Prenatal Development and Birth: Prevention of Congenital Defects
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Prenatal Development and Birth:Prevention of Congenital Defects
Tabatha LovittDecember 2, 2012
Southwestern College Professional Studies
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How Can Congenital Defects Be Prevented?
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Congenital Abnormalities
• Congenital: present at birth• Abnormalities: something differing from
normal“Congenital abnormalities are thus those
features of differences that are present when a child is born, even if they’re not immediately noticed.” (Ellis-Christensin, T., 2012)
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Categories of Abnormalities, According to Cause
• Chromosome• Single-gene• Conditions during pregnancy• Combination of Genetic and Environment• Unknown Causes
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Chromosome Abnormalities
•A child is born with an abnormal 46 chromosome count
-Down Syndrome-Turner’s Syndrome-Trisomy 18-Trisomy 13
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Single-Gene Abnormalities Abnormal genes on the chromosome
• Autosomal Dominant Inheritance: abnormalities passed to child if one parent carries the same gene.
• Autosomal Recessive Inheritance: both parents carry the same defective gene.
-Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia• Sex-Linked: dominant in boys
-hemophilia, muscular dystrophy
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Conditions During Pregnancy
• Illness- Preterm labor- Brain damage
• Alcohol consumption - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Medication/Drug consumption - Hinder fetal growth - Malformations
• Pollution (second hand smoke)- Low birth weight- Developmental disabilities- Infant mortality
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Combination of Genetic and Environment
Occur with genetic influence and exposure to environmental factors during certain times of pregnancy
- Spina bifida, cleft lip/palate
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http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/cleftlip.html
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Unknown Causes - Applies to most births involving abnormalities
Doctors know how abnormalities occur, but do not know what triggers that how
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Prenatal Diagnosis
• Screening tests- Amniocentesis- Ultrasound- Blood tests- Urine samples
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Treatment
• Surgery- Cleft lip/palate-Heart defects
• Therapy-Developmental delays-Physical disabilities
• Not all abnormalities are curable or can be prevented-Down syndrome-Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Prevention
• Genetic Counseling• Nutrition • Exercise• Prenatal Care• Education• Not all defects are preventable
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PreventionGenetic Counseling
• Family history of genetic conditions• Diseases more common in certain ethnic
groups• Abnormal tests results during pregnancy• Chances for certain types of genetic
conditions• A genetic condition occurred in a previous
pregnancy
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PreventionNutrition
• Health before conception- Reproductive life plan
• Vitamins- Folic acid- Prenatal vitamins
• Balanced meals
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PreventionExercise
• Uphold a healthy weight- Continue or start regular exercise(confer with a doctor about a fitness plan)
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PreventionPrenatal Care
• See your doctor, discuss:- Medical conditions- Lifestyle and behaviors
smokedrink alcoholabusive
environment- Medications- Vaccinations
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PreventionEducation
• Speak with your doctor• Child birth education class• Lamaze class• Breast feeding classes• Infant care programs• CPR course• Create a “birth plan”
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Questions?
Thank You
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ReferencesEllis-Christensin, T. (2012, 11 29). What are the different types of
congenital abnormalities. Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-congenital-abnormalities.htm
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2012). Healthy children.org: Powered by pediatricians. trusted by parents. Retrieved from http://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/developmental-disabilities/Pages/Congenital-Abnormalities.aspx
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2012). Chromosomal disorders. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/116049/chromosomal-disorder
EPA. (2010, 12). Making an impact fact by fact. promoting good prenatal health: air pollution and pregnancy. Retrieved from http://yosemite.epa.gov/ochp/ochpweb.nsf/content/OCHP_Prenatal FS_7_10.htm/$File/OCHP_Prenatal_FS_7_10.pdf
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References
Baby Center. (1997-2012). Prenatal tests. Retrieved from http://www.babycenter.com/prenatal-tests
Berger, K. (2011). The developing person through the life span. (8th ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishing. DOI: www.worthpublishers.com
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, 07 19). Facts about cleft lip and cleft palate. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/cleftlip.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, 01 20). Genetic counseling. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/pediatricgenetics/genetic_couns eling.html