BMR Phytomedicine

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1

Review Article

PRESENT REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMISTRY, NEUTRACEUTICAL,

ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIDIABETIC, BIOTECHNOLOGICAL AND

PHARMACOLOGICAL CHARACTERICTICS OF MORINGA

OLEIFERA LINN.

Ashwani Kumar1, Farha Naaz

1, Akansha Kushwaha

1, Priya Chaudhary

1, Prachi Srivastav

1

1Faculty of Biosciences, Shri Ram College Muzaffarnagar, UP-251001, India

Correspondence should be addressed to Ashwani Kumar

Received July 05, 2016; Accepted August 01, 2016; Published August 05, 2016;

Copyright: © 2016 Ashwani Kumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons

Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original work is properly cited.

Cite This Article: Kumar, A., Naaz, F., Kushwaha, A., Chaudhary, P., Srivastav, P.(2016). Present Review on Phytochemistry, Neutraceutical, Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic, Biotechnological and Pharmacological Characterictics

of Moringa oleifera Linn.. BMR Phytomedicine, 2(1).1-17

ABSTRACT

Nature has provided a complete store-house of remedies to cure all aliments of mankind. Records of pre-historic civilization

in different parts of the world revealed considerable range of medicinal plants to cure human ailments. M. oleifera belongs

to family Nyctaginaceae. M. oleifera has been extensively used in almost all folklore remedies around the world for treating

a variety of conditions. It has been reported that indigenous Mexican population uses various decoctions and preparations of

M. oleifera for muscular pain, diarrhoea, dysentery, and abdominal colic. The plant has been extensively studied for a

variety of bioactive principles and screened for different pharmacological activities. The ethanolic extract of the leaves and

the stem was found to have potent antinociceptive activity in experimental mice. The plant has also proved to possess

antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidant activity. This article briefly reviews the botany, pharmacology, biochemistry and

therapeutic application of the plant. This is an attempt to compile and document information on different aspects of M.

oleifera and highlight the need for research and development.

KEYWORDS: M. oleifera, Drumstick, Phytochemical, Pharmacology, Phytophysiological.

INTRODUCTION

Moringa oleifera is the most widely cultivated species of

the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family

Moringaceae. English common names include: moringa

Drumstick (The appearance of the long, slender, triangular

seed-pods), horseradish tree (The taste of the roots, which

resembles horseradish), ben oil tree, or benzoil tree (The

oil which is derived from the seeds) [1]. It is a fast-

growing, drought-resistant tree, native to the southern

foothills of the Himalayas in northwestern India, and

widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas where its

young seed pods and leaves are used as vegetables. It can

also be used for water purification and hand washing, and

is sometimes used in herbal medicine [2].

DESCRIPTION

M. oleifera is a fast-growing, deciduous tree [3]. It can

reach a height of 10–12 m (32–40 ft) [4]. and the trunk can

reach a diameter of 45 cm (1.5 ft) [5].

The bark has a

whitish-grey colour and is surrounded by thick cork.

Young shoots have purplish or greenish-white, hairy

bark.The tree has an open crown of drooping, fragile

branches and the leaves build upa feathery foliage of

tripinnate leaves.The flowers are fragrant and bisexual,

surrounded by five unequal, thinly veined, yellowish-white

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petals. The flowers are about 1.0 1.5 cm (1/2") long and

2.0 cm (3/4") broad. They grow on slender, hairy stalks in

spreading or drooping later flower clusters which have a

length of 10–25 cm [6]. Flowering begins within the first

six months after planting. In seasonally cool regions,

flowering only occurs once a year between April and June.

In more constant seasonal temperatures and with constant

rainfall, flowering can happen twice or even all year-round

[6]. The fruit is a hanging, three-sided brown capsule of

20–45 cm size which holds dark brown, globular seeds

with a diameter around 1 cm. The seeds have three

whitish papery wings and are dispersed by wind and water

[7]. In cultivation, it is often cut back annually to 1–2 m

(3–6 ft) and allowed to regrow so the pods and leaves

remain within arm's reach.

BREEDING

In India, from where moringa most likely originated, the

diversity of wild types is large [8] . This gives a good basis

for breeding programs. In countries where moringa has

been introduced, the diversity is usually much smaller

among the cultivar types. Locally well-adapted wild types,

though can be found in most regions.Because moringa is

cultivated and used in different ways, there are different

breeding aims. The breeding aims for an annual or a

perennial plant are obviously different. The yield stability

of fruits is an important breeding aim for the commercial

cultivation in India, where moringa is cultivated as an

annual. On less favorable locations, perennial cultivation

has big advantages. Erosion is much smaller with perennial

cultivation [8]. In Pakistan, varieties have been tested for

their nutritional composition of the leaves on different

locations [9]. The different breeding aims result in a

different selection. India selects for a higher number of

pods and dwarf or semidwarf varieties. Breeders in

Tanzania, though, are selecting for higher oil content [10].

the leaves are the most nutritious part of the plant, being a

significant source of B vitamins, vitamin C, provitamin A

as beta-carotene, vitamin K, manganese, and protein,

among other essential nutrients.[3, 9,10] When compared

with common foods particularly high in certain nutrients

per 100 g fresh weight, cooked moringa leaves are

considerable sources of these same nutrients. Some of the

calcium in moringa leaves is bound as crystals of calcium

oxalate [11]. The leaves are cooked and used like spinach

and are commonly dried and crushed into a powder used in

soups and sauces. The immature seed pods, called

"drumsticks", are commonly consumed in South Asia.

They are prepared by parboiling, and cooked in a curry

until soft [12]. The seed pods/fruits, even when cooked by

boiling, remain particularly high in vitamin C [13]. (Which

may be degraded variably by cooking) and are also a good

source of dietary fiber, potassium, magnesium, and

manganese [13].

The seeds, sometimes removed from more mature pods

and eaten like peas or roasted like nuts, contain high levels

of vitamin C and moderate amounts of B vitamins and

dietary minerals. Mature seeds yield 38–40% edible oil

called ben oil from its high concentration of behenic acid.

The refined oil is clear and odorless, and resistsrancidity.

The seed cake remaining after oil extraction may be used

as a fertilizer or as a flocculent to purify water [14].

Moringa seed oil also has potential for use as a biofuel [15].

The roots are shredded and used as a condiment with sharp

flavor qualities deriving from significant content of

polyphenols [16].

Figure 1: Seeds, Green Pods, Dry Pods, Flower, and

branches of M. oleifera

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Malnutrition relief

Moringa trees have been used to combat malnutrition,

especially among infants and nursing mothers [3.17] .Since

moringa thrives in arid and semiarid environments it may

provide a versatile, nutritious food source throughout the

year. Dunt-dalun chin-yei, Burmese drumstick sour soup

Moringa has numerous applications in cooking throughout

its regional distribution. It may be preserved by canning

but is often made into a variety of curry dishes by mixing

with coconut, poppy seeds, and mustard or boiled until the

drumsticks are semisoft and consumed directly without

any extra processing or cooking. It is used in curries,

sambars, kormas, and dals, although it is also used to add

flavor to cutlets and other recipes.

The fruit meat of drumsticks, including young seeds, is

used for soup. Young leaves can either be fried with

shrimp or added as a topping in fish soup. Several

traditional dishes use leaves (sluc) of the moringa tree

known as daum m'rum [19]. Such as korko (a mixed

vegetable soup). As it is a favorite vegetable, Cambodians

traditionally grow moringa trees close to their residences.

