Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth and Physical...

Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth and Physical Science © 2005Correlated to:

Missouri Grade Level Expectations (Grades 6-8)

MISSOURI GRADE LEVEL EXPECTATIONSPAGE(S) WHERE TAUGHT

(If submission is not a book, cite appropriate location(s))

a. Recognize matter is anything that has mass and volume

SE/TE: Physical Science: 34-43

b. Describe and compare the volumes (the amount of space an object occupies) of objects or substances directly, using a graduated cylinder, and/or indirectly, using displacement methods


c. Describe and compare the masses (amounts of matter) of objects to the nearest gram using a balance


d. Classify the types of matter in an object into pure substances or mixtures using their specific physical properties


a. Recognize elements (unique atoms) and compounds (molecules or crystals) are pure substances that have characteristic properties


Scope and Sequence – Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes of Matter

SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

This is one model of a curriculum scope and sequence. Grade level expectations are clustered into suggested units and arranged to support development of conceptual understanding. School district personnel are encouraged to adapt this model as necessary in order to better meet the needs of their students. The Expectations described in Strand 7: Inquiry and Strand 8: Science/Technology/Human Activity should be made a priority and integrated throughout every teaching unit in each of the other strands. Grade-span assessments will be administered in science at grades 5, 8, and 11 no later than the 2007-2008 school year.

Strand 1: Properties and Principles of Matter and Energy

1. Changes in properties and states of matter provide evidence of the atomic theory of matter A. Objects, and the materials they are made of, have properties that can be used to describe and classify them Grade 6

Scope and Sequence–Properties of and Changes in Matter

Grade 8

1SE = Student Edition - TE = Teacher Edition





b. Describe the physical and chemical properties (e.g., magnetic attraction, conductivity, melting point and boiling point, reactivity) of pure substances (elements or compounds) (e.g., copper wire, aluminum wire, iron, charcoal, sulfur, water, salt, sugar, sodium bicarbonate, galena, quartz, magnetite, pyrite) using appropriate senses and tools

SE/TE: Physical Science: 34-43, 109-117, 118-127, 128-135, 158-165, 166-171, 172-177, 665

a. Describe the properties of each component in a mixture/solution and their distinguishing properties (e.g., salt water, oil and vinegar, pond water, Kool-Aid)

SE/TE: Physical Science: 34-43, 222-227, 230-235

b. Describe appropriate ways to separate the components of different types of mixtures (sorting, evaporation, filtration, magnets, boiling, chromatography, screening)


c. Predict how various solids (soluble/insoluble) behave (e.g., dissolve, settle, float) when mixed with water

SE/TE: Physical Science: 222-227, 230-235

a. Recognize evidence (e.g., diffusion of food coloring in water, light reflecting off of dust particles in the air, condensation of water vapor by increased pressure or decreased temperature) that supports the theory that matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules) that are in constant, random motion


C. Properties of matter can be explained in terms of moving particles too small to be seen without tremendous magnification

Grade 6


B. Properties of mixtures depend upon the concentrations, properties, and interactions of particles

Grade 6







a. Describe evidence (e.g., diffusion of colored material into clear material such as water; light reflecting off of dust particles in air; changes in physical properties and reactivity such as gold hammered into foil, oil spreading on the surface of water, decay of organic matter, condensation of water vapor by increased pressure) that supports the theory that matter is composed of moving particles too small to be seen (atoms, molecules)

SE/TE: Physical Science: 76-82, 83-95, 172-177, 222-229

a. Describe the relationship between the change in the volume of water and changes in temperature as it relates to the properties of water (i.e., water expands and becomes less dense when frozen)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 241; Physical Science: 380-385

a. Describe the relationship between temperature and the movement of atmospheric gases (i.e., warm air rises due to expansion of the volume of gas, cool air sinks due to contraction of the volume of gas)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 548-551; Physical Science: 83-89, 90-93

a. Using the Kinetic Theory model, illustrate and account for the physical properties (i.e., shape, volume, malleability, viscosity) of a solid, liquid, or gas in terms of the arrangement and motion of molecules in a substance

SE/TE: Physical Science: 70-75, Can be developed from 118-125, 172-177

Grade 7

Scope and Sequence – Weather and Climate

Grade 8



D. Physical changes in the state of matter that result from thermal changes can be explained by the Kinetic Theory of Matter

Grade 6

Scope and Sequence – Earth’s Resources

Grade 8






b. Use the Kinetic Theory model to explain changes in the volume, shape, and viscosity of materials in response to temperature changes or during a phase change


c. Predict the effect of transfer on the physical properties of a substance as it changes to or from a solid, liquid, or gas (i.e., phase changes that occur during freezing, melting, evaporation, boiling, condensation)


a. Recognize more than 100 known elements (unique atoms) exist that may be combined in nature or by man to produce compounds that make up the living and nonliving substances in the environment (Do NOT assess memorization of the Periodic Table)

SE/TE: Physical Science: 38-39, 102-108, 109-117, 663

a. Recognize and classify changes in matter as chemical and/or physical


b. Identify chemical changes (i.e., rusting, oxidation, burning, decomposition by acids, decaying, baking) in common objects (i.e., rocks such as limestone, minerals, wood, steel wool, plants) as a result of interactions with sources of energy or other matter that form new substances with different characteristic properties



G. Properties of objects and states of matter can change chemically and/or physically

Grade 6

Scope and Sequence – Properties of and Changes in Matter

E. The atomic model describes the electrically neutral atom

Not assessed at this level

F. The periodic table organizes the elements according to their atomic structure and chemical reactivity

Grade 8






c. Identify physical changes in common objects (e.g., rocks, minerals, wood, water, steel wool, plants) and describe the processes which caused the change (e.g., weathering, erosion, cutting, dissolving)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 103, 238-245, 266-267, 272-281, 286-290, 291-295, 301-303; Physical Science: 50-55, 185-186

a. Demonstrate and provide evidence that mass is conserved during a physical change


a. Explain that the amount of matter remains constant while being recycled through the water cycle

SE/TE: Earth Science: Can be developed from 392-395, 560; Physical Science: 53

a. Provide evidence that mass is conserved during a chemical change in a closed system (e.g., vinegar + baking soda, mold growing in a closed container, steel wool rusting)


b. Explain that the amount of matter remains constant while being recycled through the rock cycle

SE/TE: Earth Science: Can be developed from 114-116; Physical Science: 53

c. Explain that the amount of matter remains constant while being recycled through food chains and food webs

SE/TE: Life Science: Can be developed from 350-355, 740-745; Physical Science: 53


Scope and Sequence – Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics

Scope and Sequence – Cells and Body Systems

Scope and Sequence – Properties of and Changes in Matter

Grade 7


Grade 8

H. Chemical bonding is the combining of different pure substances (elements, compounds) to form new substances with different properties


I. Mass is conserved during any physical or chemical change

Grade 6






a. Identify sources of visible light (e.g., the Sun and other stars, flint, bulb, flames, lightning)


b. Describe evidence (i.e., cannot bend around walls) that visible light travels in a straight line, using the appropriate tools (i.e., pinhole viewer, ray box, laser pointer)


c. Compare the reflection of visible light by various surfaces (i.e., mirror, smooth and rough surfaces, shiny and dull surfaces, moon)


d. Compare the refraction of visible light passing through different transparent and translucent materials (e.g., prisms, water, a lens)


e. Predict how different surfaces (transparent,translucent, opaque) and lenses (convex, concave) affect the behavior of visible light rays and the resulting image of an object

SE/TE: Physical Science: 610-615, 617-622, 623-628, 629-632, 633-641

f. Identify receivers of visible light energy (e.g., eye, photocell)

SE/TE: Physical Science: 582, 588-591, 629-632

g. Recognize that an object is “seen” only when the object emits or reflects light to the eye

SE/TE: Physical Science: 582, 588-591, 629-632

h. Recognize differences in wavelength and energy levels within that range of visible light that can be seen by the human eye are perceived as differences in color

