Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Earth Science © 2005...

Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Earth Science © 2005 Correlated to:

Ohio Academic Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Grade Level Indicators

(Grades 6-8)

SE = Student Edition TE = Teacher Edition TR = Teaching Resources TECH = Technology 1

OHIO ACADEMIC SCIENCE CONTENT STANDARDS AND BENCHMARKS

PAGE(S) WHERE TAUGHT (If submission is not a text, cite appropriate resource(s))

EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES Students demonstrate an understanding about how Earth systems and processes interact in the geosphere resulting in the habitability of Earth. This includes demonstrating an understanding of the composition of the Universe, the Solar System and Earth. In addition, it includes understanding the properties and the interconnected nature of Earth’s systems, processes that shape the Earth and Earth’s history. Students also demonstrate an understanding of how the concepts and principles of energy, matter, motion and forces explain Earth systems, the Solar System, and the Universe. Finally, they grasp an understanding of the historical perspectives, scientific approaches and emerging scientific issues associated with the Earth and space sciences. ESS.A. Describe how the positions and motions of the

objects in the universe cause predictable and cyclic events.

SE/TE: 658-679, 700-705, 713, 721, 727, 728-729, 764-765

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4, 20.5, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4 Lab Manual 175, 185

TECH: SE Audio CD, Presentation Express CD-ROM, www. SciLinks.org, phschool.com, Discovery Channel School Video Field Trip, Lab Activity Video / DVD, Teacher Express CD-ROM Interactive Textbook, Computer Microscope and Lab Manual, Probe ware Lab Manual w/ CD-ROM, Exam view Computer Test Bank

ESS.B. Explain that the universe is composed of vast

amounts of matter, most of which is at incomprehensible distances and held together by gravitational force. Describe how the universe is studied by the use of equipment such as telescopes, probes, satellites and spacecraft.

SE/TE: 666-667, Telescopes 680, 744-750, Satellites 50-53, 688-690, Spacecraft 688-690, probe 691, 705, 714-715, 717, 725 Lab Manual 192

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 2.3, 19.2, 19.4, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4


Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Earth Science © 2005 Correlated to:

Ohio Academic Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Grade Level Indicators, (Grades 6-8)




ESS.C. Describe interactions of matter and energy throughout the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere (e.g., water cycle, weather and pollution).

SE/TE: Lithosphere 14, 129, 150-151 Hydrosphere 14-15 Atmosphere 14-15, 323-333, 512-515, 544, 560-566

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.5, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 16.1, 16.4, 16.5 Lab Manuel, 133


ESS.D. Identify that the lithosphere contains rocks

and minerals and that minerals make up rocks. Describe how rocks and minerals are formed and/or classified.

SE/TE: Rocks 94-116, 238-245 Minerals 66-67, 68-74, 76-79, 80-85, 82-85, 95, 242, 244 Lab Manual 17-31

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Transparency 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 8.1


ESS.E. Describe the processes that contribute to the

continuous changing of Earth’s surface (e.g., earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, erosion, mountain building and lithospheric plate movements).

SE/TE: Earthquake 126, 153, 169-193 Volcanic Eruptions 217-223, 400 Erosion 103, 239, 258, 266-267, 272-281, 287-290, 297-298, 301-302, 440-441 Mountain Building 140, 166-167, 222, 239 Plate Tectonics 122-154, 162-168, Lab Manual 35-41, 47-52, 56-61, 74-79, Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 5.2, 5.5, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.4, 8.1, 8.3, 9.1, 9.3, 9.5, 9.6, 13.2






SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Students should recognize that science and technology are interconnected and that using technology involves assessment of the benefits, risks and costs. Students should build scientific and technological knowledge as well as the skills required to design and construct devices. In addition they should develop the processes to solve problems and understand that problems may be solved in several ways. ST.A. Give examples of how technological

advances, influenced by scientific knowledge, affect the quality of life.

SE/TE: 20-22, 42-43, 600-603 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 1.3, 2.2, 17.3


ST.B. Design a solution or product taking into

account needs and constraints (e.g., cost, time, trade-offs, properties of materials, safety, aesthetics).

SE/TE: 20, 49, 86-87, 117, 176-177, 184-185, 199, 265, 284-285, 309, 353, 368, 391, 410-411, 433, 454, 469, 497, 511, 532-533, 541, 559, 634-635, 692-693, 751, 790-791

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 1.3, 2.3, 3.3, 4.6, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 14.3, 15.1, 15.4, 16.3, 18.2, 19.5







SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Students develop scientific habits of mind as they use the processes of scientific inquiry to ask valid questions and to gather and analyze information. They will understand how to develop hypotheses and make predictions. They are able to reflect on scientific practices as they develop plans of action to create and evaluate a variety of conclusions. Students are also able to demonstrate the ability to communicate their findings to others. SI.A. Explain that there are differing sets of

procedures for guiding scientific investigations and procedures are determined by the nature of the investigation, safety considerations and appropriate tools.