Tender drumstick leaves, finely chopped, are used as

garnish for vegetable dishes and salads. The long moringa

seed pods are cut into shorter lengths and stewed in curries

and soups. Because they are fibrous, seed pods are often

chewed to extract the juices and nutrients, with the

remaining fibrous material discarded. The flowers are

mixed with gram flour and other spices, then deep fried

into fritters to be served as snacks or added to curries.The

green pods, leaves, and flowers are used in a variety of

Thai dishes, such as curries, stir-fries, soups, omelets, and

salads. A traditional dish is sour Thai curry made with

drumstick pods and fish.Moringa leaves are commonly

added to broth as a simple soup. The leaves may also be

used as a typical ingredient in tinola, a traditional chicken

dish consisting of chicken in a broth, moringa leaves, and

either green papaya or another vegetable or in the all

vegetable dish known as utan. The leaves can also be

processed with olive oil and salt for a pesto-like pasta

sauce. Moringa juice may be mixed with lemonsito juice to

make ice candies or cold drinks. In Indonesia, the leaves

are commonly eaten in a clear vegetable soup, often with

corn, spinach and coconut milk.

WATER PURIFICATION

Moringa seed cake, obtained as a byproduct of pressing

seeds to obtain oil, is used to filter water using flocculation

to produce potable water for animal or human consumption

[20, 21]. Moringa seeds contain dimericcationic proteins

[22]. Which absorb and neutralize colloidal charges in

turbid water, causing the colloidal particles to clump

together, making the suspended particles easier to remove

as sludge by either settling or filtration. Moringa seed cake

removes most impurities from water. This use is of

particular interest for being nontoxic and sustainable

compared to other materials in moringa-growing regions

where drinking water is affected by pollutants [21].

Ayurveda Treatment in 300 diseases has been reported

from the drumstick

There is a legume tree that year in the south. It is inserted

into the sambar. Once a year, while in the north it is the

same pod. Once the flowers also make winter vegetable is

eaten. Then the soft vegetable bean is created. Pruning of

trees and will be after this abdominal diseases and kapha

diseases , arthritis and colic in a pod, leaf eye, sprains,

Siatika, is useful in Ayurveda treatment in 300 diseases

have been reported from the drumstick . The pods, green

leaves and dry leaves, carbohydrates, protein, calcium,

potassium, iron, magnesium, vitamin A, C and B complex

is found in plenty. - The flowers in the arthritis etc. Mix

honey in the bark of drumstick vata, kapha disease and

become calm. The leaf decoction of arthritis, Siatika,

stroke, air disorder early benefits. The decoction of its root

in Siatika rapid velocity looks miraculous effects, - Sprains

etc. drumstick leaf when making pulp and mustard oil and

cook on low strain shortly benefit from putting in place of

sounds

Air drumstick eighty kinds of pain and 72 types of

disorders have been reported suppressor. The vegetable

from chronic arthritis, joint pain, accumulation of air, is

useful in rheumatic diseases.Fresh drumstick leaves juice

in the ear pain is putting Kidney and urinary stones slip

drumstick vegetable leaves.Extract of the root bark, add

rock salt and drink Hing is useful in the formation of

gallstones.The juice of the leaves removes children Kiden

stomach prevents diarrhea and vomiting.The juice is useful

in hypertension early evening drink.Intake of the juice of

its leaves gradually decreases obesity. To rinse teeth

decoction of the bark worms are destroyed and in pain

relief. - It eliminates constipation by eating greens soft

leaves.Kade its root with the rock salt and Hing

Consumption benefits in epileptic seizures. Grind the

leaves from the wound and heal inflammation. It also has

light eyes - Drumstick soup as you can drink the blood of

the body is clean. Only then will the problems of

Pimpalgaon will clean the blood from the inside.

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Phytochemical, biochemical, and pharmacological

analysis of M. oliefera

Number of secondary compounds is produced by plants as

natural antioxidants. Moringa oleifera Lam. and Ocimum

tenuiflorum L. are known for their wide applications in

food and pharmaceutical industry. Various flavanoids and

Phenolics were identified by paper chromatography based

on their RF values and significant colors. From the above

study we concludethat Moringa and Ocimum are rich in

natural antioxidants hence are potent source in

pharmaceutical industry [23].Oxidative stress is a

physiological state associated with almost all biotic

andabiotic stresses in plants. This phenomenon occurs due

toimbalances which resultfrom the overproduction of

reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plants, however,

havedeveloped sophisticated mechanisms to mitigate the

effect of ROS. Furthermore, the obtained data supports M.

oleifera as a sourceof versatile andpharmacologically

relevant metabolites that may be exploited forameliorating

the oxidative damages imposed by several metabolic

disorders inhumans [24]. This study was designed to

determine the antioxidant properties and inhibitoryeffects

of extract from Moringa oleifera leaves on angiotensin-I-

converting enzyme (ACE) and arginase activities in vitro.

The phenolic contents, inhibition of ACE, arginase,and

Fe(2+)-induced MDA production, and radical (OH, NO)

scavenging and Fe(2+)-chelating abilities could be some of

the possible mechanisms by which M.oleifera leaves could

be used in the treatment and/or management of

erectiledysfunction[25].

Moringa oleifera is an interesting plant for its use in

bioactive compounds. Inthis manuscript, we review studies

concerning the cultivation and production of moringa along

with genetic diversity among different accessions and

populations. Different methods of propagation,

establishment and cultivation are discussed. However,

there are still toofew studies on humans to recommend

Moringa leaves as medication in the preventionor

treatment of diseases. Therefore, further studies on humans

are recommended [26].The influence of Moringa oleifera

(MO) leaf extract as a dietary supplement onthe growth

performance and antioxidant parameters was evaluated on

broiler meatand the compounds responsible for the

corresponding antioxidant activity wereidentified. 0.5%,

1.0%, and 1.5% w/v of MO leaf aqueous extracts (MOLE)

wereprepared, and nutritional feed supplemented with 0%,

0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% w/w of MO leaf meal (MOLM)

extracts were also prepared and analysed for their in

vitroantioxidant potential. Furthermore, the treated broiler

groups (control (T1) and treatment (T2, T3, and T4)) were

evaluated for performance, meat quality, andantioxidant

status [27].4(α-l-Rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate

(glucomoringin isothiocyanate; GMG-ITC)is released from

the precursor 4(α-l-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl

glucosinolate(glucomoringin; GMG) by myrosinase (β-

thioglucoside glucohydrolase; E.C.3.2.1.147) catalyzed

hydrolysis. Spinal cord trauma was induced in mice by the

applicationof vascular clips (force of 24g) for 1 min., via

four-level T5-T8 after laminectomy. Therefore, the

bioactive phytochemical GMG-ITC freshly produced

before use by myrosinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of pure

GMG, could prove to be useful in the treatment of spinal

cord trauma.[28]Pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE)

is a "green" technology which can be usedfor the extraction

of essential components in Moringa oleifera leaf extracts.

Thebehaviour of three flavonols (myricetin, quercetin and

kaempferol) and totalphenolic content (TPC) in Moringa

leaf powder were investigated at varioustemperatures using

PHWE. Optimum extraction temperature for flavonols and

DPPH radicalscavenging activity was found to be 100 °C.

The TPC increased with temperatureuntil 150 °C and then

decreased while the reducing activity increased.[29]

Metabolite extraction methods have been shown to be a

critical consideration for pharmacometabolomics studies

and, as such, optimization and development of new

extraction methods are crucial. In the current study, an

organic solvent-freemethod, namely, pressurised *hot

water extraction (PHWE), was used to extract

pharmacologically important metabolites from dried

Moringa oleifera leaves. The use of MS in combination

with PCA was furthermore shown to be an

excellentapproach to evaluate the quality and content of

pharmacologically importantextracts [30].Moringa oleifera

is a medicinal plant and an excellent dietary source

ofmicronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and health-

promoting phytochemicals (phenolic compounds,

glucosinolates and isothiocyanates). Glucosinolates

andisothiocyanates are known to possess anti carcinogenic

and antioxidant effectsand have attracted great interest

from both toxicological and pharmacological points of

view, as they are able to induce phase 2 detoxification

enzymes and to inhibit phase 1 activation enzymes.