SE/TE: Physical Science: 582, 610-616

A. Forms of energy have a source, a means of transfer (work and heat), and a receiver

Grade 6

Scope and Sequence–- Forms of Energy: Light

2. Energy has a source, can be transferred, and can be transformed into various forms but is conserved between and within systems






i. Describe how sound energy is transferred by wave-like disturbances that spread away from the source through a medium


j. Predict how the properties of the medium (e.g., air, water, empty space, rock) affect the speed of different types of mechanical waves (i.e., earthquake, sound)


a. Recognize thermal energy as the random motion (kinetic energy) of molecules or atoms within a substance


b. Use the kinetic molecular model to explain changes in the temperature of a material


c. Recognize thermal energy is transferred as heat from warmer objects to cooler objects until both reach the same temperature (equilibrium)


d. Recognize the type of materials that transfer energy by conduction, convection, and/or radiation


e. Describe how heat is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation, and classify examples of each


f. Classify common materials (e.g., wood, foam, plastic, glass, aluminum foil, soil, air, water) as conductors or insulators of thermal energy


g. Predict the differences in temperature over time on different colored (black and white) objects placed under the same heat source

SE/TE: Physical Science: Can be developed from 479-485

Grade 7

Scope and Sequence–Forms of Energy: Heat

Scope and Sequence –Forms of Energy: Sound






h. Describe the interactions (i.e., repel, attract) of like and unlike charges (i.e., magnetic, static electric, electrical)


i. Diagram and identify a complete electric circuit by using a source (battery), means of transfer (wires), and receiver (resistance bulbs, motors, fans)


j. Observe and describe the evidence of energy transfer in a closed series circuit


k. Describe the effects of resistance (number of receivers), amount of voltage (number of energy sources), and kind of transfer materials on the current being transferred through a circuit (e.g., brightness of light, speed of motor)


l. Classify materials as conductors or insulators of electricity when placed within a circuit (e.g., wood, pencil lead, plastic, glass, aluminum foil, lemon juice, air, water)


m. Diagram and distinguish between complete series and parallel circuits


n. Identify advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel circuits


a. Recognize chemical energy is stored in chemical compounds (e.g., energy stored in and released from food molecules, batteries, nitrogen explosives, fireworks, organic fuels)



B. Mechanical energy comes from the motion (kinetic energy) and/or relative position (potential energy) of an object


Scope and Sequence –Forms of Energy: Electricity and Magnetism

Grade 8






a. Recognize energy from the Sun is transferred to Earth in a range of wavelengths and energy levels, including visible light, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet radiation


b. Recognize the Sun is the source of almost all energy used to produce the food for living organisms

SE/TE: Life Science: 86-90, 740-745; Physical Science: 462-465

a. Identify solar radiation as the primary source of energy for weather phenomena

SE/TE: Earth Science: 542-547, 548-551, 552-558, 560-566, 567-571


a. Identify the different energy transformations that occur between different systems (e.g., chemical energy in battery converted to electricity in circuit converted to light and heat from a bulb)


b. Recognize that, during an energy transformation, heat is often transferred from one object (system) to another because of a difference in temperature


F. Energy can change from one form to another within systems, but the total amount remains the same

Grade 7

Scope and Sequence – Energy Transformations


D. Chemical reactions involve changes in the bonding of atoms with the release or absorption of energy


E. Nuclear energy is a major source of energy throughout the universe

Grade 6

Scope and Sequence –- Forms of Energy: Light

Scope and Sequence – Characteristics of Living Organisms

Grade 7

C. Electromagnetic energy from the Sun (solar radiation) is a major source of energy on Earth






c. Recognize energy is not lost but conserved as it is transferred and transformed


a. Identify the evidence of different energy transformations (e.g., explosion of light, heat, and sound, temperature change, electrical charge) that may occur as chemical energy is released during a chemical reaction

SE/TE: Physical Science: 50-55, 58-61, 184-193, 204-209

a. Describe the circular motion of a moving object as the result of a force acting toward the center


b. Classify different types of motion (e.g., straight line, projectile, circular, vibrational)


c. Given an object in motion, calculate its speed (distance/time)


d. Interpret a line graph representing an object’s motion in terms of distance over time (speed) using metric units



Scope and Sequence –Force, Motion, and Work

B. An object that is accelerating is speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction


C. Momentum depends on the mass of the object and the velocity with which it is traveling

Strand 2: Properties and Principles of Force and Motion

1. The motion of an object is described by its change in position relative to another object or point

A. The motion of an object is described as a change in position, direction, and speed relative to another object (frame of reference)

Grade 7


Grade 8






a. Identify and describe the types of forces acting on an object in motion, at rest, floating/sinking (i.e., type of force, direction, amount of force in Newtons)

SE/TE: Physical Science: 334-339, 340-348, 349-352, 353-361, 362-365, 380-387, 388-392, 393-399

b. Compare the forces acting on an object by using a spring scale to measure them to the nearest Newton


a. Recognize every object exerts a gravitational force of attraction on every other object


b. Recognize an object’s weight is a measure of the gravitational force of a planet/moon acting on that object


c. Compare the amount of gravitational force acting between objects (which is dependent upon their masses and the distance between them)


C. Magnetic forces are related to electrical forces as different aspects of a single electromagnetic force



B. Every object exerts a gravitational force on every other object

Grade 7


2. Forces affect motion

A. Forces are classified as either contact forces (pushes, pulls, friction, buoyancy) or non-contact forces (gravity, magnetism), that can be described in terms of direction and magnitude

Grade 7






a. Compare the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces (including magnetic, gravity, friction, push or pull) on an object’s motion

SE/TE: Physical Science: 334-339, 340-348, 349-352, 353-361, 362-365, 372-379, 380-387, 388-392, 393-399

b. Explain that when forces (including magnetic, gravity, friction, push or pull) are balanced, objects are at rest or their motion remains constant


c. Explain that a change in motion is the result of an unbalanced force acting upon an object


d. Explain how the acceleration of a moving object is affected by the amount of net force applied and the mass of the object



a. Recognize examples of work being done on an object (force applied and distance moved in the direction of the applied force) with and without the use of simple machines


b. Calculate the amount of work done when a force is applied to an object over a distance (W = F x d)


c. Explain how simple machines affect the amount of effort force, distance through which a force is applied, and/or direction of force while doing work




E. Perpendicular forces act independently of each other

F. Simple machines (levers, inclined planes, wheels and axles, pulleys) affect the forces applied to an object and/or direction of movement as work is done

Grade 7

D. Newton’s Laws of Motion explain the interaction of mass and forces, and are used to predict changes in motion

Grade 7






d. Recognize the amount of work output is never greater than the amount of work input, with or without the use of a simple machine


e. Evaluate simple machine designs to determine which design requires the least amount of effort force and explain why


a. Describe the common life processes necessary to the survival of organisms (i.e., growth, reproduction, life span, response to stimuli, energy use, exchange of gases, use of water, elimination of waste)

SE/TE: Life Science: 34-41

a. Recognize that most plants and animals require food and oxygen (needed to release the energy from that food)

SE/TE: Life Science: 250-255, 294-299


a. Recognize all organisms are composed of cells, the fundamental units of life, which carry on all life processes


B. Organisms progress through life cycles unique to different types of organisms

C. Cells are the fundamental units of structure and function of all living things

Grade 6


Grade 6


Grade 8

Scope and Sequence –Cells and Body Systems

Strand 3: Characteristic and Interactions of Living Organisms

1. There is a fundamental unity underlying the diversity of all living organisms

A. Organisms have basic needs for survival






a. Identify and contrast the structures of plants and animals that serve similar functions (e.g., taking in water and oxygen, support, response to stimuli, obtaining energy, circulation, digestion, excretion, reproduction)


a. Recognize most of the organisms on Earth are unicellular (e.g., bacteria, protists) and other organisms, including humans, are multicellular


b. Identify examples of unicellular (e.g., bacteria, some protists, fungi) and multicellular organisms (e.g., some fungi, plants, animals)


a. Compare and contrast the following plant and animal cell structures: cell membrane, nucleus, cell wall, chloroplast, and cytoplasm


b. Recognize the chloroplast as the cell structure where food is produced in plants and some unicellular organisms (e.g., algae, some protists)

