Prehistory & Ancient Prehistory & Ancient River Valley River Valley CivilizationsCivilizations

Early Man - TimelineEarly Man - Timeline

Humans Populate All the Major Humans Populate All the Major Land Masses of the World Land Masses of the World

Homo sapiens sapiens: Cave Homo sapiens sapiens: Cave artart

Distribution and design of cave Distribution and design of cave art art

Homo sapiens sapiens: Homo sapiens sapiens: Important archaeological sitesImportant archaeological sites

Stone Ages - Stone Ages - 5 MYA - 2500 5 MYA - 2500 BCBC

PALEOLITHIC: Old Stone Age, 2 PALEOLITHIC: Old Stone Age, 2 million years ago million years ago

MESOLITHIC: Middle Stone Age, MESOLITHIC: Middle Stone Age, 20-18,000 BCE to 12,150 BCE20-18,000 BCE to 12,150 BCE

NEOLITHIC : NEOLITHIC : 9000 BCE – 4500 BCE9000 BCE – 4500 BCE  

Paleolithic Paleolithic PeriodPeriod

Beginnings of humans to 10,000 BCEBeginnings of humans to 10,000 BCE people were people were nomadsnomads lived in groups of 20 -30lived in groups of 20 -30 hunter - gatherershunter - gatherers

Paleolithic PeriodPaleolithic Period

Division of LaborDivision of Labormen hunting game animalsmen hunting game animalswomen gathering fruits, women gathering fruits, berries, and other ediblesberries, and other edibles

Developed simple tools: spears Developed simple tools: spears & & axes made from bone, wood, &axes made from bone, wood, &

stonestone

Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age 2,000,000 years ago2,000,000 years ago artifacts chipped stone and artifacts chipped stone and flintflint, use of , use of

wood, clay, and animal parts wood, clay, and animal parts tool kit was extensive: tool kit was extensive: knivesknives, , axesaxes, ,

scrapersscrapers, , hammershammers, , awlsawls, , needlesneedles, spears, , spears, harpoons, clubs, blowguns, and bows and harpoons, clubs, blowguns, and bows and arrows, fire arrows, fire

hominidshominids - - Homo Homo habilishabilis nomadicnomadic hunters and food gatherershunters and food gatherers lasted until the lasted until the introduction of agricultureintroduction of agriculture Spirituality and Religion may have begun to Spirituality and Religion may have begun to

develop develop

Mesolithic Age – Middle Stone Mesolithic Age – Middle Stone AgeAge

20-18,000 BC to 12,150 BC 20-18,000 BC to 12,150 BC small composite flint tools (microliths small composite flint tools (microliths

and microburins), fishing tackle, and microburins), fishing tackle, stone adzes and wooden objects stone adzes and wooden objects such as canoes and bows such as canoes and bows

characterized by the introduction of characterized by the introduction of agriculture agriculture

Neolithic Neolithic RevolutioRevolutionn

Shift from hunting & gathering to Shift from hunting & gathering to agricultureagriculture

Led to Led to permanent settlementspermanent settlements Establishment of Establishment of social classessocial classes Eventual Eventual rise of civilizationsrise of civilizations

Neolithic Revolution Great Neolithic Revolution Great DiscoveriesDiscoveries

10,000 BCE: humans cultivate 10,000 BCE: humans cultivate crops and crops and domesticatedomesticate animals animals

Villages continued to divide work Villages continued to divide work between men and women between men and women

Women's status declined men Women's status declined men took lead in most took lead in most

areas of early areas of early

societiessocieties

NEOLITHIC : New Stone AgeNEOLITHIC : New Stone Age 9000 BC - 4500 BC9000 BC - 4500 BC first permanent settlements appearfirst permanent settlements appear domestication of plants (notably wheat), domestication of plants (notably wheat),

animals (goats and sheep)animals (goats and sheep) produced decorated pottery and figurinesproduced decorated pottery and figurines

from clay may indicate they were a war-from clay may indicate they were a war-like people like people

irrigation systems and more advanced irrigation systems and more advanced burial siteburial site

use of alien materials like lapis lazuli, use of alien materials like lapis lazuli, indicate a cultural diversity and the indicate a cultural diversity and the development of external tradingdevelopment of external trading   

Neolithic Age-New Neolithic Age-New TechnologiesTechnologies

CalendarCalendar to keep track of to keep track of planting and harvesting planting and harvesting

Simple Simple metalmetal toolstools such such

as as plowsplows Used animals to pull plowsUsed animals to pull plowsMetal weaponsMetal weapons developed as developed as

villages needed to protect their villages needed to protect their valuable resources. valuable resources.

Catal Huyuk - ÇatalhöyükCatal Huyuk - Çatalhöyük Remains of a Neolithic townRemains of a Neolithic town 9,000 years ago, one of the world's 9,000 years ago, one of the world's

largest settlements. largest settlements.

Catal HuyukCatal Huyuk

Çatal Hüyük, Southern Anatolia, Turkey - Neolithic, from 6500 up to 5700 years BCE

Characteristics of Characteristics of CivilizationsCivilizations

CitiesCities Centralized government, law Centralized government, law

codes, organized religioncodes, organized religion System of writingSystem of writing Specialized jobs – Division of Specialized jobs – Division of

LaborLabor Social Class StructureSocial Class Structure Advanced TechnologyAdvanced Technology

Four Early River ValleysFour Early River Valleys

How did they become How did they become civilizations?civilizations?