Second, LC-MS and LC-MS/MSqualitative and

quantitative methods were used for the identification

and/ordetermination of phenolics and glucosinolates in M.

oleifera [31].Fresh leaves of M. oleifera plants were

analysed for nutritionally importantphytoconstituents and

feasible commercially used dehydration method

wereevaluated to preserve these in dehydrated leaves. The

product was evaluated using Quantitative Descriptive

Analysis and was accepted with a high overall

qualityscore. The present investigation explores the

nutritional potential of M.oleifera leaves and suitable

methods of drying that could be useful for processedfood

formulation [32].

Moringa oleifera, an important multipurpose crop, is rich

in variousphytochemicals: flavonoids, antioxidants,

vitamins, minerals and carotenes. Biochemical pathway

analysis revealed that 28 identifiedmetabolites were

interconnected with 36 different pathways as well as

related to different fatty acids and secondary metabolites

synthesis biochemical pathways.It is well known that

different tissues of M. oleifera have nutritional,medicinal,

and therapeutic values; therefore, our main objective is to

provide a publicly available M. oliefera tissue specific

metabolite database [33].Present investigation shows that

hydroethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera(MOHE) and its

isolated saponin (SM) attenuates DMBA induced renal

carcinogenesisin mice. Isolation of SM was achieved by

TLC and HPLC and characterization wasdone using IR

and (1) HNMR. Animals were pre-treated with MOHE

(200 and 400 mg/kgbody weight; p.o), BHA as a standard

(0.5 and 1 %) and SM (50 mg/kg body weight) for

21 days prior to the administration of single dose of

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DMBA (15 mg/kg bodyweight) [34].Moringa is a

mycorrhizal crop cultivated in the tropics and subtropics

andappreciated for its nutritive and health-promoting value.

As well as improvingplant mineral nutrition, arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can affect plantsynthesis of

compounds bioactive against chronic diseases in humans.

Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae were

used in a full factorial experiment to investigate the impact

of AMF on the accumulation of glucosinolates, flavonoids,

phenolic acids, carotenoids, and mineral elements in

moringa leaves [35].

The antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity of the

essential oil of Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) grown in

Mozambique was investigated. The antimicrobial activity

of the essential oil was assayed against two Gram-positive

strains (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcusaureus), two

Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa), and five fungal strains of agro-food interest

(Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Penicillium expansum,

Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium digitatum, and

Aspergillus nigerspp.). B. cereus and P. aeruginosa, as

well as the fungal strains were sensitive to the essential oil

[36]. The present study determined the chemical

composition, fatty acid (FA) contentand antioxidant

capacity of meat from goats supplemented with Moringa

oleifera leaves (MOL) or sunflower cake (SC) or grass hay

(GH). The meat from goatsupplemented with MOL had

higher concentrations of total phenolic content (10.62±0.27

mg tannic acid equivalent E/g). The MOL significantly

scavenged2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic-

acid (ABTS) radical to93.51±0.19% (93.51±0.19%) and

1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical

to58.95±0.3% than other supplements. The antioxidative

effect of MOL supplementedmeat on catalase (CAT),

reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD)

andlipid oxidation (LO) was significantly (P<0.05) higher

than other meat from goat feed on grass hay or those

supplemented with sunflower seed cake [37].The purpose

of this study was to determine the effects of an extract from

Moringa oleifera (MO) on the development of

monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonaryhypertension

(PH) in Wistar rats. Chronic treatments with the MO

extract reversed the MCT-induced changes. Additionally,

the MCT group had a significant elevation in superoxide

dismutaseactivity when normalized by the MO extract

treatments. In conclusion, the MO extract successfully

attenuated the development of PH via direct

vasodilatationand a potential increase in antioxidant

activity.[38]

Moringa oleifera, Lam. (Moringaceae) is grown world-

wide in the tropics andsub-tropics of Asia and Africa and

contains abundant various nutrients. This study describes

the effect of different parts (leaf, stem and stalk) and

seasons (summer and winter) on the chemical

compositions and antioxidant activity of M.oleifera grown

in Taiwan. The Moringa extract showed strong hydrogen

peroxide scavenging activity and high Superoxide

Dismutase (SOD) activity except the stalk part [39]. To

develop a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-

tandem massspectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to analyze

quercetin (QU), rutin (RU) andkaempferol (KA)

simultaneously in the leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera

Lam. and Raphinus sativus Linn.Samples were prepared

by extracting the leaves of the M. oleifera and R.sativus by

cold-maceration technique using 90% ethanol. The lower

limit of quantitation achieved for QU, RU and KA was 5

ng/mL and thelinearity was observed from 5 to 2 000

ng/mL. The correlation coefficients oflinear regression

analysis were 0.994 6, 0.995 1 and 0.996 9 for QU, RU

and KA, respectively [40].Two new caffeoyl quinic acid α-

glucosides, together with three known caffeoylquinic acids

and five known flavonoid glucosides, were isolated from

the leavesof Moringa oleifera Lam. The structures of the

new compounds were elucidated as4-O-(4'-O-α-D-

glucopyranosyl)-caffeoyl quinic acid (1) and 4-O-(3'-O-α-

D-glucopyranosyl)-caffeoyl quinic acid (2) by

spectroscopic analyses.[41] Epidemiological studies have

revealed that a diet rich in plant-derived foods hasa

protective effect on human health.Identifying bioactive

dietary constituentsis an active area of scientific

investigation that may lead to new drug discovery. This

information may help understand the health benefits

ofkaempferol-containing plants and may contribute to

develop this flavonoid as apossible agent for the prevention

and treatment of some diseases [42].

Antioxidant, Antiaging, Antifelgue, Antiflammetry

The effects of the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera on

swimming performanceand related biochemical parameters

were investigated in male Wistar rats (130-132 g). Four

groups of rats (16 per group) were fed a standard

laboratory diet and given distilled water, 100, 200, or

400 mg/kgof extract, respectively, for 28 days. On day 28,

8 rats from each group were subjected to the

forcedswimming test with tail load (10% of body weight).

M. oleifera extract increased maximum swimming time,

blood hemoglobin, blood glucose, andhepatic and muscle

glycogen reserves. In conclusion, the antifatigue properties

of M. oleifera extract aredemonstrated by its ability to

improve body energy stores and tissue antioxidant capacity

and to reduce the tissue build-up of lactic acid [43].High fat

diet (HFD) prompts metabolic pattern inducing reactive

oxygen species (ROS) production in mitochondria thereby

triggering multitude of chronicdisorders in human.

Antioxidants from plant sources may be an imperative

remedyagainst this disorder. However, it requires scientific

validation. Swiss mice were fed with HFD to develop

oxidative stress model (HFD group) [44].Moringa oleifera

leaves are a well-known source of antioxidants and

traditionally used for medicinal applications. In the present

study, the protective action ofsoluble M. oleifera leaf

extract (MOLE) against cadmium toxicity was

investigatedin the model eukaryote Saccharomyces

cerevisiae. Ourfindings suggest the potential use of soluble

extract from M. oleifera leaves as a dietary supplement for

protection against cadmium accumulation and oxidatives

tress [45].Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) possess

highest concentration of antioxidant bioactive compounds

and is anticipated to be used as analternative medicine for

inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the

anti-inflammatory activity of 80% hydroethanolic extract of

M. oleifera flower onproinflammatory mediators and

cytokines produced in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced

RAW 264.7 macrophages.Materials and Methods. [46]

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The exposure to ultraviolet radiations (UVR) is the key

source of skin sunburn;it may produce harmful entities,

reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to aging.The skin

can be treated and protected from the injurious effects of

ROS by using various pharmaceutical formulations, such

as cream. Cream can be loaded withantioxidants to quench

ROS leading to photo-protective effects. Of numerous

botanicals, the phenolic acids and flavonoids

appeareffective against UVR-induced damage; however the

evidence-based studies fortheir anti-aging effects are still

needed [47].The preventive effect of Moringa oleifera

polyphenolic fraction (MOPF) on cardiacdamage was

evaluated in isoproterenol (ISO) induced cardiotoxicity

model ofWistar rats. Male rats in different groups were

treated with MOPF orally at thedose of 50, 100 and 150

mg/kg/day for 28 days and were subsequently administered

(sc.) with ISO (85 mg/kg body weight) for the last two

days. Additionally, scavenging potential to the hydroxyl

radical of the fraction was measured byelectron

paramagnetic resonance (EPR) [48].

