PRELIMINARY GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE MURRIETA 7.5â€™ QUADRANGLE

INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE 1 (17) Prepared (also subject responsible if other) No.

Michael Lesan Michael Lesan Approved Checked Date Rev Reference

Faith Tanui/Theo Makokha 2012-02-04

Instructor's Guide for WCDMA Air Interface

Contents

1 Module 1 CDMA Wireless Technology 2 1.1 Preparation 2 1.2 Module Guide 3 1.3 Exercise Guide 4 1.4 Summary 4 2 Module 2 CDMA Power control, RAKE receiver, Soft handover 5 2.1 Preparation 5 2.2 Module Guide 6 2.3 Exercise Guide 7 2.4 Summary 7 3 Module 3 CDMA Capacity Considerations 8 3.1 Preparation 8 3.2 Module Guide 9 3.3 Exercise Guide 9 3.4 Summary 9 4 Module 4 WCDMA Physical Layer 10 4.1 Preparation 10 4.2 Module Guide 11 4.3 Exercise Guide 12 4.4 Summary 12 5 Module 5 WCDMA Acquisition, Synchronisation, and Handover 13 5.1 Preparation 13 5.2 Module Guide 14 5.3 Exercise Guide 15 5.4 Summary 15 6 Appendix 1 WCDMA TDD Mode 16 6.1 Preparation 16 6.2 Module Guide 17 6.3 Exercise Guide 17 6.4 Summary 17


KI/ERA/GG/TKN Michael Lesan Approved Checked Date Rev Reference


1 Module 1 CDMA Wireless Technology

1.1 Preparation

Objectives of Module 1

After this module the course participants are able to:

1. Compare TDMA and CDMA multiple access

methods

2. Describe the data protection coding methods: - CRC coding

- FEC coding

- Viterbi coding

- Block interleaving - Turbo codes

3. Explain the orthogonal and spread spectrum

- Orthogonal Codes (Walsh, OVSF) -

PN codes, Gold Codes - Layering of PN and Orthogonal Codes in WCDMA

4. Explain the modulation and filtering in a WCDMA system - I/Q Modulation

- BPSK, QPSK, Complex, and HPSK Spreading -

Channel Filtering (ISI containment)

5. Describe, on an overview level, the WCDMA Transmitter Architecture

Objectives

1.1.1 Learning Material

OH 1/03813 - EN/LZU 108 5306 (slides 1 to 67)

Exercises 03814 - EN/LZU 108 5306

1.1.2 Learning Methods

Instructor-led lectures, student exercises and group work.




1.1.3 Time Needed

Approximately four hours including introduction but excluding exercises (the time schedule given is excluding exercises. Three hours are left for exercises and ending the course. This time can be allocated after each module, or used in the beginning of each day, or in some other way)

1.1.4 Reference Literature

WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile

Communications, edited by: Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, ISBN: 0-471-

72051-8

1.1.5 Necessary Tools

Overhead projector, whiteboard and markers in different colours (and a PC

(running Excel and/or Matlab) and projector)

1.2 Module Guide

This module deals briefly with the evolution from 2G and 3G and many details of the CDMA transmitter.

It is likely that some of the course participants are fairly familiar with different types of coding and interleaving (since these are general concepts applicable to GSM and TDMA as well) so this part can probably be treated briefly. However, it can still be very instructive to show the Viterbi decoder in action by using an available spreadsheet, where the influence of noise can be seen quite clearly.

Most important is the discussion of PN codes (used to separate different

radiation sources) and orthogonal codes (used to separate different channels from

the same radiation source). The different code properties must be

understood and it can be instructive to run the available Matlab programs where the

different correlation properties are clearly seen.

I/Q modulation is a central part of WCDMA technology and must therefore also be

treated with some care. Check out the exercises and make sure that the answers to the following questions are provided in the lecture

Why is vocoding used in mobile phones instead of PCM voice coding? Why

is CRC error checking used for voice communications?