SE/TE: 7-12, 23-27, 150, 316, 778-785 Lab Manual v-xvii

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich , Transparency 1.2, 1.4, 5.5


SI.B. Analyze and interpret data from scientific

investigations using appropriate mathematical skills in order to draw valid conclusions.

SE/TE: 4, 10, 32, 10, 57, 64-75, 86, 100, 122, 130, 153, 145, 176, 198, 204, 207, 236, 244, 264, 290, 299, 308, 322, 325, 337, 344, 346, 352, 359, 371, 390, 399, 413, 421, 432, 446-450, 454, 468, 494, 510, 521, 526, 532, 540, 542, 546, 550, 559, 562, 570, 576, 581, 587, 596, 601, 602, 603, 605, 620, 634, 639, 658, 668, 689, 704, 708, 726, 760, 772, 776

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 3.1, .34, 4.3, 5.1, 5.6, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.5, 10.1, 10.3, 10.5, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 13.113.2, 13.3, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 14.1, 14.3, 15.3, 15.4, 16.2, 16.5, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1, 19.5, 20.1, 21.1







SCIENTIFIC WAYS OF KNOWING Students realize that the current body of scientific knowledge must be based on evidence, be predictive, logical, subject to modification, and limited to the natural world. This includes demonstrating an understanding that scientific knowledge grows and advances as new evidence is discovered to support or modify existing theories, as well as to encourage the development of new theories. Students are able to reflect on ethical scientific practices and demonstrate an understanding of how the current body of scientific knowledge reflects the historical and cultural contributions of women and men who provide us with a more reliable and comprehensive understanding of the natural world. SWK.A. Use skills of scientific inquiry processes (e.g.,

hypothesis, record keeping, description, explanation).

SE/TE: Posing Questions -6, 10, 76, 79, 80, 94, 110, 112, 136, 262, 296, 334, 425, 448, 502, 560, 610, 641, 647, 696, Hypotheses 19, 76, 79, 87, 114, 117, 200, 209, 225, 247, 255, 262, 266, 270, 271 289, 306, 343, 345, 361, 411, 416, 514, 515, 533, 547, 515, 533, 547, 560, 578, 595, 613, 621, 664, 680, 729 Designing Experiments 19, 75, 85, 117, 140, 208, 262, 379, 411, 455, 463, 533, 547, 623, 729; Interpreting Data 10, 30, 57, 72, 75, 86, 90, 117, 130, 204, 205, 247, 270, 271, 289, 322, 353, 359, 413, 421, 430, 444, 446, 494, 511, 513, 521, 533, 547, 550, 562, 597, 601, 603, 610, 623, 634, 704, 705, 708, 711, 740, 761; Drawing Conclusions 19, 45, 71, 75, 87, 90, 104, 407, 113, 117, 120, 146, 150, 155, 177, 196199, 238, 244, 246, 247, 251, 271, 274, 283, 322, 353, 359, 369, 379, 411, 125, 430, 458, 466, 502, 516, 521, 547, 562, 597, 604, 605, 623, 646, 650, 679, 693, 704, 740, 762, 776

TR: Guided Reading, Section and Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 1.1-1.4, 2.1-2.4, 3.1-3.3, 4.1-4.6, 5.1-5.5, 6.1-6.4, 7.1-7.4, 8.1-8.3, 9.1-9.6, 10.1, 10.5, 11.1-11.4, 12.1-12.5, 13.1-13.4, 14.1-14.3


SWK.B. Explain the importance of reproducibility and

reduction of bias in scientific methods.

SE/TE: 8-10, 789 TR: Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce,

Section Summary, Enrich, Transparency 1.1

SWK.C. Give examples of how thinking scientifically is helpful in daily life.

SE/TE: 6-8, 778-779 TR: Guided Reading , Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 1.1






Grade Level Indicators EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES Students demonstrate an understanding about how Earth systems and processes interact in the geosphere resulting in the habitability of Earth. This includes demonstrating an understanding of the composition of the universe, the solar system and Earth. In addition, it includes understanding the properties and the interconnected nature of Earth's systems, processes that shape Earth and Earth's history. Students also demonstrate an understanding of how the concepts and principles of energy, matter, motion and forces explain Earth systems, the solar system and the universe. Finally, they grasp an understanding of the historical perspectives, scientific approaches and emerging scientific issues associated with Earth and space sciences. Grade Six Earth Systems 6.ESS.ES.1. Describe the rock cycle and explain that

there are sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks that have distinct properties (e.g., color, texture) and are formed in different ways.