Menopause is a gradual three-stage process that concludes

with the end of periodsand reproductive life. The

antioxidant enzyme systemget affected inpostmenopause

due to deficiency of estrogen, which has got antioxidant

properties. The objective of the present study was

therefore, to analyze theeffect of supplementation of

drumstick and amaranth leaves powder on blood levelsof

antioxidant and marker of oxidative stress. The results

indicated that these plants possess antioxidant property and

have therapeutic potential for theprevention of

complications during postmenopause [49].The leaves of

Moringa oleifera, collected in different provinces in

Thailand,were determined for the contents of total

phenolics, total flavonoids, major components, and

antioxidant activity.Treatmentwith isoquercetin

significantly increased the mRNA expression levels

ofantioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,

catalase and heme oxygenase 1. These results confirm that

M. oleifera leaves are good sources of naturalantioxidant

with isoquercetin as an active compound [50].Moringa

oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is a rich source of

antioxidants.All parts of the plant are medicinally

important and have been used astraditional medicine for a

variety of human ailments in India.Therapeutic efficacy of

adjuvants with M. oleifera (MO) root extractwas

investigated against beryllium-induced oxidative stress.

Curcumin enhanced therapeutic efficacy of M. oleifera root

extract and showed better antioxidant potential against

beryllium toxicity [51].

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a fast-growing, tropical tree with

various edible parts used as nutritious food and traditional

medicine. This study describes anefficient preparatory

strategy to extract and fractionate moringa leaves by fast

centrifugal partition chromatography (FCPC) to produce

polyphenol andisothiocyanate (ITC) rich fractions. These

findings suggest that moringa leaves contain a potent

mixture of direct and indirect antioxidants that can explain

its various health-promoting effects [52].

Cyclophosphamide (CP), an alkylating antineoplastic agent

is widely used in thetreatment of solid tumors and B-cell

malignant disease. It is known to causeurinary bladder

damage due to inducing oxidative stress. Rats were

sacrificed 24h after CP injection. Biochemicalanalysis

showed significant elevation of malondialdhyde, while

reducedglutathione activity was significantly lowered.

From the results obtained in thiswork, we can say that

Moringa leaves play an important role in ameliorating and

protecting the bladder from CP toxicity [53]. Moringa

oleifera is a tree belonging to Moringaceae family and its

leaves andseeds are reported to have ameliorative effects

against metal toxicity. In the blood, delta-amino levulinic

acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, RBC, WBC,

hemoglobin, and hematocrit showed significant (p<0.05)

decrease on lead exposure. However, administration of M.

oleifera restored all the parameters back to control, tissue-

specifically, andalso showed improvement in restoration

better than DMSA treatment, indicatingreduction of the

negative effects of lead-induced oxidative stress.[54]

The discovery of bioactive compounds in foods has

changed the dietary lifestyle of many people The DPPH

inhibition activity of the beverages prepared with

germinated tigernut extracts was significantly higher than

the DPPH inhibition activity of the beverages prepared

with fresh tigernut extract. The taste and

overallacceptability of drinks containing the roasted

tigernut extract were preferred, while the color and

appearance of drinks with the germinated samples

werepreferred. Roasting or germinating tigernuts before

extraction and addition ofMOE or HSE extracts is another

way to add value and enhance the utilization oftigernuts

[55].Anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory, and

antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera Lam. suggest

that it might have beneficial effects on colitis.The present

study was performed to investigate the anticolitis effect of

Moringa oleifera seeds hydro-alcoholic extract (MSHE)

and its chloroform fraction (MCF) on acetic acid-induced

colitis in rats. Since the efficacy was evident even in

lowdoses of MSHE, presence of active constituents with

high potency in seeds ispersuasive [56]. A study was under

taken to assess variation in antioxidant, antimicrobial

andphytochemical properties of thirteen Moringa oleifera

cultivars obtained from different locations across the globe.

Standard antioxidant methods including the DPPH

scavenging, ferric reducing power (FRAP) and β-carotene-

linoleic acid model were used to evaluate the activity.

Theinformation offer an understanding on variations

between cultivars from different geographical locations and

is important in the search for antioxidant supplementation

and anti-ageing products [57].

Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is an edible plant used as

both a food andmedicine throughout the tropics. A moringa

concentrate (MC), made by extractingfresh leaves with

water utilized naturally occurring myrosinase to convert

four moringa glucosinolates into moringa isothiocyanates.

These results suggest apotential for stable and concentrated

moringa isothiocyanates, delivered in MC asa food-grade

product, to alleviate low-grade inflammation associated

with chronic diseases [58].The antioxidant and

hepatoprotective activities of the extract of Moringa

oleifera leaves were investigated against CCl₄-induced

hepatotoxicity in rats.Hepatotoxic rats were treated with

ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera for aperiod of 60 days at

the following three dose levels; 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg

bodyweight/day, orally. Results suggest that the

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antioxidant and hepato protectiveactivities of M. oleifera

leaves are possibly related to the free radicals cavenging

activity which might be due to the presence of total

phenolics andflavonoids in the extract and/or the purified

compounds β-sitosterol, quercetinand kaempferol, which

were isolated from the ethanol extract of M. oleifera,

leaves [59]. Free radicals trigger chain reaction and inflict

damage to the cells and itscomponents, which in turn

ultimately interrupts their biological activities.High-

performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) finger prints

of the 90% gradient extract visually showed few specific

peaks, which on further analysis, using HPLC-DAD-ESI-

MS, were identified as flavonoids and theirderivatives.

These findings might help researchers to further scrutinize

this high activity exhibiting gradient extract and its bio-

activecandidates for fruitful clinical/translational

investigations [60].To evaluate and compare the

antioxidant potential andanti-inflammatory activity of

ethanolic extract of flowers of Moringa oleifera (M.

oleifera) grown in Oman.Flowers of M. oleifera were

collected in the month of December 2012 and identified by

a botanist. The results of our study suggest that flowers of

M. oleifera possesspotent anti-inflammatory activity and

are also a good source of natural antioxidants. Further

study is needed to identify the chemical

compoundsresponsible for their anti-inflammatory activity

[61].

