Present and Future Exploration of Primitive Bodies at the German Aerospace Center Present and Future...

Present and Future Exploration of Present and Future Exploration of Primitive Bodies at the Primitive Bodies at the

German Aerospace CenterGerman Aerospace Center

Ekkehard Kührt, Jens Biele (DLR)

IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Gabriele Arnold, Ute Böttger, Matthias Grott, Joachim Flohrer,

Gerhard Hahn, Alan Harris, Tra-Mi Ho, Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers,

Jörg Knollenberg, Michael Mommert, Stefano Mottola, Detlef de Niem,

Bernd Schäfer, Susanne Schröder, Klaus Seidensticker

with contributions of


1. Introduction

2. Overview over DLR activities to primitive bodies

3. DLR know how for space missions to asteroids and comets3.1 Dedicated DLR technologies for exploration missions

3.2 Scientific instruments for space missions

3.3 Contributions to ESA and NASA and JAXA primitive body missions

3.4 National mission AsteroidFinder

4. Ground based and space based observational activities

5. Laboratory work

6. Modeling activities

7. Long-term scientific projects

8. Summary

Outline


DLRGerman Aerospace Center

Research Institution

Space Agency

Project Management Agency

1. Introduction


Cologne

Oberpfaffenhofen

Braunschweig

Goettingen

Berlin

Bonn

Neustrelitz

Weilheim

Bremen Trauen

Lampoldshausen

Stuttgart

Stade

Augsburg

Hamburg

6900 employees across 31 institutes

and facilities at

15 sites

Offices in Brussels, Paris and

Washington

Primitive bodies’ exploration at DLR is

concentrated in

Institute of Planetary Research

in Berlin

Microgravity User Support Center (MUSC) in Cologne

Institute of Space Exploration

Systems in Bremen


Space technologies (lander, rover, moles)

Exploration ofPrimitive Bodies

at DLR

Scientific studies (national, ESA)

Space instruments (cameras, spectrometer, in situ experiments to mechanical, thermal, electrical properties)

Laboratory work

Ground and space based observations (VIS, IR)

Contributions to ESA, NASA and JAXA missions (Rosetta, DAWN, Hayabusa)

2. Overview over DLR activities to primitive bodies

Dedicated DLR missions(AsteroidFinder)

Modelling


3. DLR know how for space missions

3.1 Dedicated technologies

Lander modulessystem competence

test facilities

heritage: Rosetta Philae (launch 2004),

Mascot (Phase B), Netlander (concept study)


Mole (for investigating sub-surface layers)up to 5 m penetration

payload for thermal, mechanical and

electrical properties measurements

heritage: TRL5 level, GEMS (Discovery proposal), Selene II

(proposal JAXA)

Hammering devicedeveloped for MUPUS on Philae

35 cm penetration depth

measurements of thermal properties

Mobilityrover wheels (development for ExoMars)

hopping device (development for Mascot)


3.2 Scientific instruments for space missions

Framing cameraslightweight high performance cameras for remote sensing, descent and in-situ observations

heritage: Rosetta-Philae, DAWN, HRSC-SRC

In-situ measurements on planetary surfaces thermal and mechanical properties

heritage: Mupus on Rosetta-Philae, HP3 for GEMS

Laser altimeterto measure surface topography

heritage: BELA for BebiColombo

IR spectrometer/radiometerfor mineralogical composition and thermal properties

heritage: MERTIS for BepiColombo

DPUs and softwareheritage: Corot, Rosetta-Philae, Rosetta-Virtis

http://www.dlr.de/pf/DesktopDefault.aspx/tabid-174/319_read-19252/gallery-1/gallery_read-Image.6.10644/


3.3 HW contributions to ESA, NASA and JAXA primitive body missions

Rosetta (launch 2004)

main responsibility for lander Philae

100 kg, 10 instruments

anchoring, solar power, propulsion system

PI instruments on lander

MUPUS (T. Spohn)

hammering mechanism (35 cm)

thermal and mechanical properties

SESAME (K. Seidensticker)

seismic experiment, permittivity probe

mechanical, structural and electrical properties

ROLIS (S. Mottola)