6.ESS.ES.2. Explain that rocks are made of one or more minerals.

6.ESS.ES.3. Identify minerals by their characteristic properties.

Grade Seven Earth Systems 7.ESS.ES.1. Explain the biogeochemical cycles which

move materials between the lithosphere (land), hydrosphere (water) and atmosphere (air).

SE/TE: 92-114, 122-, 150, 160-186, 209-217, 236-256, 264-301, 390-420, 510-528, 540-567, 612-641; Lab Manual 7-13, 26-31, 35-41, 65-79, 74-79, 103-109, 133-138, 142, 164-169

TR: Guided Reading , Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 3.4-4.2, 4.3-5.2, 5.2-6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 7.3-7.5, 8.2-8.4, 11.3-12.2, 15.2, 15.3, 16.2-16.5, 18.1-18.5







7.ESS.ES2. Explain that Earth's capacity to absorb and recycle materials naturally (e.g., smoke, smog and sewage) can change the environmental quality depending on the length of time involved (e.g. global warming).

SE/TE: 243, 419, 420, 424, 425, 494-496, 528-530, 532, 533, 545, 643-645

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 8.1, 12.4, 12.5, 14.3, 15.4, 16.2, 18.4


7.ESS.ES.3. Describe the water cycle and explain the

transfer of energy between the atmosphere and hydrosphere.

SE/TE: 14, 392, 393, 413, 560, 561 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Transparency 1.2, 12.2, 12.4, 16.4


7.ESS.ES.4. Analyze data on the availability of fresh

water that is essential for life and for most industrial and agricultural processes. Describe how rivers, lakes and groundwater can be depleted or polluted becoming less hospitable to life and even becoming unavailable or unsuitable for life.

SE/TE: 394-398, 412-415, 420-423, 429 Lab Manual 103-104

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5







7.ESS.ES.5. Make simple weather predictions based on the changing cloud types associated with frontal systems.

SE/TE: 582-583, 598-607 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich , Transparency 17.1, 17.3


7.ESS.ES.6. Determine how weather observations and

measurements are combined to produce weather maps and that data for a specific location at one point in time can be displayed in a station model.

SE/TE: 602-604 Lab Manual 156-158 TR: Guided Reading , Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 17.3 TECH: SE Audio CD, Presentation Express CD-

ROM, www. SciLinks.org, phschool.com, Discovery Channel School Video Field Trip, Lab Activity Video / DVD, Teacher Express CD-ROM Interactive Textbook, Computer Microscope and Lab Manual, Probe ware Lab Manual w/ CD-ROM, Exam view Computer Test Bank

7.ESS.ES.7. Read a weather map to interpret local,

regional and national weather.

SE/TE: 602-604 Lab Manual 156-158 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 173 TECH: SE Audio CD, Presentation Express CD-


7.ESS.ES.8. Describe how temperature and

precipitation determine climatic zones (biomes) (e.g., desert, grasslands, forests, tundra and alpine).

SE/TE: 614, 624-633 Lab Manual 164-169 TR: Guided Reading , Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 8.3, 16.5, 17.2, 18.3







7.ESS.ES.9. Describe the connection between the water cycle and weather-related phenomenon (e.g., tornadoes, floods, droughts and hurricanes).

SE/TE: Droughts 258, 570, 636, 641, 642 Floods 588, 641 Hurricanes 592, 593 Tornadoes 588-591 Snowstorms 594, 595 Hail 596, 587 Lab Manual 153-158

TR: Guided Reading , Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 8.3, 16.5, 17.2, 18.3


Grade Eight The Universe 8.ESS.TU.1. Describe how objects in the solar system

are in regular and predictable motions that explain such phenomena as days, years, seasons, eclipses, tides and moon cycles.

SE/TE: 422-447, 620, 621, 661-665, 666-669, 670, 677 Lab Manual 175 TR: Guided Reading , Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency, 13.2, 18.1, 19.1, 19.3


8.ESS.TU.2. Explain that gravitational force is the

dominant force determining motions in the solar system and in particular keeps the planets in orbit around the sun.

SE/TE: 666-669 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review








8.ESS.TU.3. Compare the orbits and composition of comets and asteroids with that of Earth.

SE/TE: Comets 332, 704, 730, 731, 777 Asteroids 704, 732

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich , Transparency 10.5, 20.1, 20.5, 21.4


8.ESS.TU.4. Describe the effect that asteroids or

meteoroids have when moving through space and sometimes entering planetary atmospheres (e.g., meteor-"shooting star" and meteorite).

SE/TE: 526, 681, 733, 734 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Transparency 15.3, 19.4, 20.6 TECH: SE Audio CD, Presentation Express CD-


8.ESS.TU.5. Explain that the universe consists of

billions of galaxies that are classified by shape.