African ethnomedicine is essentially based on the

traditional use of vegetal extracts. Since these natural drugs

have shown health giving properties, in thepresent study

we increased further the scientific basis supporting these

data. These results, on the bioactivity and the biochemical

characteristics of African plant extracts, may increase the

comprehension ofindigenous therapeutic practices and

represent the first step for theindividuation of new

inexpensive and natural drugs able to prevent and

contrastcancer onset [62].Consumption of a high-fat diet

(HFD) promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS)

whichultimately trigger inflammation. The aim of this

study was to investigate therole of Moringa oleifera leaf

extract (MoLE) and its active component quercetin in

preventing NF-κB-mediated inflammation raised by short-

term HFD. All these changes were reversed in the

MoLE/quercetin-treatedgroups with significant

improvement of antioxidant activity compared to the HFD

group. Thus, thepresent study concluded that short-term

treatment with MoLE and its constituentquercetin prevent

HFD-mediated inflammation in mice [63].The present

study was aimed to evaluate the retino protective effects of

Moringa oleifera (MO) in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic

rats.The study was continued for 24 weeks and evaluated

for inflammatory(tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α and

interleukin [IL]-1β, angiogenic (vascularendothelial growth

factor [VEGF] and protein kinase C [PKC]-β) and

antioxidant(Glutathione, Superoxide dismutase, and

Catalase) parameters.Transmission electron

microscopywas done to determine basement membrane

(BM) thickness. Our result suggests that MO may be

useful in preventing diabetesinduced retinal dysfunction

[64].

The vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Thailand

have been suggested asrich sources of beneficial

phytochemicals. The antibacterial assays showed that

Moringa oleifera Lam., Limnophila aromatica (Lamk.),

Merr terminali achebula Retz. And Phyllanthus emblica

Linn.That were extracted using 80% ethanol as solvent

werefound to have antibacterial activities against

Staphylococcus aureus, Straphylococcus epidermidis,

Streptococcus pyogenes and Propioni bacterium acnes. The

results in this study may be useful for future application of

edible plants that are native to Thailand to be used as

cosmetic or therapqutic products [65].The aim of the study

was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant properties

Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) extracts and its curative role

in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced toxic liver injury in rats

caused by oxidative damage. The totalphenolic content and

antioxidant properties of hydroethanolic extracts of

different MO edible parts were investigated by employing

an established in vitro biological assay. The results of this

study strongly indicate the therapeutic properties of MO

hydroethanolic extracts against acute liver injury and

thereby scientificallysupport its traditional use [66].

Consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) induces nonalcoholic

fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and may lead to multiple

complications affecting human health. In thepresent study,

effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MoLE) in

alleviating HFD induced liver injury in mice has been

reported. Moreover, significant increase in endogenous

antioxidant parameters and lower lipid peroxidation were

found in liver of all MoLE treatedgroups. Results of the

study indicated that MoLE has both preventive as

alsocurative hepatoprotective activity [67].The study

investigated antioxidant potency of Moringa oleifera leaves

indifferent in vitro systems using standard phytochemical

methods. Theantioxidative effect on the activities of

superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lipid

peroxidation (LPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were

investigatedin goats supplemented with M. oleifera (MOL)

or sunflower seed cake (SC). Lipidperoxidation was

significantly reduced by MOL. The present study suggests

that M.oleifera could be a potential source of compounds

with strong antioxidant potential [68].Moringa oleifera is

an important source of antioxidants, tools in nutritional

biochemistry that could be beneficial for human health; the

leaves and flowersare used by the population with great

nutritional importance. This workinvestigates the

antioxidant activity of M. oleifera ethanolic (E1) and

saline(E2) extracts from flowers (a), inflorescence rachis

(b), seeds (c), leaf tissue (d), leaf rachis (e) and

fundamental tissues of stem (f). In conclusion, M. oleifera

ethanolic and saline extracts containantioxidants that

support the use of the plant tissues as food sources

[69].The antioxidant system of a plant comprises a group of

chemicals that are highly diverse in their sources, effects

and uses. These antioxidants are capable ofcontracting and

damaging free radicals. This investigation deals with a

screeningand comparison of the antioxidant activities of 20

selected medicinal plants and their parts, individually and

in combination with vitamins A, C or E, using the DPPH

radical scavenging method. Moringa oleifera Lam and S.

album have also shown fairlysignificant AE in a vitamin

combination dose of 0.001 mM concentration [70].

The present study evaluated the hepato protective effect of

aqueous ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MoLE)

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against radiation-induced oxidative stress, which is

assessed in terms of inflammation and lipid peroxidation.

Swiss albinomice were administered MoLE (300 mg/kg of

body weight) for 15 consecutive daysbefore exposing them

to a single dose of 5 Gy of ⁶⁰Co γ-irradiation. Mice were

sacrificed at 4 hours after irradiation. Liver was collected

for immunoblotting and biochemical tests for the detection

of markers of hepatic oxidative stress.,CAT, GSH, and

FRAP were observed in the mice treated with MoLE prior

to irradiation.Therefore pretreatment with MoLE protected

against γ-radiation-induced liver damage [71].Studies have

demonstrated that the induction of oxidative stress may be

involved in oxidative DNA damage. The present study

examined and assessed the hydrogenperoxide (H2O2)-

mediated DNA damage in human tumor KB cells and also

assessedthe ability of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts to

inhibit the oxidative damage. H2O2 imposed a stress on the

membrane lipids which was quantified by theextent of

thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formed

[72].The present study was designed to evaluate the

efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaves against carbon

tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated liver slices in vitro.The study

evaluated the antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera

leaves against (CCl4)-induced oxidative damage in liver

slices.(CCl4) treatment significantly decreased the

activities of antioxidantenzymes such as superoxide

dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase,glutathione

reductase, and glutathione S-transferase and caused

decreasedglutathione content and increased the

thiobarbituric acid reacting substances(TBARS).

Ourfindings provide evidence to demonstrate that the

possible mechanism of thisactivity may be due to the

strong antioxidant property of the leaves [73].

Bioassay-guided isolation and purification of the ethyl

acetate extract of Moringa oleifera fruits yielded three new

phenolic glycosides;4-[(2'-O acetyl-alpha-l-rhamnosyloxy)

benzyl]isothiocyanate (1),4-[(3'-O-acetyl-alpha-l-

rhamnosyloxy)benzyl]isothiocyanate (2), a/nd S-methyl-N-

{4 [(alpha-l-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl]}thiocarbamate (3),

together withfive known phenolic glycosides (4-8). In the

concentration range of the IC(50) values, no significant

cytotoxicity was noted. These data indicate compounds 1,

2, 4 and 5 are responsible for the reported NO-inhibitory

effect of Moringa oleiferafruits, and further studies are

warranted [74]. This study investigated the role of

antioxidant enzyme system following crudehydroethanolic

extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (MO) in acute

paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity. The level of

glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-

Stransferase(GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) was

restored to near normal in groups thatwere pre-treated with

MO. Histopathological studies have further confirmed

thehepato protective activity of MO compared to group

treated with PCM only. Theresults obtained were

comparable to silymarin (200 mg/kg; p.o). The MO

extractwas found to have significantly protected the liver

against toxicity followingPCM intoxication by enhancing

the level of antioxidant enzyme activity [75].

Anticancer,Antibiotic, Antielser,Antistress

Moringa oleifera, from the family Moringaceae, is used as

a source of vegetable and herbal medicine and in the

treatment of various cancers in many African countries,

including Kenya. The present study involved the

phytochemical analysesof the crude extracts of M.oleifera

andbiological activities (antioxidant, cytotoxicity and

induction of apoptosis in-vitro) of selected isolated

compounds.Apoptosis studies were carried out using the

acridine orange/ethidium bromidedual staining method.

Comparatively both compounds showed muchlower

cytotoxicity against the HEK293 cell line with IC50 values

of 186 μg mL (-1) and 224 μg mL (-1), respectively [76].

Renewed interest in natural materials as food flavors and

preservatives has ledto the search for suitable essential oils.

Moringa oleifera seed essential oil was extracted by

solvent-free microwave and hydrodistillation. Larva

lethality was different significantly (P<0.05) between HDE

and SME oils at different concentrations and incubation

periods. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of the oils

was >1000 mg/ml recommended as an index for non-

toxicity, which gives the oil advantage over some

antioxidant, antimicrobial, therapeutic, and preservative

chemicals [77]. Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is

widely consumed in tropical andsubtropical regions for

their valuable nutritional and medicinal characteristics.

