Yongchun TangPower Environmental Research Center, California

Institute of Technology

Monitoring CO2, Particulates and Hydrocarbon Leaks

Geology & GeochemistryChemistry & ChemicalEngineering

Environmental &Bioengineering

Molecular Simulation

Government

Industry Academia

Industry British Petroleum

ChevronTexaco

ConocoPhillips

Akzo Nobel

Alturdyne

ENI

ShellExxonMobil

Total

SaudiAramco

China National Petroleum Corp.

Government

National Laboratory

U. S. Department of Energy

National Science Foundation

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

Research Programs at PEER for Petroleum Environmental IssuesField Wide H2S, N2 and CO2 Prediction (Before Drilling) – Phase II

Exxon, Shell, BP, ENI, Aramco, Total, Chevrontexaco

New Method of H2S Removal – One Step H2S Removal

Clean Reaction Media (Ionic Liquid) for Catalysis

Corrosion Issues, Napthenic Acid Removal and Modeling

NORM Issues and Inhibitions

Detection of HC Leaks Offshore (Deepwater)

Particulates Detection (New Method and In-Situ Measurement)

CO2 Monitoring (CO2 Sequestration),

Sensors for Hydrocarbon Leaks.

New Technology forImproved MeasurementOf Particulate Matter (PM)

Particulates in industrial processes

• PM analysis– In industrial processes

• Monitoring particulate in industrial processes, e.g. emulsion and crystallization in liquid solutions,

– In engine development and maintenance• Monitor PM impurities• Monitor exhaust and decide the engine’s

performance and health

– In environmental monitoring• Form a new guideline for PM CEM

Our TechnologiesDevelop a method to characterize particulate with

multi-wavelength solid state lasers

Develop a real-time, in-situ , non-intrusive scattering instrument to measure particulate sizes

Develop a real-time, in-situ, non-intrusive scattering instrument to give chemical information about single particulate

Study the effect on particulate characteristics of– Fuel/air intake quality in combustion engines– Running conditions and pollution emission

Existing angular scattering approach

Laser

Polarization modulator

Detection volume

Detectors (12)

Polarizer

Baffle

Base plate & optical bench

A.J. Hunt, I.G. Shepherd, M.S. Quinby-Hunt Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Real–time detectionMultiple angular positionsDetection volume fixed, hard for non-intrusive setup

• Develop light scattering instrument to measure particulate in situ :– Wavelength-dependent scattering intensity (>10

s)

New Approaches for PM size measurement

1064nm

980nm

850nm

780nm

635nm

675nm

445nm

532nm

266nm

355nm

DBS1DBS2

DBS3

DBS4DBS5

DBS6 DBS7

DBS8 DBS9

BC

PC

T1S1

T2 S2

Area of interestPBT3 S3

–With detection at only 2-3 angular positions•Gives maximum flexibility in PM monitoring setup

•Close to non-intrusive detection

Hydrocarbon leak detection

Manual inspection is costly!

Need low cost hydrocarbon sensors by the number of

millions!

Carbonblack hydrocarbon sensorHow does it work?

insulating polymer matrix, conducting element, i.e. carbon

e -

A

e -

B

A

On

A

B On Off

Time

R

insulating polymer matrix swells after absorbing hydrocarbon

conducting element, carbon separation increases, and

resistence increases

e -

A

Miniature, low cost H-C sensors

• Low cost and miniature design that could make ubiquitous H-C sensors at valves & pipes

• Low power and make noise when triggered • Prototyped in small form-factor• Based on carbon-black film technology• Utilizing MEMS (Microelectromechanical

System) micro-fluidic design for mass production

Put Sensors on Each of Refinery Valve System

Monitoring CO2 Surface leaks

for

CO2 Sequestration Project

CO2 InjectionSubsurface

Details of CO2 Leakage -- Impacts the Increase in CO2 Concentrations

Slow leakage over large surface area

Larger leak up a fracture tosurface

Slow or fast leakin surface facilities

Leak atwellbore

DIFFERENT OPTIONS FOR CO2 MONITORING - FOR A SUBSURFACE INJECTION PROJECT

Point MeasurementsDistribute MANY measurement devices across project areaNOT PRACTICAL – each monitor inexpensive, but require 100’sDifficult to build and operate network to collect data

Open Path Measurement – Current TechnologyOpen path – BETTER approach; each device – wide areaCommercial instruments available, but EXPENSIVE COMPLEX DESIGN -- built for MULTIPLE gas measurements

over a WIDE RANGE of concentrationsBased on tunable lasers in NIR

NEW DOE Project – Streamlined Open Path InstrumentInherent advantages of open-path instrument – wide area sampledLOW COST objective – several times less than commercial deviceSINGLE PURPOSE -- CO2 at 200 – 1000 ppmv -- simpler designBased on FM modulation -- rely on cheap commercial components

Relative absorption strength of CO2 at different IR wavelengths

Wavelength(m)Relative Absorption strength

1.432 1

1.570 3.7

2.004 243

2.779 6800

4.255 69000

CO2 remote sensing with FM spectroscopy

• We are developing long range (up to 5km) CO2 monitoring device

• FM spectroscopy with Telecom parts tailored for CO2 monitoring

What is Frequency Modulation?

• Like our FM radio

Laser remote sensing of CO2 in the open air for monitoring Carbon Sequestration

• Why 1.57-1.60 m is good– Free from other air absorption (no water)– Weak absorption good for long path measurement– Low cost lasers

from telecom(EDFA, Laser Diodes,modulators and detectors@ L band)

– Low cost opticsfrom Free SpaceOptics (FSO)Instead of sending data, we just dospectroscopic measurement.

Conclusion

• Cost Is Low for New FM Spectrometer for CO2 Monitoring System

• Flexible (Multiple Points and Locations)

• Durable and Low Maintenance Cost