What types of FEC (Forward Error Correction) are used in 2G and 3G

cellular phones?

Under what conditions do FEC methods work the best?




What method is used in all wireless systems to optimise FEC coder performance?

When is long interleaving used? When is short interleaving used?

What is the difference between a “bit”, a “symbol”, and a "chip"?

What is the result when a PN code is correlated with itself or with a different PN code?

What limits the number of spread spectrum users that can share the same

RF frequency?

What are the important differences between orthogonal codes and PN codes

What two codes must be combined to implement a cellular CDMA system?

What are PN codes used for? What are orthogonal codes used for?

When a very high data-rate user uses a very short-length orthogonal code, what is the impact on the overall code space? On the spread spectrum processing gain?

Why is I/Q modulation used instead of simple BPSK?

Why is a raised-cosine filter used prior to the I/Q modulator?

1.3 Exercise Guide

Use the exercise on orthogonal codes (exercise 6) when discussing

orthogonal codes to illustrate that it actually works. Let the course participants work in pairs and send a coded message to each other and decode the received message.

The other exercise (exercise 1) can be distributed after the lecture so the

course participants get a chance to digest what they have just been told and as a

repetition to consolidate their newly acquired knowledge.

1.4 Summary

This module deals briefly with the evolution from 2G and 3G and many details of the CDMA transmitter such as different data protection coding methods, different orthogonal and spread spectrum codes and different modulation and filtering techniques.



Faith Tanui/Theo Makokha 2012-02-04 B

2 Module 2 CDMA Power control, RAKE receiver, Soft handover

2.1 Preparation



1. Explain the concepts of multipath reflections, fading, and turn-the-corner effects

2. Describe the CDMA RAKE receiver

3. Describe the slow (Open-Loop) and fast (Closed- Loop) power control

4. Explain the different handover scenarios:

- Hard Handover

- Soft Handover - Softer Handover

Objectives






2.1.3 Time Needed

Approximately two hours (the time schedule given is excluding exercises.

Three hours are left for exercises and ending the course. This time can be

allocated after each module, or used in the beginning of each day, or in some other

way).




72051-8




http://3gpp.ericsson.se/specs/spec.htm (this link leads to servers where the

latest releases of 3GPP specifications are found, so all references listed in

later modules must be updated on a regular basis from these servers)

2.1.5 Necessary Tools Overhead projector, whiteboard and markers in different colours.

2.2 Module Guide Power control is essential in a CDMA system and the course participants must therefore understand why different power controls procedures are required.

The RAKE receiver is one of the key components of CDMA systems and it is therefore important that the course participants grasp the concepts of it. The difference between the various types of handover can also be related to some extent to the use of the RAKE receiver. Check out the exercises and make sure that the answers to the following questions are provided in the lecture

Why is fast power control used in all CDMA systems? Is fast power control required on the downlink, the uplink, or both?

If fast power control is not required for the downlink (base station) transmission, why is it employed anyway in both cdma2000 and WCDMA?

Why is open-loop power control required in a CDMA system? How is open-loop power control implemented?

What is meant by outer-loop power control?

Why must a CDMA receiver use a RAKE receiver?

How does a RAKE receiver reduce multipath interference?

What is the "searcher" finger used for?

Why is soft handover essential in a cellular CDMA system?

What is the essential power control “rule” during soft handover?

Does soft handover increase overall system capacity?




2.3 Exercise Guide

Exercise 2 can be distributed after the lecture so the course participants get a change to digest what they have just been told and as a repetition to consolidate their newly acquired knowledge.

2.4 Summary This module treats the CDMA RAKE receiver, power control and soft/softer handover.




3 Module 3 CDMA Capacity Considerations

3.1 Preparation



1. Describe the cell reuse patterns

2. Compare CDMA spectral efficiency to FDMA and TDMA

3. Explain the issues concerning CDMA cell planning: - Cell Reuse and Code Planning

- Uplink and Downlink capacity of CDMA systems - Interference Capacity Limit

Objectives

3.1.1 Learning Material OH 3/03813 - EN/LZU 108 5306 (slides 1 to 22) Exercises 03814 - EN/LZU 108 5306



3.1.3 Time Needed

Approximately one hour (the time schedule given is excluding exercises.



way)




72051-8


Overhead projector, whiteboard and markers in different colours.