Recently, extensive research has been conducted on leaf

extracts of M. oleifera to evaluate their potential cytotoxic

effects. Furthe rmore, the IC50 values obtained for MCF-7,

HeLa and HepG2 cells were 226.1, 422.8 and 751.9μg/mL

respectively. Conclusively, the present investigation

provides preliminary results which suggest that seed

essential oil from M. oleifera has potentcytotoxic activities

against cancer cell lines [78].

The antidiabetic activity of two low doses of Moringa seed

powder (50 and100 mg/kg body weight, in the diet) on

streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes malerats was

investigated. Forty r/ats were divided into four groups. The

diabeticpositive control (STZ treated) group showed

increased lipid peroxide, increasedIL-6, and decreased

antioxidant enzyme in the serum and kidney tissue

homogenate compared with that of the negativecontrol

group. Urineanalysis showed also glucosuria and increased

potassium, sodium, creatinine, uricacid, and albumin levels

[79]. Moringa oleifera Lam. contains many active

ingredients with nutritional andmedicinal values. It is

commonly used in folk medicine as an antidiabetic agent.

The present study was designed to investigate how an

aqueous extract from theleaves of M. oleifera reveals

hypoglycemia in diabetic rats. This study revealed that the

aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves possesses potent

hypoglycemic effectsthrough the normalization of elevated

hepatic pyruvate carboxylase enzyme andregeneration of

damaged hepatocytes and pancreatic β cells via its

antioxidantproperties [80]. Moringa oleifera has been

regarded as a food substance since ancient time andhas also

used as a treatment for many diseases. Recently,

varioustherapeutic effects of M. oleifera such as

antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic,

and antioxidant effects have been investigated; however,

most of these studies described only simple biological

phenomena andtheir chemical compositions. These results

suggest the potential therapeutic implications of the soluble

extract from MOL in thetreatment of various types of

cancers [81]. Medicinal plants attract growing interest in

the therapeutic management of diabetes mellitus. Moringa

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oleifera is a remarkably nutritious vegetable with several

antioxidant properties. The histopathological damage of

islet cells was also markedly reversed.Morphometrically,

M. oleifera significantly increased the areas of

positivepurple modified Gomori stained β-cells (from 60%

to 91%) and decreased the areapercentage of collagen

fibers (from 199% to 120%) compared to control

values.Experimental findings clearly indicate the potential

benefits of using theaqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves

as a potent antidiabetic treatment [82]. This study was

conducted to determine the mechanism underlying

thechemotherapeutic efficacy of an ethanolic Moringa

oleifera leaf extract (MOLEE) against chromium-induced

impairments of rat testes using biochemical methods. After

the blood sampleswere collected, the animals were

sacrificed to determine the testicularantioxidant status and

sperm parameters. However, concurrentadministration of

chromium and MOLEE significantly ameliorated the

chromiumeffects on the sperm parameters, local immunity,

inflammatory markers and antioxidant enzymatic activities

compared with rats exposed to chromium alone [83].

In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of

moringa (Moringaoleifera Lam.), a natural biologically

active substance, by determining itsinhibitory effects on

pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-

stimulated macrophage RAW264.7 cells.resulting in lower

levels of NF -κ Btransactivation. Collectively, the results of

this study demonstrate that moringa fruit extract reduces

the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators including NO, IL-

1β, TNF-α and IL-6 via the inhibition of NF -κ B activation

in RAW264.7cells. These findings reveal, in part, the

molecular basis underlying theanti-inflammatory properties

of moringa fruit extract [84]. The present study was aimed

at evaluating the antiulcer activity of thepolyherbal

formulation (PHF) containing the leaf extracts of Moringa

oleifera, Raphinus sativus, and Amaranthus tricolor in

rats.he antiulcer activity of the polyherbal formulation

(PHF) was evaluatedusing different models of gastric

ulcers: ethanol-induced, indomethacin-inducedand

ischemia reperfusion-induced gastric ulcers. Efficacy was

assessed by determining the ulcer index. [85]. To evaluate

the antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Moringa

oleifera (M. oleifera) young leaves by in vivo as well as in

vitro assays On the other hand, FRAP assay results of

M.oleifera leaves was (85.00 ± 5.00) μM/g of extract

powderThe significant antioxidant activities of M. oleifera

leaves fromboth in vivo as well as in vitro studies suggest

that the regular intake of its leaves through diet can

protectnormal as well as diabetic patients against oxidative

damage [86].

Oxidative stress is a common mechanism contributing to

initiation and progressionof hepatic damage in a variety of

liver disorders. Hence there is a great demand for the

development of agents with potent antioxidant effect.

Pretreatment with the Moringa oleifera (200 and 400

mg/kg) orally for 14 dayssignificantly reversed the DMBA

induced alterations in the liver tissue and offered almost

complete protection. The results from the present study

indicatetha Moringa oleifera exhibits good

hepatoprotective and antioxidant potentialagainst DMBA

induced hepatocellular damage in mice that might be due

to decreasedfree radical generation [87]. Moringa oleifera,

a widely cultivated species in India, is anexceptionally

nutritious vegetable with a variety of potential uses in

treatingrheumatism, venomous bites, and microbial

infections. Histologic examination of the pancreas from

diabeticrats showed degenerative changes in β-cells;

MOMtE treatment significantly reversed the

histoarchitectural damage to the islets cells.In conclusion,

M. oleifera exerts protective effects againstSTZ-induced

diabetes. The MOMtE exhibited significant antidiabetic

andantioxidant activity and active constituents may be

isolated from the extract forevaluation in future clinical

studies [88]. Dietary polyphenols are antioxidants that can

scavenge biological free radicals, and chemoprevent

diseases with biological oxidation as their main

etiologicalfactor. In this paper, we review our laboratory

data vis-ὰ-vis availableliterature on prostate cancer

chemopreventive substances in Nigerian foodstuffs. Thus,

the high incidence of prostate cancer among males of

Africanextraction can be dramatically reduced, and the age

of onset drasticallyincreased, if the population at risk

consumes the right kinds of foods in theright proportion,

beginning early in life, especially as prostate cancer has

alatency period of about 50 years [89]. Moringa oleifera

Lamarck is commonly consumed for nutritional or

medicinal properties.Inhibitor of proteins such as

cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and NOS arepotential

antiinflammatory and cancer chemopreventive agents.

Majorupstream signaling pathways involved mitogen-

activated protein kinases andnuclear factor-κB (NF-κB).

RBITC inhibited phosphorylation of extracellularsignal-

regulated kinase and stress-activated protein kinase, as well

asubiquitin-dependent degradation of inhibitor κBα (IκBα).

These data suggestRBITC should be included in the dietary

armamentarium of isothiocyanatespotentially capable of

mediating antiinflammatory or cancer

chemopreventiveactivity [90]. Moringa oleifera Lam

(horseradish tree; tender pod or fruits) is a majoringredient

in Thai cuisine and has some medicinal properties. The

PCNA index wasalso significantly decreased in Group 8

whereas iNOS and COX-2 protein expressionwere

significantly decreased in Groups 7 and 8. The findings

suggest that M.oleifera Lam pod exerts suppressive effects

in a colitis-related coloncarcinogenesis model induced by

AOM/DSS and could serve as a chemopreventiveagent

[91].

Nutritional, Healt benifits

Moringa oleifera is a plant that grows in tropical and

subtropical areas of theworld. Its leaves are rich of

nutrients and bioactive compounds. However,

severaldifferences are reported in the literature.

Nevertheless, these leaves are agood and economical

source of nutrients for tropical and sub-tropical countries.

