the followingfeatures: Clear articulation of vowels, consonants, and

diphthongs

Accurate pronunciation of words

Placement of stress on the correct syllable

Use of vocabulary words to express acceptablemeanings.


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Fundamental Facts About Articulation

Each sound of Standard American English is

produced differently. Each person will make a slightly different

articulatory adjustment to produce the same

sound.

Articulation of any sound is affected by thesounds that precede and follow it.


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Identify an American Accent

www.gotoquiz.com/what_american_accent_do_you_

have
http://www.gotoquiz.com/what_american_accent_do_you_havehttp://www.gotoquiz.com/what_american_accent_do_you_havehttp://www.gotoquiz.com/what_american_accent_do_you_havehttp://www.gotoquiz.com/what_american_accent_do_you_have


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Fundamental Facts About Articulation

Since articulation is a physical and muscular

activity, the ability to move fluidly and adroitlyfrom one position to another is extremely

important for clarity and accuracy.

Person will vary their articulatory positions

under different emotional states and socialsituations.


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Improving Articulation:

Three Conditions To Meet

Is my articulation (diction) up to the standard of myown expectations?

Regarding articulation, are there any sounds orsound combinations that need improvement?

Three conditions must be fulfilled to articulate clearly: The sound must be accurately formed. The sound must be sufficiently supported by the breath.

The sound must be completely finished.


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Accurate Sound Production

Learn the characteristics of the sound What articulators are used to produce the sound?

Lips, teeth, tongue, gum ridge,

hard palate, soft palate, glottis

What is the manner of airflow? Is the airflow stopped then released (e.g. /p/, /t/, /g/)

Is the airflow continuous (e.g. /s/, /f/, /th/) Is the sound voiced or unvoiced?

With vocal fold vibration (e.g. /b/)

Without vocal fold vibration (e.g. /k)


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Articulation Practice

Watch yourself in the mirror

Practice for short periods several times per day.

Relax

Breathe deeply and abdominally

Concentrate on vocal efficiency

Read aloud slowly

Repeat difficult words and phrases several times

Check with a competent listener

Let practice become a habit


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Sufficient Breath Support

To produce normal speech, air must beexhaled.

To convert airflow into sounds, the breathstream must be strong enough to withstandfriction, redirection, and stoppage.

Strength and accuracy in the use of therespiratory system are part of the skills thatlead to clear articulation.


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Completeness

One of the most noticeable articulationproblems is incompleteness (failing toproduce all of the sounds in a word. For example, sounds such as t, d, k, and g when

produced in words require an audible explosion ofair. Say the following words:

Bat Bed

Cook

Log


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Articulation Improvement:

Illustrative Sites

http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics

Allows you to see the articulators for all

consonant sounds to practice place, manner, and

voice. Also, allows you to practice each sound

production in isolation and in words.
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phoneticshttp://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics


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Illustrative Sites

www.manythings.org/lar/

The listen and repeat machine- provides the

person with different exercises each day to

improve intonation, rhythm, and pronunciation.
http://www.manythings.org/lar/http://www.manythings.org/lar/


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Illustrative Sites

www.MNSU.edu/comdis/phonetics/phonetics

.com

My Vowel Practice Helps you learn how to:

Pronounce words and sentences loaded with

American English Vowels

Front vowels Mid-vowels

Back vowels

Diphthongs
http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/phonetics/phonetics.comhttp://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/phonetics/phonetics.comhttp://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/phonetics/phonetics.comhttp://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/phonetics/phonetics.com


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How to Become

an Effective Communicator

Know your Audience. Know your Material.

Structure your Presentation.

Practice your Delivery. Prepare for the Delivery.

Calm Yourself from Nervousness.


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How to Become

an Effective Communicator

Wear a Winning Smile.

Be open and Confident.

Be Yourself.


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How to Become

An Effective Communicator

Be Positive.

Be Courteous and Attentive

Presentation for China Forum (1)

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