SE/TE: Life Science: 60-67, 226-235, 250-255

Grade 6


Grade 6


2. Living organisms carry out life processes in order to survive

A. The cell contains a set of structures called organelles that interact to carry out life processes through physical and chemical means

D. Plants and animals have different structures that serve similar functions necessary for the survival of the organism

Grade 8


E. Biological classifications are based on how organisms are related






a. Recognize the cell membrane helps regulate the transfer of materials in and out of the cell


b. Recognize the function of the chloroplast is photosynthesis


a. Recognize plants use energy from the Sun to produce food and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis


a. Recognize photosynthesis is a chemical change with reactants (water and carbon dioxide) and products (energy-rich sugar molecules and oxygen) that takes place in the presence of light and chlorophyll


b. Recognize oxygen is needed by all cells of most organisms for the release of energy from nutrient (sugar) molecules (Do NOT assess the term cellular respiration)


c. Describe the importance of the transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to the survival of the organism


Scope and Sequence–Cells and Body Systems

B. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary processes necessary to the survival of most organisms on Earth

Grade 6


Grade 8

Grade 8







a. Identify and give examples of each level of organization (cell, tissue, organ, organ system) in multicellular organisms (plants, animals)

SE/TE: Life Science: 60-67, 250-255, 294-299, 468-473

b. Illustrate and explain the path water and nutrients take as they move through the transport system of a plant


c. Explain the interactions between the circulatory and digestive systems as nutrients are processed by the digestive system, passed into the blood stream, and transported in and out of the cell


d. Compare and contrast the processes of mechanical and chemical digestion, and their role in providing materials necessary for survival of the cell and organism


e. Identify the importance of the transport and exchange of nutrient and waste molecules to the survival of the cell and organism


f. Explain the interactions between the circulatory and respiratory systems in exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the atmosphere (when oxygen enters the body, passes into the blood stream, and is transported into the cell; carbon dioxide is transported out of the cell, passes into the blood stream, and exits the body)


g. Explain the interactions between the nervous and muscular systems when an organism responds to a stimulus


D. Cells carry out chemical transformations that use energy for the synthesis or breakdown of organic compounds


C. Complex multicellular organisms have systems that interact to carry out life processes through physical and chemical means

Grade 8







a. Predict the response the body may take to maintain internal balance during an environmental change (e.g., shivering when cold, slowing metabolism when food supply decreases or when dehydrated, adrenaline rush when frightened)


a. Explain the cause and effect of diseases (e.g., AIDS, cancer, diabetes, hypertension) on the human body

SE/TE: Life Science: 210-215, 236-241, 552-556, 574-578, 592-596, 597-603, 606-610, 611-615

b. Relate some common diseases (i.e., cold, influenza, strep throat, dysentery, fungal infections) to the organisms that cause them (bacteria, viruses, protests, fungi)

SE/TE: Life Science: 210-215, 236-241, 552-556, 592-596, 606-610, 611-615

c. Differentiate between infectious and noninfectious diseases


d. Explain the role of antibiotics and vaccines in the treatment and prevention of diseases


Grade 8

Scope and Sequence – Disease

F. Cellular activities and responses can maintain stability internally while external conditions are changing (homeostasis)

Grade 8


G. Life processes can be disrupted by disease (intrinsic failures of the organ systems or by infection due to other organisms)

E. Protein structure and function are coded by the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule







a. Compare and contrast the processes of asexual and sexual reproduction, including the type and number of cells involved (one body cell in asexual, two sex cells in sexual), and the number of gene sets (body cell has two sets, sex cells have one set each) passed from parent(s) to offspring


b. Identify examples of asexual reproduction (i.e., plants budding, binary fission of single cell organisms)

SE/TE: Life Science: 217-225, 236-241, 294-299, 303-311, 314-321

c. Compare and contrast the reproductive mechanisms of classes of vertebrates (i.e., internal vs. external fertilization)


d. Explain how flowering plants reproduce sexually


a. Identify chromosomes as cellular structures that occur in pairs that carry hereditary information in units called genes


b. Recognize that when asexual reproduction occurs, the same genetic information found in the parent cell is copied and passed on to each new daughter cell (Assess only the concept – not the term or process of mitosis)


C. Chromosomes are components of cells that occur in pairs and carry hereditary information from one cell to daughter cells and from parent to offspring during reproduction

Grade 8

Scope and Sequence–Reproduction and Heredity

Grade 8


B. All living organisms have genetic material (DNA) that carries hereditary information


3. There is a genetic basis for the transfer of biological characteristics from one generation to the next through reproductive processes

A. Reproduction can occur asexually or sexually






c. Recognize that when sexual reproduction occurs, genetic material from both parents is passed on and combined to form the genetic code for the new organism (Assess only the concept – not the term or process of meiosis)


a. Recognize that when asexual reproduction occurs, the daughter cell is identical to the parent cell (assuming no change in the parent genes)


b. Recognize that when sexual reproduction occurs, the offspring is not identical to either parent due to the combining of the different genetic codes contained in each sex cell


a. Identify the biotic factors (populations of organisms) and abiotic factors (e.g., quantity of light and water, range of temperatures, soil composition) that make up an ecosystem


Scope and Sequence–Ecosystems and Populations

Strand 4: Changes in Ecosystems and Interactions of Organisms with their Environments

1. Organisms are interdependent with one another and with their environment

A. All populations living together within a community interact with one another and with their environment in order to survive and maintain a balanced ecosystem

Grade 6

Grade 8


E. The pattern of inheritance for many traits can be predicted by using the principles of Mendelian genetics


D. There is heritable variation within every species of organism






a. Identify populations within a community that are in competition with one another for resources


b. Recognize the factors that affect the number and types of organisms an ecosystem can support (e.g., food availability, abiotic factors such as quantity of light and water, temperature and temperature range, soil composition, disease, competitions from other organisms, predation)


c. Predict the possible effects of changes in the number and types of organisms in an ecosystem on the populations of other organisms within that ecosystem


a. Describe beneficial and harmful activities of organisms, including humans (e.g., deforestation, overpopulation, water and air pollution, global warming, restoration of natural environments, river bank/coastal stabilization, recycling, channelization, reintroduction of species, depletion of resources), and explain how these activities affect organisms within an ecosystem



C. All organisms, including humans, and their activities cause changes in their environment that affect the ecosystem


D. The diversity of species within an ecosystem is affected by changes in the environment, which can be caused by other organisms or outside processes

Grade 6

B. Living organisms have the capacity to produce populations of infinite size, but environments and resources are finite

Grade 6







b. Predict the impact (beneficial or harmful) of a natural environmental change (e.g., forest fire, flood, volcanic eruption, avalanche) on the organisms in an ecosystem


c. Describe possible solutions to potentially harmful environmental changes within an ecosystem


a. Explain the beneficial or detrimental impact that some organisms (i.e., viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi) may have on other organisms (e.g., diseases, antibiotics, breakdown of waste, fermentation)


a. Diagram and describe the transfer of energy in an aquatic food web and a land food web with reference to producers, consumers, decomposers, scavengers, and predator/prey relationships


b. Classify populations of unicellular and multicellular organisms as producers, consumers, and decomposers by the role theyserve in the ecosystem


a. Illustrate the oxygen/carbon dioxide cycles SE/TE: Life Science: 746-751

Grade 8


A. As energy flows through the ecosystem, all organisms capture a portion of that energy and transform it to a form they can use

Grade 6


B. Matter is recycled through an ecosystem

Grade 8

Scope and Sequence – Disease

2. Matter and energy flow through an ecosystem






b. Describe the processes involved in the recycling of matter in the oxygen/carbon dioxide cycles


a. Identify fossils as evidence some types of organisms (e.g., dinosaurs, trilobites, mammoths, giant tree ferns) that once lived in the past, and have since become extinct, have similarities with and differences from organisms living today



a. Relate examples of adaptations (specialized structures or behaviors) within a species to its ability to survive in a specific environment (e.g., hollow bones/flight, hollow hair/insulation, dense root structure/compact soil, seeds/food, protectionfor plant embryo vs. spores, fins/movement in water)