3.2 Module Guide

Although of course very interesting this part can sometimes be treated more briefly since other courses (WCDMA radio network design) discuss this in quite some detail.

Check out the exercises and make sure that the answers to the following

questions are provided in the lecture

What are typical reuse factors for analog and TDMA Systems?

Is frequency reuse of fundamental importance in CDMA? If not, then

where is reuse planning important for CDMA?

What are the theoretical limits of capacity for AMPS, IS-136, GSM, IS-95,

and WCDMA in terms of number of users per cell (or per sector of a

sectored cell)?

What is the practical capacity that has been observed in IS-95 CDMA

systems (users per sector)?

Why are these theoretical limits achievable in FDMA and TDMA systems,

but not in CDMA systems?

What fundamentally limits the uplink capacity of a cellular CDMA system?

What fundamentally limits the downlink capacity of a cellular CDMA system?

In practice, is cellular CDMA capacity limited more by the uplink or the

downlink?

Note that comparisons between CDMA, TDMA and GSM are notoriously difficult and be prepared for discussion, disagreement and arguments no matter how you approach this subject.

3.3 Exercise Guide

Exercise 3 can be distributed after the lecture so the course participants get a change

to digest what they have just been told and as a repetition to

consolidate their newly acquired knowledge.

3.4 Summary

This module treats capacity considerations of CDMA systems.




4 Module 4 WCDMA Physical Layer

4.1 Preparation



1. Describe the 3GPP Standardisation Committee and

specification structure

2. Explain the concepts of logical, transport, and physical channels

3. Explain the orthogonal and spread spectrum code allocation

4. Describe the different aspects of the WCDMA Forward Link (downlink)

- Primary Common Control (Broadcast) Channel - Synchronisation Channel

- Secondary Common Control (Paging) Channel -

Paging Indication Channel

- Dedicated Traffic and Control Channels -

Physical Downlink Shared Channel -

Acquisition Indication Channel

- Channel Coding and Multiplexing of Service

Classes - Complex Spreading

5. Describe the different aspects of the WCDMA Reverse Link (uplink)

- Random Access Channel

- Dedicated Traffic and Control Channels - Common Packet Data Channel

- Channel Coding and Multiplexing of Service Classes

- Scrambling Codes - HPSK Spreading

Objectives









4.1.3 Time Needed

Approximately four hours (the time schedule given is excluding exercises.



way).

4.1.4 Reference Literature WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications, edited by: Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, ISBN: 0-471- 72051-8

3GPP TS 25.201-v310: Physical layer general description

3GPP TS 25.301-v350: Radio interface protocol architecture

3GPP TS 25.302-v350: Services provided by the physical layer

3GPP TS 25.211-v330: Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto

physical channels (FDD)

3GPP TS 25.212-v330: Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)

3GPP TS 25.213-v330: Spreading and modulation (FDD)

HPSK spreading for 3G, Application Note1335 from Agilent Technologies, at http://contact.tm.agilent.com/tmo/Notes/English/NotesSubjects.html



4.2 Module Guide

This part is heavy but also the essence of this course (WCDMA air interface).

It may be confusing for the course participants that, to the logical and physical channels well known from GSM, transport channels are added. The WCDMA uplink and downlink wall charts are very useful to give an overview of what is going on. Probably not the same amount of time needs to be spent on all physical channels but certainly a few must be discussed in detail to gain some understanding of the underlying principles. In particular channels which support variable rates.


questions are provided in the lectures




What does the acronym “UTRAN” stand for?

What are the key components of the UTRAN?