High-resolution miniature CCD camera for imaging

the cometary surface with 0.3 mm/pixel

bi-modal optics and 4-color LED illumination device


DAWN (launch 2007)Framing Camera (together with MPS Lindau)

MASCOT for Hayabusa II (launch 2014)10 kg lander with camera, thermal sensor and magnetometer

target: NEA 1999JU3 (C-type)

OSIRIS-REx (launch 2016)contributions to the Camera Suite


3.4 DLR mission AsteroidFinder

DLR compact satellite mission with EMCCD-camera and 25 cm telescope

detection of Inner Earth Objects (IEOs) with aphelion < 1 AU that are hardly to observe from ground (only 10 objects have been identified so far)

orbit and size determination

understanding the dynamical development of the planetary system

simulation of the source regions of IEOs

status: end of Phase B

launch: 2014/15

Sun synchronous terminator orbit


4. Ground and space based observational activities

Calar Alto 1.2 m telescope (Spain)100 nights per year observing time, remote control

high performance fast read-out CCD camera

light curve photometry for the determination of the rotation state and shapes of asteroids (binary asteroids, NEOS, Trojans, spacecraft targets)

follow-up astrometry of NEOs and comets

Warm Spitzer (asteroid observations in thermal IR)utilizing the 'warmed up' Spitzer space telescope 3.6 µm and

4.5 µm bands

aims: physical characterization of ~700 Near-Earth Asteroids (~88% completed)

determination of size and albedo distributions


Herschel: TNOs are Cool-Programutilizing the Herschel Space Telescope PACS (70-160 µm) and SPIRE (250-500 µm) bands

aims: physical characterization of ~130 Transneptunian Objects (~95% completed)

determination size and albedo distributions, investigation of specific objects of interest

European Fireball Network15 stations in Germany

number of observed bright meteors is about 30/year

orbit reconstruction for some fireballs


5. Laboratory work

VIS and IR spectroscopyspectral measurements in the VIS and IR of minerals and mineral-mixtures to support interpretation of asteroid Steins spectra

studies of meteorites

regolith’s texture and photometric properties

contributions to data banks

Raman spectroscopynon destructive investigation of minerals and biological samples

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)fast elemental analysis, sensitive to all elements


6. Modeling activities

thermophysical models of asteroids and comets to derive size, albedo, thermal properties, surface

roughness and cometary activity

photometric models to determine the rotation state and shapes of asteroids

software tools to derive digital terrain models (DTM) of objects from a set of camera images

tools for impact risk assessment and mitigation

impact simulation tools

models of the solar wind comet-interaction

2D hydrodynamic models of cometary comae

models to describe some aspects of the chemical evolution in the solar nebula

maintenance a data base of physical properties of NEAs

http://earn.dlr.de/nea


Simulation: pressure evolution after an impact of an asteroid (100 km diameter) on Earth within 485 s


7. Long-term scientific projects

Impacts and Planetary evolutionsubtopic within the Helmholtz-Alliance "Planetary Evolution and Live"

started in 2008, duration: 5 years

international contributions

modeling efforts, field and lab experiment

work packages:

Origin and distribution of water and organic matter in the Solar Nebula

Transport of water and volatile matter to planets

Hydrocode modeling of impacts and related

shock experiments

Chemistry in the impact vapor plume


submitted in response to the European Commission’s FP7-Space-2011 call for research proposals, deadline: 25th November 2010

category: “Prevention of impacts from near-Earth objects (NEOs) on our planet”

after assessment (March 2011), NEOShield topped the list of 6 proposals submitted in the category

total volume of NEOShield funding = 5.5 million Euro

anticipated kick off = Jan. 2012, duration: 3.5 years

consortium from DLR (coordinator), France, Russia, Spain, UK, USA

Goals:

Science

physical properties of NEOs

lab experiments on impacts

numerical simulations: impact and momentum transfer

The NEOShield Proposal


Mitigation demonstration missions

suitable mission targets: identify and characterize suitable target NEOs for mitigation demo missions.

space mission design: provide detailed designs of technically and financially realistic missions to demonstrate the effectiveness of mitigation techniques, investigate mission funding and implementation options.