SE/TE: Life Science: 172-179, 250-255, 296, 382-386, 387-394, 406-413, 722-729

b. Predict how certain adaptations, such as behavior, body structure, or coloration, may offer a survival advantage to an organism in a particular environment

SE/TE: Life Science: 172-179, 250-255, 296, 382-386, 387-394, 406-413, 722-729

Grade 6


Grade 6


B. Reproduction is essential to the continuation of every species

C. Natural selection is the process of sorting individuals based on their ability to survive and reproduce within their ecosystem

3. Genetic variation sorted by the natural selection process explains evidence of biological evolution

A. Evidence for the nature and rates of evolution can be found in anatomical and molecular characteristics of organisms and in the fossil record






a. Describe the components of soil and other factors that influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion (e.g., plant roots and debris, bacteria, fungi, worms, rodents)

SE/TE: Life Science: 320, 348-349, 350-355, 704-708, 730-733

a. Differentiate between minerals and rocks (which are composed of different kinds of minerals)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 66-75, 94-97

b. Describe the distinguishing properties that can be used to classify minerals (i.e., texture, smell, luster, hardness, crystal shape, streak, reaction to magnets and acids)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 66-75

c. Describe the methods used to identify the distinguishing properties of minerals


d. Classify rocks as sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic

SE/TE: Earth Science: 94-97, 98-101, 102-106, 110-112, 113

a. Recognize the properties of water that make it an essential component of the Earth system (e.g., its ability to act as a solvent, its ability to remain as a liquid at most Earth temperatures)


Scope and Sequence –Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics

B. The hydrosphere is composed of water (a material with unique properties), gases, and other materials

Grade 6

Scope and Sequence –Earth’s Resources

A. The Earth’s crust is composed of various materials, including soil, minerals, and rocks, with characteristic properties

Grade 6


Grade 8

Strand 5: Processes and Interactions of the Earth’s Systems (Geosphere, Atmosphere, and Hydrosphere)

1. Earth’s Systems (geosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) have common components and unique structures






a. Describe the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere (i.e., mixture of gases, water and minute particles) and how it circulates as air masses


b. Describe the role atmosphere (e.g., clouds, ozone) plays in precipitation, reflecting and filtering light from the Sun, and trapping heat energy emitted from the Earth’s surface


a. Differentiate between weather and climate SE/TE: Earth Science: 614-623

b. Identify factors that affect climate (e.g., latitude, altitude, prevailing wind currents, amount of solar radiation)


a. Make inferences about the formation of sedimentary rocks from their physical properties (e.g., layering and the presence of fossils indicate sedimentation)


b. Explain how the formation of sedimentary rocks depends on weathering and erosion


Grade 6

Scope and Sequence – Internal Processes and External Events

Grade 7


2. Earth’s Systems (geosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) interact with one another as they undergo change by common processes

A. The Earth’s materials and surface features are changed through a variety of external processes

C. The atmosphere (air) is composed of a mixture of gases, including water vapor, and minute particles

Grade 7


D. Climate is a description of average weather conditions in a given area over time






c. Describe how weathering agents and erosional processes (i.e., force of water as it freezes or flows, expansion/contraction due to temperature, force of wind, force of plant roots, action of gravity, chemical decomposition) slowly cause surface changes that create and/or change landforms

SE/TE: Earth Science: 266-271, 272-281, 286-290, 291-295, 296-300, 301-303, 434-441

d. Describe how the Earth’s surface and surface materials can change abruptly through the activity of floods, rock/mudslides, or volcanoes

SE/TE: Earth Science: 217-223, 266-271, 286-289, 641-647

a. Identify events (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions) and the landforms created by them on the Earth’s surface that occur at different plate boundaries

SE/TE: Earth Science: 150-154, 162-168, 169-175, 186-191, 200-203, 217-223

a. Explain convection currents are the result of uneven heating inside the mantle resulting in the melting of rock materials, convection of magma, eruption/flow of magma, and movement of crustal plates

SE/TE: Earth Science: 132-135, 150-155, 209-216

b. Explain how rock layers are affected by the folding, breaking, and uplifting of rock layers due to plate motion


c. Describe how the movement of crustal plates can cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that can result in mountain building and trench formation



Grade 8


B. There are internal processes and sources of energy within the geosphere that cause changes in Earth‘s crustal plates

Grade 6






a. Explain how heating and cooling in the mantle layer leads to the formation of metamorphic rocks and some igneous rocks


b. Make inferences about the formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks from their physical properties (e.g., crystal size indicates rate of cooling, air pockets or glassy texture indicate volcanic activity)


c. Explain and diagram the external and internal processes of the rock cycle (e.g., weathering and erosion, sedimentation, compaction, heating, recrystallization, resurfacing due to forces that drive plate motion)


a. Explain the types of fossils and the processes by which they are formed (i.e., replacement, mold and cast, preservation, trace)


b. Use fossil evidence to make inferences about changes on Earth and in its environment (i.e., superposition of rock layers, similarities between fossils in different geographical locations, fossils of seashells indicate the area was once underwater)


a. Describe the methods used to estimate geologic time and the age of the Earth (e.g., techniques used to date rocks and rock layers, presence of fossils)



Grade 8


Grade 8


D. Changes in the Earth over time can be inferred through rock and fossil evidence

Grade 6

C. Continual changes in the Earth’s materials and surface that result from internal and external processes is described by the rock cycle






b. Use rock and fossil evidence to make inferences about the age, history, and changing life forms and environment of the Earth (i.e., changes in successive layers of sedimentary rock and the fossils contained within them, similarities between fossils in different geographic locations, similarities between fossils and organisms present today, fossils of organisms indicating changes in climate, fossils of extinct organisms)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 310-316, 317-322, 323-326, 327-329

a. Explain and trace the possible paths of water through the hydrosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere (i.e., the water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface run-off/ groundwater flow)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 392-395, 404-409, 560-566, 567-571; Life Science 746-751

b. Relate the different forms water can take (i.e., snow, rain, sleet, fog, clouds, dew, humidity) as it moves through the water cycle to atmospheric conditions (i.e., temperature, pressure, wind direction and speed, humidity) at a given geographic location

SE/TE: Earth Science: 392-395, 404-409, 560-566, 567-571; Life Science 746-751

c. Explain how thermal energy is transferred throughout the water cycle by the processes of convection, conduction, and radiation


a. Explain how the differences in surface temperature, due to the different heating and cooling rates of water and soil, affect the temperature and movement of the air above



E. Changes in the form of water as it moves through Earth’s systems are described as the water cycle

Grade 7


F. Constantly changing properties of the atmosphere occur in patterns which are described as weather

Grade 7






b. Recognize the characteristics of air masses (i.e., high/low barometric pressure, temperature) and predict their effect on the weather in a given location


c. Identify weather conditions associated with cold fronts and warm fronts


d. Identify factors that affect weather patterns in a particular region (e.g., proximity to large bodies of water, latitude, altitude, prevailing wind currents, amount of solar radiation, location with respect to mountain ranges)


e. Collect and interpret weather data (e.g., cloud cover, precipitation, wind speed and direction) from weather instruments and maps to explain present day weather and to predict the next day’s weather

SE/TE: Earth Science: 548-551, 552-559, 560-566, 567-571, 586-595, 614-623

f. Recognize significant changes in temperature and barometric pressure may cause dramatic weather phenomena (i.e., severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes)


a. Relate the comparative amounts of fresh water and salt water on the Earth to the availability of water as a resource for living organisms and human activity


b. Describe the affect of human activities (e.g., landfills, use of fertilizers and herbicides, farming, septic systems) on the quality of water


Grade 6


G. The geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are continually interacting through processes that transfer energy and Earth’s materials