SE/TE: 770, 771, 774-776, 778 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 21.4, 21.5


8.ESS.TU.6. Explain interstellar distances are

measured in light years (e.g., the nearest star beyond the sun is 4.3 light years away).

SE/TE: 756, 772 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich , Transparency 21.2, 21.4







8.ESS.TU.7. Examine the life cycle of a star and predict the next likely stage of a star.

SE/TE: 753, 754, 763-766 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 21.2, 21.3


8.ESS.TU.8. Name and describe tools used to study the

universe (e.g., telescopes, probes, satellites and spacecraft).

SE/TE: Telescopes 680, 744-750 Satellites 50-53, 688-690, Spacecraft 688-690 Probe 691, 705, 714-715, 717, 724, Lab Manual 192

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 2.3, 19.4, 19.5, 20.2, 20.3, 21.3, 21.1, 21.2, 21.4


Earth Systems 8.ESS.ES.9. Describe the interior structure of Earth

and Earth's crust as divided into tectonic plates riding on top of the slow moving currents of magma in the mantle.

SE/TE: Interior 124-131 Layers 126-131, 331, 712-713, Crust 98, 128, 129, 153, 166-168, 319, 331, 713-713 Tectonic Plates 122-154 Lab Manual 35-41

TR: Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Section Summary, Transparency 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.5, 6.1, 10.5, 20.3







8.ESS.ES.10. Explain that most major geological events (e.g., earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, hot spots and mountain building) result from plate motion.

SE/TE: 153, 162-168, 200-203 Lab Manual 35-41, 47-52

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 5.5, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1


8.ESS.ES.11. Use models to analyze the size and shape

of Earth, its surface and its interior (e.g., globes, topographic maps, satellite images).

SE/TE: 32-63, Lab Manual 7-13 TR: Guided Reading , Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 2.1-2.4 TECH: SE Audio CD, Presentation Express CD-


8.ESS.ES.12. Explain that some processes involved in

the rock cycle are directly related to thermal energy and forces in the mantle that drive plate motions.

SE/TE: 114-121, 122-157, 222, 223, 549 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 4.6, 5.1-5.5, 7.4, 8.1


8.ESS.ES.13. Describe how landforms are created

through a combination of destructive (e.g., weathering and erosion) and constructive processes (e.g., crustal deformation, volcanic eruptions and deposition of sediment).

SE/TE: 136-150, 217-229, 236-247 TR: Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce,

Section Summary, Transparency 5.3, -5.5, 16.2







8.ESS.ES.14. Explain that folding, faulting and uplifting can rearrange the rock layers so the youngest is not always found on top.




8.ESS.ES.15. Illustrate how the three primary types of

plate boundaries (transform, divergent and convergent) cause different landforms (e.g., mountains, volcanoes and ocean trenches).




LIFE SCIENCES Students demonstrate an understanding of how living systems function and how they interact with the physical environment. This includes an understanding of the cycling of matter and flow of energy in living systems. An understanding of the characteristics, structure and function of cells, organisms and living systems will be developed. Students will also develop a deeper understanding of the principles of heredity, biological evolution, and the diversity and interdependence of life. Students demonstrate an understanding of different historical perspectives, scientific approaches and emerging scientific issues associated with the life sciences. Grade Six Characteristics and Structure of Life 6.LS.CSL.1. Explain that many of the basic functions

of organisms are carried out by or within cells and are similar in all organisms.

6.LS.CSL.2. Explain that multicellular organisms have a variety of specialized cells, tissues, organs and organ systems that perform specialized functions.

6.LS.CSL.3. Identify how plant cells differ from animal cells (e.g., cell wall and chloroplasts).






Heredity 6.LS.H.4. Recognize that an individual organism

does not live forever; therefore reproduction is necessary for the continuation of every species and traits are passed on to the next generation through reproduction.

6.LS.H.5. Describe that in asexual reproduction all the inherited traits come from a single parent.

6.LS.H.6. Describe that in sexual reproduction an egg and sperm unite and some traits come from each parent, so the offspring is never identical to either of its parents.

6.LS.H.7. Recognize that likenesses between parents and offspring (e.g., eye color, flower color) are inherited. Other likenesses, such as table manners are learned.

Diversity and Interdependence of Life 6.LS.DIL.8. Describe how organisms may interact

with one another.

Grade Seven Characteristics and Structure of Life 7.LS.CSL.1 Investigate the great variety of body plans

and internal structures found in multicellular organisms.

Diversity and Interdependence of Life 7.LS.CSL.2. Investigate how organisms or populations

may interact with one another through symbiotic relationships and how some species have become so adapted to each other that neither could survive without the other (e.g., predator-prey, parasitism, mutualism and commensalism).