Furthermore, M. oleifera leaves are a source of flavonoids

and phenolic acids, among which salicylic and ferulic

acids, and therefore they could be used asnutraceutical and

functional ingredients [92].We evaluated the

physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of the

oilextracted from the seeds of Moringa oleifera during its

refining process.Refining is accomplished in three stages:

neutralization, degumming, andbleaching. Nine fatty acids

weredetected in all four samples, and there were no

significant differences in their composition. Oleic acid was

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found in the largest amount, followed by palmiticacid and

behenic acid. The crude, neutralized, and degummed oils

showed highprimary oxidation stability, while the bleached

oil had a low incidence ofsecondary oxidation [93].

Moringa oleifera L. is a medicinal plant with potential

antioxidant property.This study was aimed at investigating

the chemoprotective effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract

(MOE) on cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced testicular

toxicity.Two-week-old male Swiss albino mice were

intraperitoneally injected withphosphate-buffered saline,

50 mg kg(-1) of CP and 25 mg kg(-1) of MOE. In

conclusion, MOE may have potential benefit inreducing

the loss of male gonadal function following chemotherapy

[94].Aphrodisiacs are required to improve male sexual

function under stressful conditions. Due to the effects of

oxidative stress and dopamine on male sexualfunction, we

hypothesized that Moringa oleifera leaves might improve

male sexual dysfunction induced by stress. The increased

sexual performanceduring the intromission phase might

have been due to the suppression of MAO-B andPDE-5

activities and increased testosterone. Therefore, M. oleifera

is apotential aphrodisiac, but further research concerning

the precise underlyingmechanisms is still needed [95].

Phytomedicines are believed to have benefits over

conventional drugs and areregaining interest in current

research. Moringa oleifera is a multi-purposeherbal plant

used as human food and an alternative for medicinal

purposesworldwide. An important factor that accounts for

the medicinal uses of Moringa oleifera is its very wide

range ofvital antioxidants, antibiotics and nutrients

including vitamins and minerals. Almost all parts from

Moringa can be used as a source for nutrition with

otheruseful values. This mini-review elaborate on details

its health benefits [96].Medicinal plants are believed to be

a precious natural reservoir as they areassumed to have

paranormal effects for the mankind. Moringa oleifera

growsthroughout most of the tropics and has numerous

industrial and medicinal uses. It has an enormous

nutritional worth due to existence of vitamins and proteins.

M. oleifera leaves, gums, roots,flowers as well as kernels

have been unanimously utilized for managing

tissuetenderness, cardiovascular and liver maladies,

normalize blood glucose andcholesterol. It has also

profound antimicrobial, hypoglycemic and anti-tubercular

activities [97]. Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) has been

reported to harbor anti-oxidation andanti-inflammatory

activity and useful in the treatment of inflammatory

diseases.An ethyl acetate fraction of MO (MOEF)

wasprepared from fresh leaves extract of Moringa and

shown to consist of high levelsof phenolic and antioxidant

activities. The findings highlight the ability of MOEF to

inhibit cytokines (IL-8) whichpromote the infiltration of

neutrophils into the lungs and others (TNF, IL-6) which

mediate tissue disease and damage [98]. Moringa oleifera

Lam. (M. oleifera) from the monogeneric family

Moringaceae isfound in tropical and subtropical countries.

The present study was aimed atexploring the in vitro

wound healing potential of M. oleifera and identification of

active compounds that may be responsible for its wound

healing action. The study included cell viability,

proliferation, and wound scratch test assays. The HPLC

and LC-MS/MS studies revealedkaempferol and quercetin

compounds in the crude methanolic extract and a

majorbioactive compound Vicenin-2 was identified in the

bioactive aqueous fractionwhich was confirmed with

standard Vicenin-2 using HPLC and UV

spectroscopic.These findings suggest that bioactive fraction

of M. oleifera containingVicenin-2 compound may

enhance faster wound healing in vitro [99].

To date, the preventive strategy against dementia is still

essential due to therapid growth of its prevalence and the

limited therapeutic efficacy. Based on thecrucial role of

oxidative stress in age-related dementia and the antioxidant

and nootropic activities of Moringa oleifera, the

enhancement of spatial memory andneuroprotection of M.

oleifera leaves extract in animal model of age-

relateddementia was determined. Therefore, our data

suggest that M. Oleifera leaves extract is the potential

cognitive enhancer and neuroprotectant. The possible

mechanism might occur partly via the decreased oxidative

stress and the enhanced cholinergic function. However,

further explorations concerning activeingredient(s) are still

required [100].The protection against ischemic stroke is

still required due to the limitation oftherapeutic efficacy.

Based on the role of oxidative stress in

strokepathophysiology, we determined whether Moringa

oleifera, a plant possessingpotent antioxidant activity,

protected against brain damage and oxidative stress in

animal model of focal stroke. The protective effect of

medium and low doses of extract inall areas occurred

mainly via the decreased oxidative stress. The

protectiveeffect of the high dose extract in striatum and

hippocampus occurred via the samemechanism, whereas

other mechanisms might play a crucial role in cortex. The

detailed mechanism required further exploration [101].

While anti-oxidant effects of Moringa oleifera in much

oxidative stress relateddiseases have been well reported,

cryptorchidism on the other hand has been shownto cause

oxidative stress. MEMO had nosignificant effect on

testicular weight and MDA concentration, while

itsignificantly increased sperm count, germ cell count,

testicular SOD and totalprotein in the cryptorchid rats. The

present study suggests that MEMO

amelioratescryptorchidism associated germ cell loss and

oxidative stress [102].

Moringa oleifera is a multipurpose tree, cultivated in the

tropics andsub-tropics for its nutritional and therapeutic

properties. Owing to these adverse factors, the effect of

soakingthe seeds for 30 min and then compounding it as

feeds was done.Its effect ongrowth rate and the level of

some biochemical parameters on rat wereinvestigated. The

Wistar albino rats were fed for 21 days and their

weightsmeasured at 2 days interval. Aspartate and Alanine

transaminases, Alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin

levels were assayed using Automated Vitros 350 [103].

The unknown protective effect of N,α-L-rhamnopyranosyl

vincosamide (VR),isolated from Moringa oleifera leaves in

isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiactoxicity was evaluated

in rats. A reduction in myocardial necrosis was

furtherevidenced by the tri-phenyl tetrazolium chloride

(TTC) stain in isolated testdrug pretreated rats. These

findings suggest the cardio-protective potential ofthe

isolated alkaloid and possibly the beneficial action is

mediated through its free radical scavenging property

[104]. To investigate the potential of hydroethanolic extract

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of Moringaoleifera (MOHE) against 7, 12-dimethylbenz [a]

anthracene (DMBA)-induced toxicityin male Swiss albino

mice.Experimental mice were respectively pretreated with

200 and 400 mg/kg ofMOHE, and 0.5% and 1% of

butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) for two weeks prior tothe

administration of 15 mg/kg of DMBA, respectively [105].

Fruit pods contain various beneficial compounds that have

biological activitiesand can be used as a source of

pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.Although pods

or pericarps are usually discarded when consuming the

edible parts of fruits, they contain some compounds that

exhibit biological activities afterextraction. [106]. Moringa

oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is a rich source of

essentialminerals and antioxidants; it has been used in

human and animal nutrition. Theleaves and flowers are

being used by the population with great dietaryimportance.

These results indicated the possible therapeuticaction of

flower and leaf extract from MO in protecting liver damage

in ratsgiven an over dosage of APAP [108].