3. Human activity is dependent upon and affects Earth’s resources and systems

A. Earth’s materials are limited natural resources affected by human activity






c. Analyze the ways humans affect the erosion and deposition of soil and rock materials (e.g., clearing of land, planting vegetation, paving land, construction of new buildings, building or removal of dams)


a. Distinguish between renewable (e.g., geothermal, hydroelectric) and nonrenewable (e.g., fossil fuel) energy sources


b. Provide examples of how the availability of fresh water for humans and other living organisms is dependent upon the water cycle


a. Classify celestial bodies in the solar system into categories: Sun, moon, planets, and other small bodies (i.e., asteroids, comets, meteors), based on physical properties


A. The Earth, Sun, and moon are part of a larger system that includes other planets and smaller celestial bodies

Grade 7

Scope and Sequence – Objects and Their Motion in the Solar System

Scope and Sequence–Energy Transformations


Strand 6: Composition and Structure of the Universe and the Motion of the Objects Within It

1. The universe has observable properties and structure


Grade 7






b. Compare and contrast the size, composition, atmosphere, and surface of the planets (inner vs. outer) in our solar system and Earth’s moon


c. Identify the relative proximity of common celestial bodies (i.e., Sun, moon, planets, smaller celestial bodies such as comets and meteors, other stars) in the sky to the Earth

SE/TE: Earth Science: 682, Can be developed from 700-705, 730-733

a. Describe how the Earth’s placement in the solar system is favorable to sustain life (i.e., distance from the Sun, temperature, atmosphere)


b. Compare and contrast the characteristics of Earth that support life with the characteristics of other planets that are considered favorable or unfavorable to life (e.g., atmospheric gases, extremely high/low temperatures)


a. Recognize stars are separated from one another by vast and different distances, which causes stars to appear smaller than the Sun


b. Compare the distance light travels from the Sun to Earth to the distance light travels from other stars to Earth using light years



Grade 7


C. Most of the information we know about the universe comes from the electromagnetic spectrum

Grade 7

B. The Earth has a composition and location suitable to sustain life






a. Relate the apparent east-to-west changes in the positions of the Sun, other stars, and planets in the sky over the course of a day to Earth’s counterclockwise rotation about its axis


b. Describe the pattern that can be observed in the changes in number of hours of visible sunlight, and the time and location of sunrise and sunset, throughout the year


c. Recognize, in the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun appears lower in the sky during the winter and higher in the sky during the summer


d. Recognize, in winter, the Sun appears to rise in the Southeast and set in the Southwest, accounting for a relatively short day length, and, in summer, the Sun appears to rise in the Northeast and set in the Northwest, accounting for a relatively long day length

SE/TE: Earth Science: Can be developed from 660-665

e. Recognize the Sun is never directly overhead when observed from North America


a. Observe the change in time and location of moon rise, moon set, and the moon’s appearance relative to time of day and month over several months, and note the pattern in this change



B. The apparent position of the moon, as seen from Earth, and its actual position relative to Earth change in observable patterns

Grade 7


2. Regular and predictable motions of objects in the universe can be described and explained as the result of gravitational forces

A. The apparent position of the Sun and other stars, as seen from Earth, change in observable patterns

Grade 7






b. Recognize the moon rises later each day due to its revolution around the Earth in a counterclockwise direction


c. Recognize the Moon is in the sky for roughly 12 hours in a 24-hour period (i.e., if the Moon rises at about 6 P.M., it will set at about 6 A.M.)


d. Recognize that one half of the Moon is always facing the Sun and, therefore, one half of the Moon is always lit


e. Relate the apparent change in the moon’s position in the sky as it appears to move east-to-west over the course of a day to Earth’s counterclockwise rotation about its axis


f. Describe how the appearance of the moon that can be seen from Earth changes approximately every 28 days in an observablepattern (moon phases)


a. Illustrate and explain a day as the time it takes a planet to make a full rotation about its axis


b. Diagram the path (orbital ellipse) the Earth travels as it revolves around the Sun


c. Illustrate and explain a year as the time it takes a planet to revolve around the Sun


d. Explain the relationships between a planet’s length of year (period of revolution) and its position in the solar system


e. Describe how the moon’s relative position changes as it revolves around the Earth


C. The regular and predictable motions of a planet and moon relative to the Sun explain natural phenomena on a planet, such as day, month, year, shadows, moon phases, eclipses, tides, and seasons

Grade 7







f. Recognize the phases of the moon are due to the relative positions of the Moon with respect to the Earth and Sun


g. Relate the axial tilt and orbital position of the Earth as it revolves around the Sun to the intensity of sunlight falling on different parts of the Earth during different seasons


a. Describe how the Earth’s gravity pulls any object on or near the Earth toward it (including natural and artificial satellites)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 666-669; Physical Science: 362-365

b. Describe how the planets’ gravitational pull keeps satellites and moons in orbit around them

SE/TE: Earth Science: 666-669; Physical Science: 362-365

c. Describe how the Sun’s gravitational pull holds the Earth and other planets in their orbits


Grade 7

Scope and Sequence –-Objects and Their Motion in the Solar System

D. Gravity is a force of attraction between objects in the solar system that governs their motion






a. Formulate testable questions and hypotheses

SE/TE: Earth Science: 5, 6-12, 19, 76, 79, 80, 87, 94, 97, 110, 112, 114, 117, 120, 136, 200, 209, 225, 247, 255, 262, 266, 270, 271, 287, 289, 296, 306, 334, 345, 361, 411, 416, 425, 441, 448, 502, 514, 515, 533, 547, 560, 566, 578, 595, 610, 613, 621, 641, 647, 666, 680, 696, 729, 784-785, 788-789; Life Science: 5, 14-18, 27, 70, 80, 95, 117, 179, 209, 349, 443, 447, 502, 591, 595, 703, 729, 730, 736, 747, 751, 758, 771, 788, 801, 804; Physical Science: 10-16, 54, 68, 76, 117, 124, 146, 172, 191, 212, 264, 296, 339, 353, 372, 394, 402, 406, 414, 433, 461, 463, 491, 498, 516, 520, 521, 545, 572, 588, 608, 613, 629, 661, 715, 736

b. Recognize the importance of the independent variable, dependent variables, control of constants, and multiple trials to the design of a valid experiment

SE/TE: Earth Science: 6-12, 19, 87, 117, 237, 283, 379, 623, 784-785, 788-789; Life Science: 14-18, 30, 36, 41, 70, 324, 402, 515, 523, 605, 634, 659, 662, 703; Physical Science: 10-16, 49, 127, 165, 220, 229, 249, 293, 327, 332, 339, 379, 385, 387, 421, 440, 461, 533, 538, 557, 608, 628, 661, 691, 701, 705, 720, 762

A. Scientific inquiry includes the ability of students to formulate a testable question and explanation, and to select appropriate investigative methods in order to obtain evidence relevant to the explanation

Grade 6

Scope and Sequence- All Units

Strand 7: Scientific Inquiry

1. Science understanding is developed through the use of science process skills, scientific knowledge, scientific investigation, reasoning, and critical thinking






c. Design and conduct a valid experiment SE/TE: Earth Science: 6-12, 16, 36, 100, 226, 229, 249, 379, 557, 566, 784-785, 788-789; Life Science: 5, 14-18, 27, 30, 38, 49, 70, 73, 79, 109, 117, 147, 181, 209, 243, 306, 321, 327, 334, 349, 381, 415, 429, 453, 515, 523, 544, 605, 606, 625, 649, 659, 691, 710, 739, 757, 771, 783, 789; Physical Science: 10-16, 36, 100, 226, 229, 249, 379, 557, 566

d. Evaluate the design of an experiment and make suggestions for reasonable improvements or extensions of an experiment

SE/TE: Earth Science: 6-12, 784-785, 788-789; Can be developed from 16, 36, 100, 226, 229, 249, 379, 557, 566; Life Science: 14-18, Can be developed from 5, 27, 30, 38, 49, 70, 73, 79, 109, 117, 147, 181, 209, 243, 306, 321, 327, 334, 349, 381, 415, 429, 453, 515, 523, 544, 605, 606, 625, 649, 659, 691, 710, 739, 757, 771, 783, 789; Physical Science: 10-16, Can be developed from 36, 100, 226, 229, 249, 379, 557, 566

e. Recognize different kinds of questions suggest different kinds of scientific investigations (e.g., some involve observing and describing objects, organisms, or events; some involve collecting specimens; some involve experiments; some involve making observations in nature; some involve discovery of new objects and phenomena; some involve making models)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 6-12, 784-785, 788-789; Life Science 6-13, 14-18; Physical Science: 6-9, 10-16












