Presentaion of Chp 5 Soap and Detergent Syee

8/11/2019 Presentaion of Chp 5 Soap and Detergent Syee

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Chapter 5

CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS


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Chapter 5 Chemicals of Consumers5.1 Soap and detergent

SoapSodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acid

General formula:RCOONa or RCOOK

(sodium soap) (potassium soap)Examples:

Soap Formula

Sodium/ Potassium laurateCH3(CH2) 10 COO

Na+

/K+

Sodium/Potassium palmitate CH3(CH2) 14 COO Na+/K+ Sodium/Potassium stearate CH3(CH2) 16 COO Na+/K+ Sodium/Potassium oleate CH 3(CH2) 7 CH=CH(CH2) 7COO

Na+/K+


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Detergent

Sodium salts of sulphonic acid

Two common types1.Sodium alkly sulphate (ROSO4Na)

2.Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate


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Preparation of detergent :

1.(a) SulphonationConcentration sulphuric acid Alkyl sulphonic acid + Water

(b) NeutralisationAlkyl sulphonic acid + Sodium hydroxide solution

Sodium alkyl sulphate + Water

2. (a) Sulphonation> Alkylation

Long-chain alkene + benzene alkylbenzene> Sulphonation

Alkylbenzene + Cocncentration sulphuric acidAlkylbenzene sulphonic acid + Water

sulphonation

neutralisation

alkylation

sulphonation


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Cleansing action of soap and detergent

Soap and detergent are surfactants.

Surfactants are organic compounds that lower the surfacetension of a liquid.

It act as emulsifiers and foaming agents .

Anion soap consists of carboxylate ion (hydrophilic = soluble inwater) and long hydrocarbon tail (hydrophobic = soluble ingrease /oils).

Anion detergent consists of sulphate ion / sulphonate ion(hydrophilic = soluable in water) and long hydrocarbon tail(hydrophobic = soluble in grease / oils).


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The action process

Soap or detergent is added to water.This has lower the surface tension of water and increasesthe wetting ability of water. Hydrophilic part of the anion dissolves in water. Hydrophobic part dissolves in grease.

Scrubbing helps to pull the grease free and break thegrease into small droplets.These droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on thesurface of the cloth. It is because the repulsion betweennegative charges on the surface.The droplets are suspended in water forming an emulsion.Foam produces to float the emulsion.Rinsing helps to remove these droplets.


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The effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent

The effectiveness of soap as a cleansing agent reduces when itis used in :

a) Hard water which contains calcium and magnesium ionsb) Acidic water which contains hydrogens ions


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d) Stabilizers

Added to food with the purpose of making the food stable.

Normally added to food that contain oil and water. Examples: lecithin,mono-and di-glycerides of fatty acid.

e) Thickening agents Added to food with the purpose of thickening the liquid in the

food and preventing the food from becoming to liquid. It have the ability to absorb water in food Examples: Pectin and gelatine


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f) Dyes

Added to food with the purpose of improving their appearanceand making the food more attractive.

The purpose of adding dyes to food are to restore the colourwhich is last during processing of the food and to make thatfood more attractive.

Effect of food additives on health : Allergy some people may be allergic to food additives such

as sodium sulphite and monosodium glutamate.They may getstomach pain

Cancer some food additives such as sodium nitrite can causecancer when they react with certain compound


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5.3 MedicineMedicine is a substance used to prevent or cure diseases or to reducepain and suffering due to illness.It is classified as :

a) Traditional medicine Is a medicine derived from natural resourses without being

processed chemically . Can be obtained from plants and animals . Any medicinal plant containing alkaloid is potentially toxic to liver . Some of it interacts with medications resulting in serious side reactions Exp: garlic capsules combined with diabetes medication can cause a

sudden decrease in blood sugar .

*source : living thing - animals , plants & minerals

Source Function

Aloe vera To treat skin wounds

Centella asiatica To treat depression and for longevity

Centipede To treat lockjaw and convulsions

Ant To treat hepatitis B


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ii. Antibiotics

-Chemicals that destroy /prevent the growth of infectedmicroorganisms .

-Will not cure the infection caused by viruses such as cold and flu .-Obtained from bacteria / fungi .


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iii. Psychotherapeutic medicines

-A group of drugs for treating mental / emotional ilness

Presentaion of Chp 5 Soap and Detergent Syee

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