Global response campaign roadmap

impact threat response strategy

developing a decision-making tool to aid in response planning

developing a global response roadmap in collaboration with partners such as

the UN, space agencies, etc.

Faulkes Telescope N.

© ESA

© D. Durda / B612 Foundation


8. Summary

The primitive body research at DLR is focused on hardware and scientific work for space projects to asteroids and comets.

There are considerable involvements in current missions to minor bodies like ROSETTA (ESA) and DAWN (NASA) and in planned missions like

OSIRIS-REx (NASA) and Hayabusa-2 (JAXA).

DLR has initiated a compact satellite program and studies the AsteroidFinder mission for the detection of Inner Earth Objects (IEOs).

The hardware expertise to explore minor bodies lies in the field of lander, rover and mole technologies.

Concerning scientific instruments DLR has a long tradition in the design of cameras, spectrometers and in situ probes to analyze thermal and

mechanical properties of planetary surfaces.

DLR is operating a telescope in Spain to observe asteroids and is involved in observation campaigns for TNOs (with Herschel) and Near Earth Objects

(with Warm Spitzer).


Lab measurements are made to spectral properties of minerals, mineral-mixtures and biological samples.

Theoretical work to minor bodies comprises solar system evolution simulations, digital terrain models, models to mechanical and thermal properties of asteroids and comets, impact crater simulations, photometric

models, studies to the physics and chemistry of cometary comae.

Within the long-term international HGF Alliance "Planetary Evolution and Life" is a long-term the role of impacts of primitive bodies for the evolution of planets and life is studied.

Together with partners from several European countries and USA DLR successfully submitted the NEOShield proposal in response to the European Commission’s FP7-Space-2011call.


Backup slides

•The NeoShield Proposal

•Update on Workshop on Future Small Bodies Missions

•FROM THE ROSETTA LANDER PHILAE TO AN ASTEROID HOPPER: LANDER CONCEPTS FOR SMALL BODIES MISSIONS


The NEOShield The NEOShield ProposalProposal

• Submitted in response to the European Commission’s FP7-Space-2011 Submitted in response to the European Commission’s FP7-Space-2011 call for research proposals, deadline: 25call for research proposals, deadline: 25thth November 2010. November 2010.

Category:Category:

“Prevention of impacts from near-Earth objects (NEOs) on our planet”

• After assessment (March 2011), NEOShield topped the list of 6 proposals After assessment (March 2011), NEOShield topped the list of 6 proposals submitted in the category. submitted in the category.

• Total volume of NEOShield funding = Total volume of NEOShield funding = 5.5 million Euro..

• Funds provided by the European Commission = Funds provided by the European Commission = 4.0 million Euro..

• Final confirmation of funding is preceded by a phase of negotiation Final confirmation of funding is preceded by a phase of negotiation between the Consortium and the European Commission.between the Consortium and the European Commission.

• Anticipated kick off = Jan. 2012Anticipated kick off = Jan. 2012

• Duration: 3.5 years.Duration: 3.5 years.


The NEOShield ProjectThe NEOShield ProjectBrief description (1/2)Brief description (1/2)

Main themes/tasks of the project:

1. Science

• Physical properties of NEOs: Analyze properties from the point of view of mitigation requirements; estimate most likely properties of the next mitigation candidate; provide requirements for lab. impact experiments and modelling.

• Mitigation precursor reconnaissance: Determine requirements, strategy, instrumentation, for ground-based facilities and space missions.

• Lab. experiments on impacts - into asteroid surface analogue materials; validation of impact modelling at small scales.

• Numerical simulations: Impact and momentum transfer modelling scaled to realistic NEO sizes.

PRIMARY AIM: investigate in detail the three most promising mitigation techniques: kinetic impactor, gravity tractor, blast deflection.

© Patrick Michel

Fraunhofer Ernst Mach Institute


Faulkes Telescope N.