Grade 7







SE/TE: Earth Science: 6-12, 784-785, 788-789, Can be developed from 16, 36, 100, 226, 229, 249, 379, 557, 566; Life Science: 14-18, Can be developed from 5, 27, 30, 38, 49, 70, 73, 79, 109, 117, 147, 181, 209, 243, 306, 321, 327, 334, 349, 381, 415, 429, 453, 515, 523, 544, 605, 606, 625, 649, 659, 691, 710, 739, 757, 771, 783, 789; Physical Science: 10-16, Can be developed from 36, 100, 226, 229, 249, 379, 557, 566

e. Recognize that different kinds of questions suggest different kinds of scientific investigations (e.g., some involve observing and describing objects organisms, or events; some involve collecting specimens; some involve experiments; some involve making observations in nature; some involve discovery of new objects and phenomena; some involve making models)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 6-12, 784-785, 788-789; Life Science 6-13, 14-18; Physical Science: 6-9, 10-16

f. Acknowledge there is no fixed procedure called “the scientific method”, but some investigations involve systematic observations, carefully collected and relevant evidence, logical reasoning, and imagination in developing hypotheses and other explanations

SE/TE: Earth Science: Can be developed from 6-12, 784-785, 788-789; Life Science Can be developed from 6-13, 14-18; Physical Science: Can be developed from 6-9, 10-16












Grade 8







SE/TE: Earth Science: 6-12, 784-785, 788-789, Can be developed from 16, 36, 100, 226, 229, 249, 379, 557, 566; Life Science: 14-18, Can be developed from 5, 27, 30, 38, 49, 70, 73, 79, 109, 117, 147, 181, 209, 243, 306, 321, 327, 334, 349, 381, 415, 429, 453, 515, 523, 544, 605, 606, 625, 649, 659, 691, 710, 739, 757, 771, 783, 789; Physical Science: 10-16, Can be developed from 36, 100, 226, 229, 249, 379, 557, 566

e. Recognize that different kinds of questions suggest different kinds of scientific investigations (e.g., some involve observing and describing objects organisms, or events; some involve collecting specimens; some involve experiments; some involve making observations in nature; some involve discovery of new objects and phenomena; some involve making models)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 6-12, 784-785, 788-789; Life Science: 6-13, 14-18; Physical Science: 6-9, 10-16

f. Acknowledge there is no fixed procedure called “the scientific method”, but some investigations involve systematic observations, carefully collected and relevant evidence, logical reasoning, and imagination in developing hypotheses and other explanations

SE/TE: Earth Science: Can be developed from 6-12, 784-785, 788-789; Life Science: Can be developed from 6-13, 14-18; Physical Science: Can be developed from 6-9, 10-16






a. Make qualitative observations using the five senses

SE/TE: Earth Science: 24, 39, 48, 65, 66, 69, 77, 81, 86, 90, 94, 95, 98, 102, 104, 107, 111, 113, 114, 120, 132, 137, 141, 145, 155, 169, 178, 184, 201, 203, 209, 212, 217, 225, 255, 256, 269, 277, 282, 283, 293, 301, 313, 322, 353, 354, 391, 401, 404, 411, 425, 434, 437, 448, 456, 463, 486, 497, 511, 521, 528, 532, 560, 567, 571, 586, 598, 605, 614, 617, 623, 647, 659, 679, 681, 685, 688, 693, 704, 706, 712, 721, 724, 731, 743, 744, 752, 771; Life Science: 6, 33, 40, 41, 50, 55, 59, 66, 73, 79, 91, 103, 109, 116, 157, 181, 210, 219, 226, 236, 249, 261, 264, 283, 293, 303, 306, 324, 321, 327, 349, 374, 379, 381, 395, 405, 406, 411, 415, 435, 451, 453, 467, 474, 487, 495, 501, 525, 545, 573, 579, 585, 605, 611, 617, 625, 642, 659, 665, 673, 674, 682, 710, 729, 739, 755, 757, 761, 771, 783, 789; Physical Science: 39, 63, 70, 100, 127, 132, 162, 184, 193, 211, 222, 249, 260, 273, 274, 284, 290, 296, 334, 339, 349, 354, 388, 428, 442, 448, 451, 455, 458, 472, 479, 485, 489, 508, 510, 523, 526, 529, 540, 541, 550, 557, 558, 576, 582, 589, 593, 603, 616, 617,

618, 619, 623, 625, 628, 630, 652, 654, 656, 661, 670, 671, 691, 701, 702,706, 713, 722, 725, 732, 735, 748, 755, 771

b. Determine the appropriate tools and techniques to collect data

SE/TE: Earth Science: 6-12, 786-787, 788-789; Life Science: 14-18, 806-807, 808-809, 810-811; Physical Science: 4-9, 10-16, 778-779, 780-781, 782-783

c. Use a variety of tools and equipment to gather data (e.g., microscopes, thermometers, computers, spring scales, balances, magnets, metric rulers, graduated cylinders, stopwatches)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 6-12, 786-787, 788-789; Life Science: 14-18, 806-807, 808-809, 810-811, 828-829; Physical Science: 4-9, 10-16, 778-779, 780-781, 782-783, 800

B. Scientific inquiry relies upon gathering evidence from qualitative and quantitative observations

Grade 6







d. Measure length to the nearest millimeter, mass to the nearest gram, volume to the nearest milliliter, temperature to the nearest degree Celsius, force (weight) to the nearest Newton, time to the nearest second

SE/TE: Earth Science: 5, 33, 65, 75, 76, 90, 104, 175, 177, 182, 204, 270, 346, 347, 379, 455, 520, 532, 533, 542, 550, 559, 613, 650, 659, 699; Life Science: 109, 242, 261, 283, 491, 501, 515, 694, 703, 739; Physical Science: 49, 249, 293, 308, 311, 319, 330, 461, 478, 673, 707, 780-781

e. Compare amounts/measurements SE/TE: Earth Science: 792-794; Life Science: 814-816; Physical Science: 786-788

f. Judge whether measurements and computation of quantities are reasonable

SE/TE: Earth Science: Can be developed from 792-794; Life Science: Can be developed from 814-816; Physical Science: Can be developed from 786-788


SE/TE: Earth Science: 24, 39, 48, 65, 66, 69, 77, 81, 86, 90, 94, 95, 98, 102, 104, 107, 111, 113, 114, 120, 132, 137, 141, 145, 155, 169, 178, 184, 201, 203, 209, 212, 217, 225, 255, 256, 269, 277, 282, 283, 293, 301, 313, 322, 353, 354, 391, 401, 404, 411, 425, 434, 437, 448, 456, 463, 486, 497, 511, 521, 528, 532, 560, 567, 571, 586, 598, 605, 614, 617, 623, 647, 659, 679, 681, 685, 688, 693, 704, 706, 712, 721, 724, 731, 743, 744, 752, 771; Life Science: 6, 33, 40, 41, 50, 55, 59, 66, 73, 79, 91, 103, 109, 116, 157, 181, 210, 219, 226, 236, 249, 261, 264, 283, 293, 303, 306, 324, 321, 327, 349, 374, 379, 381, 395, 405, 406, 411, 415, 435, 451, 453, 467, 474, 487, 495, 501, 525, 545, 573, 579, 585, 605, 611, 617, 625, 642, 659, 665, 673, 674, 682, 710, 729, 739, 755, 757, 761, 771, 783, 789; Physical Science: 39, 63, 70, 100, 127, 132, 162, 184, 193, 211, 222, 249, 260, 273, 274, 284, 290, 296, 334, 339, 349, 354, 388, 428, 442, 448, 451, 455, 458, 472, 479, 485, 489, 508, 510, 523, 526, 529, 540, 541, 550, 557, 558, 576, 582, 589, 593, 603, 616, 617

