Present, Imperfect, and Perfect Tenses
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Transcript of Present, Imperfect, and Perfect Tenses
Present, Imperfect, and Perfect Tenses
English has a present tense
and a past tense.
Present Tense
She praises her mother.She is praising her mother.She does praise her mother.
Past Tense
She praised her mother.She was praising her mother.She did praise her mother.
Latin is better.
Latin has a present tense and TWO past tenses
Present Tensepuella matrem laudat.
The girl praises her mother.
The girl is praising her mother.
The girl does praise her mother.
Imperfect Tensepuella matrem laudābat.
The girl was praising her mother.
The girl used to praise her mother.
Perfect Tensepuella matrem laudāvit.
The girl praised her mother.
The girl did praise her mother.
The girl has praised her mother.
puella matrem laudābat. – Imperfect Tense
The girl was praising her mother.
puella matrem laudāvit. – Perfect Tense
The girl praised her mother.
What’s going on here?
laudābat means “she was praising”?
laudāvit means “she praised”?
So they both happened in the past?
NON INTELLEGO.
The imperfect tense is used for continuing or repeated action in the past.
The perfect tense is for single events completed in the past.
See the difference?
Oh, I get it now!puella matrem laudābat cotidie.
The girl was praising her mother daily.
puella matrem laudāvit heri. The girl praised her mother yesterday.
Cicero librum scribēbat.Cicero librum scripsit.
Cicero was writing a book.
Cicero wrote a book.
BENE!
OPTIME!
bonus discipulus es.
Present Tense
present stempersonal ending
Personal Endings of Verbs
• the last part of a verb form identifies the subject
• three persons• two numbers
Personal Endings of Verbs for the present tense
1st2nd3rd
1st2nd3rd
sing.sing.sing
pluralpluralplural
Iyouhe, she, it
weyou allthey
-ō/m-s-t
-mus-tis-nt
Present Tense
1st2nd3rd
1st2nd3rd
sing.sing.sing
pluralpluralplural
laudlaudālaudā
laudālaudālaudā
ōst
mustisnt
Imperfect Tense
present stemtense sign -BĀ- personal ending
Imperfect Tense
1st2nd3rd
1st2nd3rd
sing.sing.sing
pluralpluralplural
laudālaudālaudā
laudālaudālaudā
mst
mustisnt
babāba
bābāba
Perfect Tense
perfect stemperfect personal ending
How can I find the Perfect Stem?
from the 3rd principal part
1st principal part
laudōThis is the 1st singular
present tense.“I praise”
2nd principal part
laudāreThis is the present infinitive.
“to praise”present stem + re
3rd principal part
laudāvīThis is the perfect tense.
“I praised”perfect stem + perfect personal
ending
Perfect Tense Personal Endings
1st2nd3rd
1st2nd3rd
sing.sing.sing
pluralpluralplural
Iyouhe, she, it
weyou allthey
-ī-istī-it
-imus-istis-ērunt
Perfect Tense
1st2nd3rd
1st2nd3rd
sing.sing.sing
pluralpluralplural
laudāvlaudāvlaudāv
laudāvlaudāvlaudāv
īistīit
imusistisērunt
portō, portāre, portāvī
present
imperfect
perfect
portat
portābat
portāvit
ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī
present
imperfect
perfect
ambulat
ambulābat
ambulāvit
dicō, dicere, dixī
present
imperfect
perfect
dicit
dicēbat
dixit
regō, regere, rexī (rule)
present
imperfect
perfect
regit
regēbat
rexit
mittō, mittere, misī (send)
present
imperfect
perfect
mittit
mittēbat
misit
scribō, scribere, scripsī
present
imperfect
perfect
scribit
scribēbat
scripsit
moneō, monēre, monuī (warn)
present
imperfect
perfect
monet
monēbat
monuit
FINIS