7.LS.CSL3. Explain how the number of organisms an ecosystem can support depends on adequate biotic (living) resources (e.g., plants, animals) and abiotic (non-living) resources (e.g., light, water and soil).

7.LS.CSL.4. Investigate how overpopulation impacts an ecosystem.

7.LS.CSL.5. Explain that some environmental changes occur slowly while others occur rapidly (e.g., forest and pond succession, fires and decomposition).

SE/TE: Ponds 398-400 Lakes and Wetlands 400-402 Decomposition 253, 480

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich , Transparency


7.LS.CSL.6. Summarize the ways that natural

occurrences and human activity affect the transfer of energy in Earth's ecosystems (e.g., fire, hurricanes, roads and oil spills).

SE/TE: Oil Spill 495, Hurricanes 592, 593 Earthquake 160 Volcanoes 198 Erosion Deposition 264 Global Changes in the Atmosphere 641

TR: 6.1, 9.1, 14.3, 17.2, 18.4 TECH: SE Audio CD, Presentation Express CD-


7.LS.CSL.7. Explain that photosynthetic cells convert

solar energy into chemical energy that is used to carry on life functions or is transferred to consumers and used to carry on their life functions.

Evolutionary Theory 7.LS.ET.8. Investigate the great diversity among

organisms.






Grade Eight Heredity 8.LS.H.1. Describe that asexual reproduction limits

the spread of detrimental characteristics through a species and allows for genetic continuity.

8.LS.H.2. Recognize that in sexual reproduction new combinations of traits are produced which may increase or decrease an organism's chances for survival.

Evolutionary Theory 8.LS.ET.3. Explain how variations in structure,

behavior or physiology allow some organisms to enhance their reproductive success and survival in a particular environment.

8.LS.ET.4. Explain that diversity of species is developed through gradual processes over many generations (e.g., fossil record).

SE/TE: Fossil Records 314-316, 333, 344, 345 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 10.1, 10.5, 10.6


8.LS.ET.5. Investigate how an organism adapted to a

particular environment may become extinct if the environment, as shown by the fossil record, changes.

SE/TE: Fossil Records 314-316, 333, 344, 345 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich , Transparency 10.1, 10.5, 10.6







PHYSICAL SCIENCES Students demonstrate an understanding of the composition of physical systems and the concepts and principles that describe and predict physical interactions and events in the natural world. This includes demonstrating an understanding of the structure and properties of matter, the properties of materials and objects, chemical reactions and the conservation of matter. In addition, it includes understanding the nature, transfer and conservation of energy; motion and the forces affecting motion; and the nature of waves and interactions of matter and energy. Students demonstrate an understanding of the historical perspectives, scientific approaches and emerging scientific issues associated with the physical sciences. Grade Six Nature of Matter 6.PS.NM.1. Explain that equal volumes of different

substances usually have different masses.

6.PS.NM.2. Describe that in a chemical change new substances are formed with different properties than the original substance (e.g., rusting, burning).

6.PS.NM.3. Describe that in a physical change (e.g., state, shape and size) the chemical properties of a substance remain unchanged.

6.PS.NM.4. Describe that chemical and physical changes occur all around us (e.g., in the human body, cooking and industry).

Nature of Energy 6.PS.NE.5. Explain that the energy found in

nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels (e.g., oil, coal and natural gas) originally came from the sun and may renew slowly over millions of years.

6.PS.NE.6. Explain that energy derived from renewable resources such as wind and water is assumed to be available indefinitely.

6.PS.NE.7. Describe how electric energy can be produced from a variety of sources (e.g., sun, wind and coal).






6.PS.NE.8. Describe how renewable and nonrenewable energy resources can be managed (e.g., fossil fuels, trees and water).

Grade Seven Nature of Matter 7.PS.NM.1. Investigate how matter can change forms

but the total amount of matter remains constant.

Nature of Energy 7.PS.NE.2. Describe how an object can have

potential energy due to its position or chemical composition and can have kinetic energy due to its motion.

7.PS.NE.3. Identify different forms of energy (e.g., electrical, mechanical, chemical, thermal, nuclear, radiant and acoustic).

7.PS.NE.4. Explain how energy can change forms but the total amount of energy remains constant.

7.PS.NE.5. Trace energy transformation in a simple closed system (e.g., a flashlight).

Grade Eight Forces and Motion 8.PS.FM.1. Describe how the change in the position

(motion) of an object is always judged and described in comparison to a reference point.

8.PS.FM.2. Explain that motion describes the change in the position of an object (characterized by a speed and direction) as time changes.

8.PS.FM.3. Explain that an unbalanced force acting on an object changes that object's speed and/or direction.






Nature of Energy 8.PS.NE.4. Demonstrate that waves transfer energy.