The NEOShield ProjectThe NEOShield Project Brief description (2/2)Brief description (2/2)

Main themes/tasks of the project (continued):

2. Mitigation demonstration missions

• Suitable mission targets: Identify and characterize suitable target NEOs for mitigation demo missions.

• Space mission design: Provide detailed designs of technically and financially realistic missions to demonstrate the effectiveness of mitigation techniques. Investigate mission funding and implementation options.

3. Global response campaign roadmap

• Impact threat response strategy: Develop a decision-making tool to aid in response planning. Develop a global response roadmap in collaboration with partners such as the UN, space agencies, etc.

© ESA

© D. Durda / B612 Foundation


The NEOShield The NEOShield ConsortiumConsortium

Participant organisationParticipant organisation Leading personnelLeading personnel CountrCountryy

German Aerospace Center (DLR), BerlinCoordinating partner

A. W. Harris Germany

Observatoire de Paris (LESIA and IMCCE)

LESIA: M. A. Barucci, M. Fulchignoni

IMCCE: D. Hestroffer, W. Thuillot France

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur)

P. Michel France

Open University S. F. Green UK

Fraunhofer – Ernst-Mach-Institut F. Schäfer Germany

Queen’s University Belfast A. Fitzsimmons UK

Astrium (supervisory interface for technical work packages)

W. Lork, A. RathkeP. Blanc-PaquesP. D’arrigo

GermanyFranceUK

Deimos Space J. L. Cano, L. F. Peñín SpainCarl Sagan Center, SETI Institute D. Morrison USA

TsNIIMash (Roscosmos) D. Payson, V. Emelyanov, B. Shustov Russia

University of Surrey V. Lappas UK

Update on Workshop on Future Small Bodies Missions

J. Biele, S. Ulamec German Aerospace Center (DLR), Köln, Germany


Recap: 2011 Bucharest Workshop on Future Small Bodies Missions

Discussing the Synergies Between Science, Planetary Defense, Exploration, and Commercial Interests

13th of May, 2011; Venue: Hotel Ibis, Bucharest, Romania

Organizer: S. Ulamec; Co-organizers: P. Abell (NASA-JSC), J. Biele (DLR), D. Koschny (ESA)

Participants: M. A´Hearn (Univ. Maryland), R. Armellin (Politec. Milano), J. Bellerose (NASAAmes),J. Cano (Deimos), I. Carnelli (ESA), A.C. Charania (SpaceWorks), A. Cheng (APL), G.Drolshagen (ESA), R. Franco (ESA), A. Fitzsimmons (Q.Univ. Belfast), C. Foster (NASA-Ames),V. Friedensen (NASA-HQ), A. Galvez (ESA), J. Gil-Fernandez (GMV)M. Graziano (GMV), A.Herique (IPAG-Grenoble), L. Johnson (NASA-HQ), A. Klesh (JPL), G. Klingelhöfer (Uni.Mainz), C. Krause (DLR), R. Landis (NASA-GSFC), M. Lavagna (Politec. Milano), A. Mainzer (JPL), P. Michel (Obs. Côte d´Azur), D. Morrison (NASA), C. Plesko (LANL), J.-Y. Prado (CNES), C. Reed (APL), D. Schmanke (Uni. Mainz), W. Schmidt (FMI), R. Tremayne-Smith (UKSA), W. Wittholt (FU-Hagen), A. Zimmer (Univ. Stuttgart)


Summary and conclusions

The results, summarized hereafter, shall provide an input for the preparation of the ESA Council Meeting at Ministerial level 2012, identifying a strategy to implement a mission, serving all three communities and defining the area, where European effort would be implemented most efficiently in a broader international context.

Within ESA it is recommended to propose a mission for the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) Programme. This will be part of a wide international effort of NEO related activities.