Grade 7







(Continued)SE/TE: 618, 619, 623, 625, 628, 630, 652, 654, 656, 661, 670, 671, 691, 701, 702, 706, 713, 722, 725, 732, 735, 748, 755, 771



c. Use a variety of tools and equipment to gather data (e.g., microscopes, thermometers, analog and digital meters, computers, spring scales, balances, metric rulers, graduated cylinders, stopwatches)


d. Measure length to the nearest millimeter, mass to the nearest gram, volume to the nearest milliliter, force (weight) to the nearest Newton, temperature to the nearest degree Celsius, time to the nearest second





g. Calculate the range and average/mean of a set of data

SE/TE: Earth Science: 795; Life Science: 817; Physical Science: 789







SE/TE: Earth Science: 24, 39, 48, 65, 66, 69, 77, 81, 86, 90, 94, 95, 98, 102, 104, 107, 111, 113, 114, 120, 132, 137, 141, 145, 155, 169, 178, 184, 201, 203, 209, 212, 217, 225, 255, 256, 269, 277, 282, 283, 293, 301, 313, 322, 353, 354, 391, 401, 404, 411, 425, 434, 437, 448, 456, 463, 486, 497, 511, 521, 528, 532, 560, 567, 571, 586, 598, 605, 614, 617, 623, 647, 659, 679, 681, 685, 688, 693, 704, 706, 712, 721, 724, 731, 743, 744, 752, 771; Life Science: 6, 33, 40, 41, 50, 55, 59, 66, 73, 79, 91, 103, 109, 116, 157, 181, 210, 219, 226, 236, 249, 261, 264, 283, 293, 303, 306, 324, 321, 327, 349, 374, 379, 381, 395, 405, 406, 411, 415, 435, 451, 453, 467, 474, 487, 495, 501, 525, 545, 573, 579, 585, 605, 611, 617, 625, 642, 659, 665, 673, 674, 682, 710, 729, 739, 755, 757, 761, 771, 783,

789; Physical Science: 39, 63, 70, 100, 127, 132, 162, 184, 193, 211, 222, 249, 260, 273, 274, 284, 290, 296, 334, 339, 349, 354, 388, 428, 442, 448, 451, 455, 458, 472, 479, 485, 489, 508, 510, 523, 526, 529, 540, 541, 550, 557, 558, 576, 582, 589, 593, 603, 616, 617, 618, 619, 623, 625, 628, 630, 652, 654, 656, 661, 670, 671, 691, 701, 702,706, 713, 722, 725, 732, 735, 748, 755, 771



c. Use a variety of tools and equipment to gather data (e.g., microscopes, thermometers, analog and digital meters, computers, spring scales, balances, metric rulers, graduated cylinders, stopwatches)


Grade 8







d. Measure length to the nearest millimeter, mass to the nearest gram, volume to the nearest milliliter, force (weight) to the nearest Newton, temperature to the nearest degree Celsius, time to the nearest second





g. Calculate the range and average/mean of a set of data

SE/TE: Earth Science: 795; Life Science 817; Physical Science: 789

a. Use quantitative and qualitative data as support for reasonable explanations (conclusions)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 19, 70, 71, 75, 87, 90, 104, 107, 113, 117, 120, 146, 150, 155, 177, 196, 199, 238, 244, 246, 247, 251, 271, 274, 283, 322, 353, 359, 369, 379, 411, 425, 430, 458, 466, 502, 516, 521, 547, 562, 597, 604, 605, 623, 646, 650, 679, 693, 700, 704, 705, 740, 762, 776, 788-789; Life Science: 5, 27, 30, 73, 109, 133, 140, 150, 163, 184, 187, 188, 200, 209, 242, 246, 293, 299, 306, 324, 327, 332, 364, 373, 402, 415, 432, 435, 460, 478, 495, 523, 544, 557, 560, 563, 573, 585, 588, 612, 617, 622, 625, 659, 689, 707, 718, 747, 758; Physical Science: 44, 49, 50, 58, 74, 80, 90, 95, 127, 137, 138, 165, 189, 193, 211, 229, 230, 249, 258, 268, 273, 293, 319, 327, 339, 346, 384, 387, 417, 421, 435, 453, 454, 459, 461, 476, 480, 552, 557, 577, 580, 593, 603, 632, 661, 662, 669, 674, 683, 691, 701, 730, 735, 755

C. Evidence is used to formulate explanations

Grades 6, 7, 8







b. Use data as support for observed patterns and relationships, and to make predictions to be tested

SE/TE: Earth Science: 10, 30, 57, 72, 75, 86, 90, 117, 130, 177, 204, 205, 247, 270, 271, 289, 322, 353, 359, 384, 413, 421, 430, 446, 494, 511, 513, 521, 526, 533, 547, 550, 559, 562, 597, 601, 603, 610, 623, 634, 639, 650, 659, 704, 705, 708, 711, 740, 761; Life Science: 5, 79, 106, 117, 120, 121, 125, 156, 168, 188, 246, 321, 334, 339, 372, 402, 403, 405, 429, 432, 495, 498, 515, 523, 530, 544, 557, 585, 588, 617, 622, 625, 637, 659, 662, 694, 719, 736, 739, 789, 804; Physical Science: 13, 36, 63, 66, 82, 95, 98, 137, 146, 150, 157, 161, 165, 169, 182, 190, 193, 207, 211, 218, 234, 244, 249, 258, 268, 293, 327, 330, 339, 361, 379, 383, 387, 421, 435, 438, 453, 485, 498, 508, 520, 533, 548, 570, 572, 593, 606, 628, 701

c. Recognize the possible effects of errors in observations, measurements, and calculations on the formulation of explanations (conclusions)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 6-12, 788-789; Life Science: 14-18, 810-811; Physical Science: 10-16, 782-783

a. Evaluate the reasonableness of an explanation (conclusion)


b. Analyze whether evidence (data) and scientific principles support proposed explanations (hypotheses, laws, theories)


Grades 6, 7, 8


D. Scientific inquiry includes evaluation of explanations (hypotheses, laws, theories) in light of scientific principles (understandings)






a. Communicate the procedures and results of investigations and explanations through:-oral presentations-drawings and maps-data tables (allowing for the recording and analysis of data relevant to the experiment, such as independent and dependent variables, multiple trials, beginning and ending times or temperatures, derived quantities)-graphs (bar, single line, pictograph)-writings

SE/TE: Earth Science: 5, 12, 18, 19, 22, 27, 38, 51, 58, 65, 79, 85, 87, 90, 93, 97, 101, 106, 109, 112, 113, 116, 117, 120, 123, 131, 135, 140, 147, 149, 155, 158, 161, 168, 175, 177, 183, 185, 191, 199, 204, 206, 208, 223, 225, 228, 245, 247, 254, 255, 259, 269, 271, 281, 283, 290, 295, 300, 303, 309, 316, 321, 322, 329, 333, 345, 347, 353, 360, 367, 369, 374, 378, 379, 391, 395, 403, 409, 411, 419, 425, 441, 447, 455, 461, 463, 476, 477, 489, 496, 497, 515, 520, 521, 527, 531, 533, 545, 547, 558, 559, 566, 571, 585, 595, 597, 604, 605, 623, 633, 635, 640, 647, 659, 665, 669, 677, 679, 683, 691, 693, 705, 710, 711, 717, 729, 733, 735, 737, 750, 759, 761, 766, 779; Life Science: 5, 18, 22, 26, 27, 29, 41, 53, 57, 58, 59, 67, 69, 78, 79, 90, 102, 103, 105, 114, 125, 130, 137, 139, 150, 155, 156, 161, 162, 167, 179, 181, 187, 197, 199, 209, 215, 216, 223, 225, 235, 241, 245, 249, 255, 260, 261, 271, 283, 287, 289, 293, 299, 302, 306, 320, 321, 323, 333, 334, 342, 347, 349, 353, 361, 363, 367, 371, 373, 380, 381, 386, 394, 397, 399, 401, 413, 415, 419, 428, 429,431, 435, 442, 443, 453, 457, 459, 473, 481, 486, 487, 493, 495, 497, 515, 521, 523, 529, 533, 544, 551, 555, 556, 557, 559, 563, 573, 578, 583, 585, 587, 591, 596, 603, 605, 609, 610, 615, 617, 621, 625, 639, 650, 653, 657, 659, 661, 665, 671, 681, 690, 691, 693, 703, 708, 710, 719, 733, 735, 736, 739, 745, 751, 757, 769, 771, 773, 777, 781, 782, 783, 788, 789, 801, 803; Physical Science: 9, 20, 27, 29, 32, 49, 51, 55, 63, 65, 68, 75, 81, 82, 95, 97, 100, 117, 125, 127, 137, 145, 148, 155, 156, 157, 163, 165, 171, 177, 179, 182, 191, 193, 211, 215, 217, 227, 229, 241, 253, 255, 258, 263, 272, 273, 279, 281, 291, 293, 295, 306, 315, 317, 319, 327, 329, 332


