Presentacion - Progressing Cavity Pumps for Aggressive Oil Applications 2010 SPE ATW Cancun
Transcript of Presentacion - Progressing Cavity Pumps for Aggressive Oil Applications 2010 SPE ATW Cancun
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Progressing Cavity Pumps forAggressive Oil Applications2010 SPE ATW Cancun
Presented by: Oscar Salazar
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Outline
• Introduction
• Aggressive oil applications (aoa)
• Problems in (aoa)
• Materials engineering approach
• Experimental
• Field trials
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PC pump Key Attributes
• low CAPEX / OPEX
• handle liquids, solids and gases
• high overall system efficiency
• low profile, low noise
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Aggressive Oil?
• light oil, above 35 API, often warmer• medium oils with aromatics• coal bed methane with CO2 gas.• light aromatics (benzene, xylene, toluene)• sour: CO2 + H2S• corrosion inhibitors, amines• chemical stimulation fluids
Severity depends on level ofcombinations
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What Problems in AOA?
• elastomer swell (liquid or gas)– high torque– reduced cavity volume– severe damage surfacing
• elastomer/metal degradation– excessive hardening or softening– bond deterioration– corrosion (rotors, tube)
Low pump reliability
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Why Problems in AOA?
• elastomer swelling caused by– physical contact with fluids
– explosive decompression (CO2,H2S, N2, CH4)
• degradation caused by– elastomer/metal chemical reaction
• amines, corrosion inhibitors
• water (Hydrolysis, salts, PH)
• O2 (thermal degradation)
• H2S
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Swelling by fluids
A physical phenomenon governed by– polymer-solvent solubility
– temperature
– solvent viscosity and shape
– activity of multicomponent fluids
– elastomer thickness
– elastomer composition
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Effect of water on elastomers• high water cut oil (> 90%), dilution effect
• wide range of swelling in PC pump
• elastomer selection is critical
Designation Vol swell (%)Elastomer A 12.28Elastomer B 4.00Elastomer C 0.50Elastomer D 15.63Elastomer E 19.50Elastomer F 26.77Elastomer G 16.48
Swell in water at 100o C, 7 days
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0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (day)
Mas
s C
han
ge(
%)
Top LayerSecond LayerMiddle Layer
Swelling: Effect of thickness
Medium nitrile swell in 30/70 Isooctane/toluene at RT, 3 days
6.1%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%6.1%
12 mm
Top layer
second layer
Middle layer
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Explosive Decompression (ED)• Failure shows blisters or cracks within elastomer
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ED mechanism
• gas dissolves and diffuses into elastomer
• high pressure, absorbed gas at equilibrium• pressure releases, gas comes out of solution• pressure differential: gas expansion - swelling
• at critical elastomer internal pressure: bubbles orcracks are inevitable
• internal pressure depends on elastomercomposition
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ED variables
• a complex phenomena, too many variables
– temperature
– gas/fluid mixture
– differential pressure magnitude
– time of exposure
– depressurization rate, dwell time
– depressurization cycles
– thickness, geometry, constraints
– elastomer composition
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Historical Application….
• fluid analysis + compatibility testing (sometimes)
• select best elastomers
• rotor sizing to accommodate swell (trial and error)
• sizing iterations based on performance
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Materials Engineering …
• elastomer composition vs. critical properties
• DOE
• lab mixing and testing
• manufacturing trials
• full scale product testing
• field testing
• commercialization
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Materials Engineering….
• a tool for design
• balanced properties
• compatibility tests
• predictive rotor sizing
• materials “fit for service”
New approach for aggressive oil
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Elastomer Development Example
• tests under lab conditions
• tests under aggressive crude oils and chemicals
• explosive decompression tests
• comparison with other elastomers
• field trials
A fit for purpose elastomer
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RESULTS
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Swelling vs. aromatic content3 day test, 50o C in Isooctane / Toluene blends
0.00
5.00
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15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
%Toluene
%Vo
l
Elastomer CElastomer AElastomer B
Newdevelopment
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Volume swelling aggressive fluids
rotating autoclaves, 7 days, ASTM D412
A B C A B C1 Colombia 15% 21 ND 48 1500 8.1 2.7 NT -21.0 -6.0 -3.02 Romania 90% 30-40 ND 50 2200 6.3 1.3 NT -11.0 -2.0 NT3 Africa 30% 22 3% 60 1500 16.5 7.4 21.7 -21.0 -6.0 -3.04 Czech Republic 50% 32.5 ND 50 1500 5.6 0.9 NT -9.0 -2.0 NT5 Canada 38% 36 9% 48 1100 4.8 2.2 9.8 -8.0 2.0 -13.0
No
Hardness change(pts)Location BHT
DegCBHP(psi)
% Volume swellWatercut API Aromatics
(%mol)
A: elastomer A, std nitrileB: elastomer B, new developmentC: elastomer C, std nitrile
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Volumetric swelling in chemicalscorrosion inhibitor; alkylamine salt; 65o C; 1,000psi
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4.00
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0 10 20 30 40Time (hours)
%Vo
l.
Elastomer A
Elastomer B
Newdevelopment
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Explosive decompression tests
Mixture of gas 90%CH4 and 10% CO2
Elastomer A Elastomer B
Soaktime
(days)Pressure
(Psi)Depres rate
( psi/min)Temp
©
VolumeChange
Hardnesschange
AverageCrackLength
Elastomer A 3 1900 240 70 20.93 -1 4.3Elastomer B 3 1900 240 70 7.35 -3 4.4
Formulation ED Testing Details according to Norsok M-CR-710 guideline
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Swelling by elastomer family
Viton HNBR A Elastomer B HNBR B1.63 24.22 1.94 7.090.63 15.40 0.34 3.48-1 -15 0 -4Hardness Change (Shore A)
Clear FracVolume Change (%)Mass Change (%)
3 day test, 100o C, 1,000 psi
• Clear Frac characteristics:– API: 41.8– aromatic content: 3.2%
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Field trials: Huila- Colombia• Problem
– reduced life: less than 6 months.– high torque (seized rotors) after shut down– ED presence
• operational conditions– API gravity: 21, water cut 15%– CO2: not determined– GOR: above 200 scf/bbl– BHT: 48o C, BHP: 1500 psi.
• change to elastomer B, Model: 22-1500
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Field trials: Huila- Colombia• increased run from 180 days to 488 days
• ED problems minimized
Elastomer A: 6 months Elastomer B: 15 months
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Pengrowth Enchant - Canada• problem:
– Inability to restart after shutdown
– Rotor resizing several times a year (money $$$$)
• operational conditions:– API gravity: 26.2, water cut 98%
– CO2: 22% molar, H2S: 0.7%
– GOR: 200 m3/m3 BHT: 30o C BHP: 100 psi.
• change to elastomer B
• pump model: 47-1500
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Pengrowth Enchant- Canada
• 1st pump: 9 1/2months– no torque problems– pump showed subsurface cracking at surface.
• 2 more pumps with 360+ days run and no rotorchange
Discharge
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Summary
• PC pump elastomer limiting factor in AOA
• swelling and ED are the main problem
• elastomer can be engineered for AOA
• “fit for purpose” elastomer:
– simplify pump application process
– improves performance
– expands application range
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Questions????