8.PS.NE.5. Demonstrate that vibrations in materials may produce waves that spread away from the source in all directions (e.g., earthquake waves and sound waves).

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Students recognize that science and technology are interconnected and that using technology involves assessment of the benefits, risks and costs. Students should build scientific and technological knowledge, as well as the skill required to design and construct devices. In addition, they should develop the processes to solve problems and understand that problems may be solved in several ways. Grade Six Understanding Technology 6.ST.UT.1. Explain how technology influences the

quality of life.

6.ST.UT.2. Explain how decisions about the use of products and systems can result in desirable or undesirable consequences (e.g., social and environmental).

6.ST.UT.3. Describe how automation (e.g., robots) has changed manufacturing including manual labor being replaced by highly-skilled jobs.

6.ST.UT.4. Explain how the usefulness of manufactured parts of an object depend on how well their properties allow them to fit and interact with other materials.

Abilities To Do Technological Design 6.ST.TD.5. Design and build a product or create a

solution to a problem given one constraint (e.g., limits of cost and time for design and production, supply of materials and environmental effects).






Grade Seven Understanding Technology 7.ST.UT.1. Explain how needs, attitudes and values

influence the direction of technological development in various cultures.




7.ST.UT.2. Describe how decisions to develop and

use technologies often put environmental and economic concerns in direct competition with each other.

SE/TE: 20-22, 42, 52, 82, 192, 214, 284, 376, 380, 414, 424, 498, 524, 534, 590, 606, 718, 748

TR: 1.4, 2.2, 3.3, 6.4, 7.3, 9.3, 11.4, 12.4, 12.5, 14.1, 15.3, 15.4, 17.2, 17.3, 20.3, 21.2


7.ST.UT.3. Recognize that science can only answer

some questions and technology can only solve some human problems.

SE/TE: 6-12, 20-22 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4








solution to a problem given two constraints (e.g., limits of cost and time for design and production or supply of materials and environmental effects).

SE/TE: 20, 49, 86, 87, 117, 176, 177, 184, 185, 199, 265, 284, 285, 309, 353, 368, 391, 410, 411, 433, 454, 469, 497, 511, 532, 533, 541, 559, 634, 635, 692, 693, 751, 790, 791

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich , Transparency 1.3, 2.3, 3.3, 4.6, 6.2, 3.7, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.3, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.4, 16.3, 18.2, 19.5


Grade Eight Understanding Technology 8.ST.UT.1. Examine how science and technology

have advanced through the contributions of many different people, cultures and times in history.

SE/TE: 22, 42, 52, 82, 192, 214, 284, 376, 380, 414, 424, 472, 498, 524, 534, 590, 606, 718, 748

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency, 1.4, 2.3, 5.1, 6.3, 8.3, 8.4, 9.2, 11.4, 16.5, 17.2, 17.4, 18.5, 21.3, 22.3


8.ST.UT.2. Examine how choices regarding the use

of technology are influenced by constraints caused by various unavoidable factors (e.g., geographic location, limited resources, social, political and economic considerations).

SE/TE: 499, 534, 535, 606, 607, 718, 719 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich , Transparency, 2.4, 6.4, 9.3, 11.4, 12.5, 14.3, 15.4, 17.3, 20.3








solution to a problem given more than two constraints (e.g., limits of cost and time for design and production, supply of materials and environmental effects).

SE/TE: 20, 49, 86, 87, 117, 176, 177, 184, 185, 199, 265, 284, 285, 309, 353, 368, 391, 410, 411, 433, 454, 469, 497, 511, 532, 533, 541, 559, 634, 635, 692, 693, 751, 790, 791

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency, 1.3, 2.3, 3.3, 4.6, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.3, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.4, 16.3, 18.2, 19.5


8.ST.TD.4. Evaluate the overall effectiveness of a

product design or solution.

SE/TE: 20, 49, 86, 87, 117, 176, 177, 184, 185, 199, 265, 284, 285, 309, 353, 368, 391, 410, 411, 433, 454, 469, 511, 532, 533, 541, 559, 634, 635, 692, 751, 790, 791

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 1.3, 2.3, 3.3, 4.6, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.3, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 16.3, 18.2, 19.5







SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Students develop scientific habits of mind as they use the processes of scientific inquiry to ask valid questions and to gather and analyze information. They understand how to develop hypotheses and make predictions. They are able to reflect on scientific practices as they develop plans of action to create and evaluate a variety of conclusions. Students are also able to demonstrate the ability to communicate their findings to others. Grade Six Doing Scientific Inquiry 6.SI.DSI.1. Explain that there are not fixed

procedures for guiding scientific investigations; however, the nature of an investigation determines the procedures needed.

6.SI.DSI.2. Choose the appropriate tools or instruments and use relevant safety procedures to complete scientific investigations.