E. The nature of science relies upon communication of results and justification of explanations

Grades 6, 7, 8






(Continued)SE/TE: 339, 348, 361, 365, 367, 370, 379, 387, 392, 401, 404, 421, 429, 430, 435, 437, 451, 453, 461, 467, 470, 483, 485, 490, 495, 497, 508, 514, 520, 529, 535, 538, 545, 551, 556, 557, 567, 569, 591, 593, 599, 600, 603, 605, 608, 615, 616, 622, 627, 628, 639, 641, 643, 644, 652, 661, 667, 675, 677, 680, 689, 691, 699, 701, 717, 719, 722, 728, 733, 735, 739, 743, 745, 748, 752, 754, 767, 769, 771, 775

a. Explain how technological improvements, such as those developed for use in space exploration, the military, or medicine, have led to the invention of new products that may improve lives here on Earth (e.g., new materials, freeze-dried foods, infrared goggles, Velcro, satellite imagery, robotics, lasers)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 20-22, 42, 49-53, 80-85, 186-191, 192, 361-367, 376, 380, 414, 420-425, 524, 598-604, 606-607, 718, 744-751; Life Science: 19-22, 50-59, 157-165, 352, 356, 454-457, 554, 790; Physical Science: 22-27, 202, 274-281, 282, 314, 362-365, 388-392, 393-397, 398, 586, 598, 638, 736-743, 750-754, 756-762, 763-769

A. Designed objects are used to do things better or more easily and to do some things that could not otherwise be done at all

Grades 6, 7, 8

Scope and Sequence - All Units

Strand 8: Impact of Science, Technology and Human Activity

1. The nature of technology can advance, and is advanced by, science as it seeks to apply scientific knowledge in ways that meet human needs






a. Identify the link between technological developments and the scientific discoveries made possible through their development (e.g., Hubble telescope and stellar evolution, composition and structure of the universe; the electron microscope and cell organelles; sonar and the composition of the Earth; manned and unmanned space missions and space exploration; Doppler radar and weather conditions; MRI and CAT-scans and brain activity)


a. Describe how technological solutions to problems (e.g., storm water runoff, fiber optics, windmills, efficient car design, electronic trains without conductors, sonar, robotics, Hubble telescope) can have both benefits and drawbacks (e.g., design constraints, unintended consequences, risks) (Assess Locally)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 192, 284, 376, 380, 414, 424, 498, 524, 534, 606, 718, 748; Life Science: 52, 164, 222, 312, 352, 356, 608, 618, 640, 780, 790; Physical Science: 202, 278, 314, 398, 562, 586, 598, 638, 738, 766, 772-773


Grades 6, 7, 8


C. Technological solutions to problems often have drawbacks as well as benefits

Grades 6, 7, 8

B. Advances in technology often result in improved data collection and an increase in scientific information






a. Describe how the contributions of scientists and inventors, representing different cultures, races, and gender, have contributed to science, technology and human activity (e.g., George Washington Carver, Thomas Edison, Thomas Jefferson, Isaac Newton, Marie Curie, Galileo, Albert Einstein, Mae Jemison, Edwin Hubble, Charles Darwin, Jonas Salk, Louis Pasteur, Jane Goodall, Tom Akers, John Wesley Powell, Rachel Carson) (Assess Locally)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 6, 7, 8-11, 13, 39, 42, 43, 70, 137-140, 143, 150, 178, 257, 471, 472, 524, 525, 590, 624, 666-668, 680-681, 686, 688, 689, 702-705, 722, 725, 730, 744, 747, 748-749, 758-759, 765, 775, 776, 778; Life Science: 6-11, 36, 37, 44-45, 52, 53, 54, 101, 110-115, 120-123, 126-127, 172-179, 197, 217-218, 223, 240, 396-397, 406, 439, 440, 455, 462-465, 508, 516, 548-550, 554-555, 592, 593, 608, 609, 780, 781; Physical Science: 38, 53, 86-89, 103, 104-106, 110-111, 139, 154, 155, 196, 263, 344, 349-359, 362, 382, 389, 393, 394-397, 411, 459, 504-505, 517, 545, 577, 586-587, 588, 598, 638, 639, 671, 674, 693, 698, 703-705, 707, 724, 738, 739, 756, 766, 767

a. Recognize the difficulty science innovators experience as they attempt to break through accepted ideas (hypotheses, laws, theories) of their time to reach conclusions that may lead to changes in those ideas and serve to advance scientific understanding (e.g., Darwin, Copernicus, Newton)

SE/TE: Earth Science: 136-140, 143-145, 702-705, Can be developed from 39, 666-668, 680-681; Life Science: 36, 37, Can be developed from 52-54, 172-179, 197, 592-593, 608-609, 780-781; Physical Science: 459, Can be developed from 103-106, 344, 349-359, 362, 393


B. Scientific theories are developed based on the body of knowledge that exists at any particular time and must be rigorously questioned and tested for validity

Grades 6, 7, 8


2. Historical and cultural perspectives of scientific explanations help to improve understanding of the nature of science and how science knowledge and technology evolve over time

A. People of different gender and ethnicity have contributed to scientific discoveries and the invention of technological innovations

Grades 6, 7, 8






b. Recognize explanations have changed over time as a result of new evidence

SE/TE: Earth Science: 8-11, 13, 39, 42, 43, 136-140, 143, 150, 257, 471, 472, 524, 525, 590, 624, 666-668, 680-681, 702-705, 712-717, 718-719, 720-727, 730, 744, 748-749, 758-759, 765, 775, 776, 778; Life Science: 6-11, 36, 37, 52, 53, 54, 101, 110-115, 120-123, 126-127, 162, 172-179, 197, 217-218, 223, 240, 396-397, 406, 439, 440, 455, 462-465, 508, 516, 548-550, 554-555, 592, 593, 608, 609, 780, 781; Physical Science: 38, 53, 86-89, 103, 104-106, 110-111, 139, 154, 155, 196, 263, 344, 349-359, 362, 382, 389, 393, 394-397, 459, 545, 577, 586-587, 598, 638, 639, 671, 674, 698, 703-705, 707, 724, 738, 739, 756, 766, 767

a. Describe ways in which science and society influence one another (e.g., scientific knowledge and the procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals in society think about themselves, others, and the environment; societal challenges often inspire questions for scientific research; social priorities often influence research priorities through the availability of funding for research)


Grades 6, 7, 8


3. Science and technology affect, and are affected by, society

A. People, alone or in groups, are always making discoveries about nature and inventing new ways to solve problems and get work done


B. Social, political, economic, ethical and environmental factors strongly influence, and are influenced by, the direction of progress of science and technology






b. Identify and evaluate the physical, social, economic, and/or environmental problems that may be overcome using science and technology (e.g., the need for alternative fuels, human travel in space, AIDS)


D. Scientific information is presented through a number of credible sources, but is at times influenced in such a way to become noncredible


Refer to Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education for materials that articulate standards for data recording and template for experimental design

C. Scientific ethics require that scientists must not knowingly subject people or the community to health or property risks without their knowledge and consent



Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth and Physical...

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