Preparing Solutions
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![Page 1: Preparing Solutions](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681301f550346895d959fa4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Preparing Solutions
![Page 2: Preparing Solutions](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681301f550346895d959fa4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Short Form
Obtain the required amount of ingredients
Dissolve them Bring to volume (q.s.) Store
![Page 3: Preparing Solutions](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681301f550346895d959fa4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Short Form
Obtain the required amount of ingredients
Dissolve them Bring to volume (q.s.) Store
![Page 4: Preparing Solutions](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681301f550346895d959fa4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Getting started
Beaker larger than final volume
Add 2/3 final volume of gdH2O
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Add a magnetic spin bar
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Begin adding reagents
Use a clean spatula and weigh dish for each ingredient
Never return excess material to its container
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Issues
Heating pH Solvents Noxious and
hazardous compounds
![Page 8: Preparing Solutions](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681301f550346895d959fa4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Short Form
Obtain the required amount of ingredients
Dissolve themBring to volume (q.s.) Store
![Page 9: Preparing Solutions](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681301f550346895d959fa4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
“Finishing” a solution
Everything should be fully dissolved*
Temperature must be cool enough to handle.
pH must be set Transfer to graduated
cylinder and bring to final volume
Final volume = q.s. (quantum satis)
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Late Edition
(Should be late addition) Filter sterilized amendments Heat sensitive, reactive (e.g. ampicillin) 1000X – Volume insignificant
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Short Form
Obtain the required amount of ingredients
Dissolve them Bring to volume (q.s.)Store
![Page 12: Preparing Solutions](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681301f550346895d959fa4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Issues – “Begin with the end in mind”
Autoclaving Filtering Light Heat Containers
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Labels
Composition - 20X SSC (better exact composition)
(special) Storage conditions Date Made (include the year!) Your name Autoclave tape
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Short Form
Obtain the required amount of ingredients
Dissolve them Bring to volume (q.s.) Store
![Page 15: Preparing Solutions](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681301f550346895d959fa4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Powders – Molarity; Three numbers
(g mol-1) MW, FW (hydrates), % purity, free acid vs. salt, etc.
(mol l-1)(g mol-1)(l) = grams required
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Powders – % (w/v)
Grams of powder added per 100 ml final volume (q.s. rules)
1% = g 100 ml-1
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Liquids – Molarity; Density
Divide g required by density of liquid (g ml-1)
Pipette this amount of liquid Remember to account for purity.
(mol l-1)(g mol-1)(l) = grams required
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Additions from concentrated stock solutions
C1 is the concentration of your stock solution
C2 is the concentration you want in the end
V2 is your final volume (q.s.) V1 is how much to add!
C1V1 = C2V2
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Additions from concentrated stock solutions
Make sure concentration units are the same (M, mM, %, etc.)
Make sure volumes are in the same units (l, ml, etc.)
Solve for V1 C2 cannot be bigger than C1 V1 cannot be bigger than V2
C1V1 = C2V2
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X solutions
20X SSC Buffer 5X Wash Solution 10X RE Buffer 20X TAE Buffer 100X Vitamins 1000x Ampicillin
X refers to relative concentration of some complex solution
1X is the normal working concentration
Use C1V1 = C2V2 to determine amount needed (V1) of concentrated stock (C2)
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A Note on Buffers
Buffer refers to a weak acid or base and their salt that helps to keep a constant pH
Buffer is used to describe solutions containing pH buffers
E.g. 10X PCR buffer contains 10 times of everything required for the PCR reaction including Tris, a pH buffer
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Adding the Buffer
Tris, Acetate, Phosphate Add buffer to give desired
concentration Add acid (or base) to adjust pH to
desired value Bring to volume
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0.5 l of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.9
(0.05 mol l-1)(121.1 g mol-1)(0.5 l) = 3.03g Add 3.03 g Tris (base) to about 400
ml of gdH2O Add 6 M HCl dropwise to adjust pH
to 7.9 Bring to 500 ml in graduated
cylinder