6.SI.DSI.3. Distinguish between observation and inference.

6.SI.DSI.4. Explain that a single example can never prove that something is always correct, but sometimes a single example can disprove something.

Grade Seven Doing Scientific Inquiry 7.SI.DSI.1. Explain that variables and controls can

affect the results of an investigation and that ideally one variable should be tested at a time; however it is not always possible to control all variables.

SE/TE: 9, 789 TE: Guided Reading , Section Summary, Review








7.SI.DSI.2. Identify simple independent and dependent variables.




7.SI.DSI.3. Formulate and identify questions to guide

scientific investigations that connect to science concepts and can be answered through scientific investigations.

SE/TE: 6, 13, 20, 23, 34, 39, 49, 54, 66, 76, 80, 94, 98, 102, 107, 110, 114, 124, 132, 136, 141, 150, 162, 169, 178, 186, 200, 205, 209, 217, 238, 248, 256, 266, 272, 286, 291, 296, 301, 310, 317, 323, 327, 330, 334, 354, 361, 370, 375, 392, 396, 404, 412, 420, 434, 442, 448, 456, 470, 478, 490, 512, 516, 522, 528, 542, 548, 552, 560, 567, 578, 586, 598, 614, 624, 636, 641, 660, 666, 670, 680, 684, 700, 706, 712, 720, 730, 734, 744, 752, 762, 767, 774

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary , Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency, 1.1-1.4, 2.1-2.4, 3.1-3.3, 4.1-4.6, 5.1-5.5, 6.1-6.4, 7.1-7.4, 8.1-8.3, 9.1-9.6, 10.1-10.6, 11.1-11.4, 12.1-12.5, 13.1-13.4, 14.1-14.3, 15.1-15.4, 16.1-16.5, 17.1-17.3, 18.1-18.4, 19.1-19.5, 20.120.6, 21.1-21.5







7.SI.DSI.4. Choose the appropriate tools and instruments and use relevant safety procedures to complete scientific investigations.

SE/TE: 5, 33, 65, 93, 123, 161, 199, 237, 265, 309, 353, 391, 433, 469, 511 577, 613, 659, 699, 743

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1 17.1, 18.1, 19.1, 20.1, 21.1, 22.1


7.SI.DSI.5. Analyze alternative scientific

explanations and predictions and recognize that there may be more than one good way to interpret a given set of data.

SE/TE: 57, 151, 287, 458, 487, 602, 617, 754, 765, 784



7.SI.DSI.6. Identify faulty reasoning and statements

that go beyond the evidence or misinterpret the evidence.

SE/TE: 57, 151, 287, 458, 487, 602, 617, 754, 764, 784








7.SI.DSI.7. Use graphs, tables and charts to study physical phenomena and infer mathematical relationships between variables (e.g., speed and density).

SE/TE: 10, 30, 31, 35, 71, 75, 86, 90, 100, 113, 129, 130, 159, 174, 176, 196, 204, 207, 225, 244, 246, 249, 262, 263, 289, 306, 325, 337, 346, 347, 350, 359, 381, 384, 385, 413, 426, 446, 455, 466, 477, 494, 502, 507, 513, 533, 534, 535, 538, 546, 562, 574, 575, 596, 597, 601, 611, 622, 623, 625, 628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 634, 635, 639, 644, 650, 651, 655, 668, 704, 711, 713, 720, 721, 761, 776, 782, 792, 793, 794

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency, 1.1-1.4, 2.1-2.4, 3.1-3.4, 4.1-4.4, 5.1-5.4, 6.1-6.4, 7.1-7.4, 8.1, 8.3, 9.1-9.6, 10.1-10.6, 11.1-11.4, 12.1-12.5, 13.1-13.4, 14.1-14.3, 15.1-15.4, 16.1-16.5, 17.1-17.3, 18.1-19.4, 19.1-19.5, 20.1-20.6, 21.1-21.5


Grade Eight Doing Scientific Inquiry 8.SI.DSI.1. Choose the appropriate tools or

instruments and use relevant safety procedures to complete scientific investigations.

SE/TE: 5, 33, 65, 93, 123, 199, 237, 265, 309, 353, 391, 433, 469, 511, 577, 613, 659, 699, 743

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1, 20.1, 21.1, 22.1







8.SI.DSI.2. Describe the concepts of sample size and control and explain how these affect scientific investigations.

SE/TE: 9, 19, 87, 117, 237, 283, 379, 623 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review

and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency, 1.1, 1.2, 3.3, 4.6, 8.1, 9.3, 11.3, 18.2


8.SI.DSI.3. Read, construct and interpret data in

various forms produced by self and others in both written and oral form (e.g., tables, charts, maps, graphs, diagrams and symbols).