Main points

1.) There is a clear overlap regarding missions serving science, the development of mitigation techniques, and exploration. Synergies shall be used. (See viewgraphs, attachment 2)2.) Essential pre-requisites for science, mitigation, and exploration are a) Survey (note that currently there are only 1 ± 1 possible targets for human explorationidentified!)b) Characterization of (a variety of) asteroids (and comets), both via ground based and space based systems3) In the given international context activities for survey (emphasis in the US) and NEO characterization including science driven missions, e.g. OsirisREx, MarcoPolo-R, Hayabusa 1 and 2 and various additional mission proposals) are already foreseen. However, there is a lack for plans to actually realize a mitigation demonstration mission.4) It is therefore recommended by the participants of the workshop to introduce a Mitigation Demonstration Mission (using spin off from Don Quijote study) into the ESA Space Situational Awareness (SSA) programme of ESA. Possible coordination with other programs (e.g. Exploration or Technology) is to be further investigated.5) Such a mission will gain wider attractiveness by including a science payload (which would not drive the core mission), including instruments of relevance for human exploration (e.g. radiation monitor; Matroshka tbc). Public outreach and education may be an aspect to be considered.Summary: The participants of the workshop encourage an effort to introduce a Mitigation Demonstration Mission to the coming ESA Council Meeting at Ministerial level, to be held 2012.


Further notes, actions

There are a number of international working groups targeting the coordination of NEO related space activities. In particular the International Primitive Body Exploration Working Group (IPEWG) and the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) are identified as relevant for this discussion within our group.The various positions and emphasis with respect to NEO activities of each of the working groups should be summarized (AI: P. Abell) and the communications flow between those identified groups needs to be guaranteed and coordinated.A follow-on meeting to this workshop may take place co-located with the next IPEWG meeting, August 2011 tbc.An additional briefing for the ESA Council Meeting at Ministerial level is considered important in the time frame October/November 2011. Invitations will be sent by summer. It is recommended to explicitly inform the EU on the described activities.Appropriate means to exchange information on NEO related activities between the European Commission, ESA, and National Space Agencies should be established.


ftp

IP: 129.247.247.145

Name: philae.dlr.de

Account: jeder

Password: 2014CG67

Directory to read: /Small bodies workshop/2011

Directory to write to: pub/ (data there are deleted in regular intervals)

FROM THE ROSETTA LANDER PHILAE TO AN ASTEROID HOPPER: LANDER CONCEPTS FOR SMALL BODIES MISSIONS

S. Ulamec, J. Biele German Aerospace Center (DLR), Köln, Germany,


Outline

The investigation of small bodies, comets and asteroids, can contribute substantially to our understanding of the formation and history of the Solar System. In situ observations by Landers play an important role in this field.

The Rosetta Lander – Philae – is currently on its way to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Philae is an example of a ~100 kg landing platform, including a complex and highly integrated payload, consisting of 10 scientific instruments.

Other lander designs, more lightweight and with much smaller payload are currently investigated in the frame of a number of missions to small bodies in the Solar System. Example: MASCOT for Hayabusa-2 ( poster)

We will address a number of possible concepts, including mobile surface packages.


Background on small-body landers

Historically, there are only two missions which reached the surface of a small body: the NEAR spacecraft touched down on asteroid Eros and Hayabusa attempted to take samples from the surface of Itokawa and recently returned to Earth. In-situ probes can deliver a much higher scientific return if mobility is possible to explore more than one site. We discuss mobility concepts for low-gravity environments including current developments (the MASCOT hopper). Missions aiming for sample return, e.g., asteroid sample return mission Hayabusa-2 , can be significantly enhanced by the implementation of in-situ surface packages help to constrain the geological and physical context of the samples, provide a hold on the evolutionary history of the body by probing its interior. Mobility can even “scout” the most interesting sampling sites on the surface


Lander strategies

Impactor / Penetrator: not considered!

„Classical Lander“ with landing legs or platform (e.g. Philae, Phobos-Grunt)

Hopper (e.g. Phobos Hopper, MASCOT)

Opening shell (derivative from Mars Netlander)

„Orbiter Landing“ (e.g. Hayabusa)


Lander FM Thermal-VacuumTest at IABG,October 2001

Present and Future Exploration of Primitive Bodies at the German Aerospace Center Present and Future...

Documents

Transcript of Present and Future Exploration of Primitive Bodies at the German Aerospace Center Present and Future...