Nutritional, Health benifits

In the present study, in vitro antioxidant, antioxidative

stress andhepato protective activity of Moringa oleifera

Lam. seed oil (Ben oil; BO) wasevaluated against carbon

tetrachloride (CCl4) induced lipid peroxidation andhepatic

damage in rats. The oil at 0.2 and 0.4 mL/rat was

administered orally for21 consecutive days. In vitro DPPH

radical scavenging and β-carotene-linolic acid assaytests of

the BO exhibited a moderate antioxidant activity in both

tests used. Thepossible mechanism(s) of the liver

protective activity of Ben oil activity may bedue to free

radical scavenging potential caused by the presence of

antioxidantcomponent(s) in the oil. Consequently, BO can

be used as a therapeutic regime in treatment of some

hepatic disorders [109]. Protective effect of Moringa

oleifera leaf extract (MoLE) againstradiation-induced lipid

peroxidation has been investigated. Phytochemical analysis

showed that MoLE possess variousphytochemicals such as

ascorbic acid, phenolics (catechin, epicatechin, ferulicacid,

ellagic acid, myricetin) etc., which may play the key role

in prevention ofhepatic lipid peroxidation by scavenging

radiation induced free radicals [110]. The purpose of this

study was to determine the effects of an extract from

Moringa oleifera (MO) on the development of

monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonaryhypertension

(PH) in Wistar rats. Chronic treatments with the MO

extract reversed the MCT-induced changes. Additionally,

the MCT group had a significant elevation in superoxide

dismutaseactivity when normalized by the MO extract

treatments. In conclusion, the MOextract successfully

attenuated the development of PH via direct

vasodilatationand a potential increase in antioxidant

activity [111]. Oxidative stress due to abnormal production

of reactive oxygen species has been implicated in the

nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin. The

nephroprotectiveeffect of aqueous-ethanolic extract of

Moringa oleifera leaves (150 and 300mg/kg) was evaluated

against gentamicin-induced (80 mg/kg) renal injury

inrabbits. The present study indicates thataqueous-

ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaves attenuates renal

injury inrabbits treated with gentamicin, possibly by

inhibiting lipid peroxidation [112].

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastative

neurodegenerative disorder which needs adequate studies

on effective treatment options. The extracts of plants and

theireffect on the amelioration of AD symptoms have been

extensively studied. Thispaper summarizes the

mechanisms like acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition,

modification of monoamines, antiamyloid aggregation

effect, and antioxidantactivity which are actively entailed

in the process of amelioration of ADsymptoms [113].

Oxidative stress due to abnormal production of reactive

oxygen species has beenimplicated in the nephrotoxicity

induced by gentamicin. At the end of the experiment, the

kidneys of rabbits were excisedfor histological

examinations and determination of lipid peroxidation

levelsOn histological examinations, kidney ofintoxicated

rabbits groups which received M. oleifera extract showed

reparativetendencies. The present study indicates

thataqueous-ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaves

attenuates renal injury inrabbits treated with gentamicin,

possibly by inhibiting lipid peroxidation [114]. Alzheimer's

disease (AD) is a devastative neurodegenerative disorder

which needs adequate studies on effective treatment

options. The extracts of plants and theireffect on the

amelioration of AD symptoms have been extensively

studied. These effects are induced by extracts of a few

plants of differentorigin like Yizhi Jiannao, Moringa

oleifera (Drumstick tree), Ginkgo Biloba

(Ginkgo/Maidenhair tree), Cassia obtisufolia (Sicklepod),

Desmodium gangeticum(Sal Leaved Desmodium), Melissa

officinalis (Lemon Balm), and Salvia officinalis (Garden

sage, common sage) [115].

Others

Present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of

addition of differentlevels of Moringa oleifera leaves

extract (MLE) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in raw

and cooked pork patties during refrigerated

storage.However, the results of published studies to date

involving M.oleifera are very promising. Additional human

studies using standardizedextracts are highly desirable

[116]. In Thai traditional medicine, Moringa oleifera is

used for the treatment of diabetes and hyperlipidemia.

Oxidative stress plays a major role in thepathogenesis of

many degenerative diseases, such as hyperlipidemia,

diabetesmellitus, and cardiovascular disease. We evaluated

the antioxidant effect of M.oleifera extract (MOE) for

reduction of advanced glycation end-product (AGE)

formation, cell viability, oxidative stress, and lipid

metabolism gene expressionin HepG2 cells. Moreover, M.

oleifera may reducecholesterol and lipid synthesis by

suppression of HMG-CoAR, PPARα1, and PPARγgene

expression, thereby maintaining lipid homeostasis [117].

Phaseolus vulgaris plants were grown in the presence of

NaCl and/or CdCl2 beginning from the second week,

sprayed twice with moringa leaf extract (MLE) at 21 and

28 days after sowing (DAS), and were sampled at 35 DAS

for growth andchemical analyses and yielded at the end of

experiment. However, the foliar application of MLE in

theabsence of the stress improved the MSI and RWC and

minimized plant Cd (2+) content but could not affect EL

and lipid peroxidation. Proline content and the activity of

antioxidant enzymes showed a significant increase in

response to MLE as wellas to NaCl and/or CdCl2 stress

BMR Phytomedicine

PM 13|Volume 2|Issue 1|2016

12

[118]. The indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides to

control Aedes aegypti has ledto emergence of resistant

populations. Moringa oleifera seeds contain the

lectinsWSMoL and cMoL. WSMoL has larvicidal activity

on fourth-stage of A.In conclusion, Rockefeller and Rec-

Rlarvae were distinctly affected by M. oleifera lectins, and

larvicidal mechanism of WSMoL on Rockefeller L4 may

involve deregulation of digestive enzymes.cMo Linterfered

mainly on SOD activity and thus it can be investigated as

asynergistic agent for controlling populations whose

resistance is linked to anincreased detoxifying process

mediated by this enzyme [119]. The main objective of this

study was to assess whether recurring water

stressoccurring from seed germination to young plants of

Moringa oleifera Lam. are ableto mitigate the drought

stress effects. Young plants wereused 50 days after

germination under three osmotic potentials (0.0, -0.3 and -

0.4 MPa). There was rapid recovery of the photosynthetic

rate during the rehydration period. Thestressed plants from

the -0.3 and -0.4 MPa treatments showed higher

tolerancecompared to the control plants. The results

suggest that seeds of M. Oleifera subjected to mild water

deficit have had increased the ability for droughttolerance

when young plant [120].

CONCLUSION

Major thrust by whole of the pharmaceutical industry is

focused towards design and development of new plant

based drugs through investigation of leads from traditional

system of medicines. In the study of M.Olifera .L alcoholic

extracts of roots, leaves and flowers gives different

pharmacological activities like antileprosy, anti-

inflammatory, antihelmintic, antispasmodic, antifungal,

diuretic, anti microbial and antihyperlipidemic. Many

important phytoconstituents responsible for the activity

were isolated. The scientific research on M.oliferaL

suggests a huge biological potential of this plant. Author

also have various review and research articles on medicinal

and Ayurvedic systems of plants, such as Tribulus

terrestris, Oxalis corniculata, Cuscuta reflexa and Solanum

nigrum [75.76.77]..

These articles also have been provided

very keen interest to students and researchers to make

great achievements in medicinal plants research. It is also

strongly believed that detailed information as presented in

this review might provide detailed evidence for the use of

this plant in different medicines. At the same time, the

organic and aqueous extracts of M.olifera .L could be

further exploited in the future as a source of useful

phytochemical compounds for the pharmaceutical industry.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to acknowledge my sincere

thanks to our respected Dr. S.C Kulshrestha, Chaiman,

Shri Ram Group Of Colleges Muzaffarnagar and Dr. B. K.

Tyagi, Executive Director, Shri Ram Group of Colleges

Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, for providing

necessary facilities and tools to carry out the research

project work for Post graduate students of M.Sc.

Biotechnology.

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