List the full name and purpose of each of these WCDMA physical channels: CPICH, P-CCPCH, SCH, S-CCPCH, DPCCH/DPDCH, AICH, PICH, PRACH, PCPCH, PDSCH, CSICH, AP-AICH and CD/CA-ICH

What code is used to allow the UE to distinguish between BSs

What code is used to allow the UE to distinguish between data channels from one BS?

What code is used to allow the BS to distinguish between UEs

What code is used to allow the BS to distinguish between data channels from one UE?

What is the range of physical layer data rates available on the downlink

and uplink?

What is the range of payload data rates available on the downlink and uplink?

Describe the purpose of the following bits that are embedded in the DPCCH/DPDCH: Pilot, TPC and TFCI

What is the purpose of the first and second Interleavers?

What interleaving depth is used for voice? for layer 3 control data?

Why is complex spreading used in the uplink?

What is the main difference between complex spreading and HPSK?

4.3 Exercise Guide


4.4 Summary

This module treats the WCDMA physical layer (for the FDD mode) in quite some

detail.




5 Module 5 WCDMA Acquisition, Synchronisation, and Handover

5.1 Preparation



1. Explain the mobile station acquisition - Base Station Cell Site Timing - Primary Synchronisation Code (SC1) - Secondary Synchronisation Code Group (SC2) -

Forward Link Scrambling Codes - Slot Synchronisation

- Frame Synchronisation

- Scrambling Code Group Determination

2. Explain the mobile station access

- Random Access

- Packet Channel Access

3. Explain the handover in a WCDMA system - Handover Scenarios - Soft Handover Procedures - Compressed Mode Hard Handover -

Handover to/from GSM

Objectives









5.1.3 Time Needed

Approximately two hours (the time schedule given is excluding exercises.



way)




72051-8

3GPP TS 25.214-v330: Physical layer procedures (FDD)

3GPP TS 25.215-v330: Physical layer - Measurements (FDD)

3GPP TS 25.101-v331: UE Radio Transmission and Reception (FDD)

3GPP TS 25.104-v330: BS Radio Transmission and Reception (FDD)

3GPP TS 25.103-v200: RF Parameters in Support of Radio Resource Management

3GPP TS 25.133-v310: Requirements for Support of Radio Resource

Management



5.2 Module Guide Synchronisation and access procedures are described here and are of high importance and must be described accurately.


questions are provided in the lecture

What three channels are always aligned with the BSs frame timing?

What is the method of slot synchronization?

What is the method of frame synchronization?

What is the method of Base Station Scrambling Code identification?

List a few things the UE needs to learn from the BS before initiating

random access

Why does the UE use a different Scrambling Code for Random Access

transmissions than it uses for Traffic Channel transmissions?




What makes the Packet Access channel different from the Random

Access and Dedicated Traffic Channels? What is the fundamental difference between IS-95/cdma2000 handover and WCDMA handover?

What is the fundamental problem with soft handover when BSs are not

precisely synchronised and how does WCDMA solve this problem?

5.3 Exercise Guide


5.4 Summary

This module treats WCDMA operational procedures such as acquisition,

synchronisation and soft handover.




6 Appendix 1 WCDMA TDD Mode

6.1 Preparation



1. Describe the TDD Mode and its features

2. Describe the TDD Timeslot Formats

3. Compare aspects of TDD and FDD operation

4. Describe TDD Channelisation and Scrambling Codes

Objectives






6.1.3 Time Needed

Approximately one hour


3GPP TS 25.221-v330: Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto

physical channels (TDD)

3GPP TS 25.222-v331: Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD)

3GPP TS 25.223-v330: Spreading and modulation (TDD)

3GPP TS 25.224-v330: Physical layer procedures (TDD)

3GPP TS 25.225-v330: Physical layer - Measurements (TDD)






6.2 Module Guide

Since TDD is not supported (yet) by Ericsson this module can be treated briefly

and given as information only.

6.3 Exercise Guide

N/A

6.4 Summary

A brief account of the TDD mode.

PRELIMINARY GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE MURRIETA 7.5â€™ QUADRANGLE

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