SE/TE: 5, 10, 15, 14, 25, 30, 35, 38, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 59, 62, 69, 70, 71, 79, 84, 100, 428, 130, 136, 138, 144, 151, 152, 158, 164, 170, 174, 175, 179, 187, 196, 200, 201, 202, 207, 211, 213, 218, 242, 244, 246, 249, 251, 252, 254, 273, 274, 276, 278, 279, 289, 290, 337, 338, 350, 357, 363, 373, 374, 393, 397, 399, 401, 405, 408, 409, 413, 418, 422, 423, 436, 439, 440, 444, 449, 452, 459, 474, 476, 480, 483, 491, 494, 502, 518, 253, 526, 538, 543, 545, 555, 557, 558, 574, 580, 582, 584, 594, 601, 604, 605, 610, 615, 617, 626, 628, 630, 634, 639, 644, 650, 663, 664, 669, 670, 671, 672, 674, 675, 675, 677, 685, 686, 691, 696, 699, 701, 702, 703, 705, 709, 713, 714, 723, 743, 745, 747, 757, 758, 764, 768, 771, 782

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency, 1.1-1.4, 2.1-2.4, 3.1-3.3, 4.1-4.6, 5.1-5.5, 6.1-6.4, 7.1-7.4, 8.1-8.3, 9.1-9.6, 10.1-10.6, 11.1-11.4, 12.1-12.5, 13.1-13.4, 14.1-14.3, 15.1-15.4, 16.1-16.5, 17.1-17.3, 18.1-18.4, 19.1-19.5, 20.1-20.6, 21.1-21.5







8.SI.DSI.4. Apply appropriate math skills to interpret quantitative data (e.g., mean, median and mode).

SE/TE: 10, 40, 47, 57, 62, 70, 71, 74, 90, 100, 130, 153, 154, 158, 174, 207, 244, 289, 325, 326, 337, 350, 359, 413, 421, 430, 446, 453, 466, 494, 526, 549, 551, 562, 574, 601, 620, 639, 650, 668, 704, 726, 727, 740, 772, 773, 776, 782

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency, 1.1, 2.2, 2.4, 3.1, 3.3, 4.2, 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.4, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1, 10.3, 10.4, 11.1, 11.3, 11.4, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.3, 14.1, 14.3, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 17.3, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4


SCIENTIFIC WAYS OF KNOWING Students realize that the current body of scientific knowledge must be based on evidence, be predictive, logical, subject to modification and limited to the natural world. This includes demonstrating an understanding that scientific knowledge grows and advances as new evidence is discovered to support or modify existing theories, as well as to encourage the development of new theories. Students are able to reflect on ethical scientific practices and demonstrate an understanding of how the current body of scientific knowledge reflects the historical and cultural contributions of women and men who provide us with a more reliable and comprehensive understanding of the natural world. Grade Six Nature of Science 6.SWK.NS.1. Identify that hypotheses are valuable

even when they are not supported.

Ethical Practices 6.SWK.EP.2. Describe why it is important to keep

clear, thorough and accurate records.

Science and Society 6.SWK.EP.3. Identify ways scientific thinking is

helpful in a variety of everyday settings.






6.SWK.EP.4. Describe how the pursuit of scientific knowledge is beneficial for any career and for daily life.

6.SWK.EP.5. Research how men and women of all countries and cultures have contributed to the development of science.

Grade Seven Ethical Practices 7.SWK.EP.1. Show that the reproducibility of results is

essential to reduce bias in scientific investigations.

SE/TE: 8-10, 789 TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review



7.SWK.EP.2. Describe how repetition of an experiment

may reduce bias.









Science and Society 7.SWK.SS.3. Describe how the work of science

requires a variety of human abilities and qualities that are helpful in daily life (e.g., reasoning, creativity, skepticism and openness).

SE/TE: 42, 52, 82, 192, 214, 284, 376, 380, 414, 424, 472, 498, 524, 534, 590, 606, 718, 748

TR: Guided Reading, Section Summary, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency 2.2, 2.3, 3.3, 6.4, 7.3, 9.2, 11.4, 12.4, 12.514.1, 14.3, 15.3, 15.4, 17.2, 17.3, 20.3, 21.2


Grade Eight Nature of Science 8.SWK.NS.1. Identify the difference between

description (e.g., observation and summary) and explanation (e.g., inference, prediction, significance and importance).




Ethical Practices 8.SWK.EP.2. Explain why it is important to examine

data objectively and not let bias affect observations.


and Reinforce, Enrich , Transparency 1.1 TECH: SE Audio CD, Presentation Express CD-


Reference: http://www.ode.state.oh.us/academic_content_standards/ScienceContentStd/PDF/SCIENCE.pdf

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