Neolithic Revolution – domestication of Neolithic Revolution – domestication of plants & animalsplants & animals

Organized Farming & village lifeOrganized Farming & village life Food Surplus was created led to Food Surplus was created led to

specialization of laborspecialization of labor Growth in populationGrowth in population Creation of complex socieites requiring Creation of complex socieites requiring

complex institutions which governed complex institutions which governed large scale projects like irrigation large scale projects like irrigation

Population Growth & Population Growth & Development of CivilizationsDevelopment of Civilizations

Iron Age = new farms tools = food surplusIron Age = new farms tools = food surplus Farming and Pastoral Nomads replaced Farming and Pastoral Nomads replaced

hunter-gatherershunter-gatherers Domesticated animals = beasts of burden Domesticated animals = beasts of burden

= food surplus= food surplus Increased, healthier population living Increased, healthier population living

closer together in new urban areascloser together in new urban areas Increased immunities based on close Increased immunities based on close

proximity & better health proximity & better health

Population Growth & Population Growth & Development of CivilizationsDevelopment of Civilizations

Cultural connections increased through Cultural connections increased through new trade routesnew trade routes

Developments of empiresDevelopments of empires Development of Writing systems to record Development of Writing systems to record

taxes to pay for expanded governmentstaxes to pay for expanded governments Development of great road building Development of great road building

projects to encourage trade, uniform projects to encourage trade, uniform coinage, uniform weights & coinage, uniform weights & measurementsmeasurements(Lydian's & Persians) (Lydian's & Persians)

Early River Civilizations: Early River Civilizations: EGYPTEGYPT

3000BCE3000BCEEgyptian Science and Technology Egyptian Science and Technology

1. 1. IrrigationIrrigation – water from – water from Nile Nile RiverRiver (god) to grow wheat & other (god) to grow wheat & other foodsfoods

2. 2. Preserving the human bodyPreserving the human body after death through after death through mummificationmummification

3. Physicians 3. Physicians diagnose illnessdiagnose illness & & perform perform brain & body surgerybrain & body surgery

Egyptian Science and Egyptian Science and TechnologyTechnology

Accurate Accurate calendarcalendar Hieroglyphics:Hieroglyphics: system of writing system of writing

calledcalled Advanced Advanced mathematicalmathematical geometry geometry

& & engineeringengineering skills in the creation skills in the creation of the of the pyramidspyramids

irrigationirrigation

systemssystems

EGYPTEGYPT

Monarchy – Kingdom/EmpireMonarchy – Kingdom/Empire Pharaoh God/KingPharaoh God/King Dynasty – ruling familyDynasty – ruling family PolytheisticPolytheistic Advances in medicine, math, calendars, Advances in medicine, math, calendars,

irrigation, cosmetics, mummification, irrigation, cosmetics, mummification, building & architecture, pyramids, jewelry,building & architecture, pyramids, jewelry,metal workmetal work

Social Class Structure: Pharaoh, Social Class Structure: Pharaoh, Priest/Nobles, merchants/artisans (Middle Priest/Nobles, merchants/artisans (Middle Class), peasants, slavesClass), peasants, slaves

Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt

MESOPOTAMIA – FERTILE MESOPOTAMIA – FERTILE CRESCENTCRESCENT

Sumerians 1Sumerians 1stst Civilization: Civilization: 1 1stst to build to build wheeledwheeled vehiclesvehicles - 3500 BCE - 3500 BCE

built built irrigationirrigation systemssystems, , dykesdykes, and , and canalscanals for better farming for better farming

CuneiformCuneiform system of writing – 1st system of writing – 1st Sumerian- Sumerian- algebraalgebra and and geometrygeometry Sumerian: - city-states, Preist/Kings Sumerian: - city-states, Preist/Kings

polytheistic, polytheistic,

Fertile Crescent & Fertile Crescent & MesopotamiaMesopotamia

Other Civilizations Fertile Other Civilizations Fertile CrescentCrescent

BabyloniansBabylonians: : astronomy, astronomy, Code of Code of Hammurabi,Hammurabi, was the first written was the first written laws in historylaws in history

HittitesHittites: first to : first to minemine ironiron oreore to to produce produce iron weapons & toolsiron weapons & tools (Iron Age) (Iron Age)

Assyrians: Assyrians: new military equipment - new military equipment - moveable towers and battering moveable towers and battering rams, 1rams, 1stst library of cuneiform tablets, library of cuneiform tablets, chariot chariot

Other Civilizations Fertile Other Civilizations Fertile CrescentCrescent

Code on columns in each city-state

Assyrian weapons & chariot

Other Civilizations Fertile Other Civilizations Fertile CrescentCrescent Persians: controlled empire Asia Minor Persians: controlled empire Asia Minor

to India (to Indus River)to India (to Indus River) Persians: divided empire into Persians: divided empire into

provinces, governor called a provinces, governor called a satrapsatrap Taxes on resources and wealth Taxes on resources and wealth Single code of laws for the empire Single code of laws for the empire Royal Roads to unify empire, common Royal Roads to unify empire, common

set of weights & measures, single set of weights & measures, single coinage coinage

Zoroastrian Religion – good & evil & Zoroastrian Religion – good & evil & polytheistic faithspolytheistic faiths

Persian Empire Persian Empire Coins

Royal Roads

Weights & Measures

Other Civilizations Fertile Other Civilizations Fertile CrescentCrescent Phoenicians: Manufacturing and trade, Phoenicians: Manufacturing and trade,

colonization around Mediterranean Sea, colonization around Mediterranean Sea, glass, sea snail-purple dye (royal purple), glass, sea snail-purple dye (royal purple), phonetic alphabet-22 letters phonetic alphabet-22 letters

(adapted by (adapted by

Greeks Greeks

and Romans) and Romans)

Hebrews/JewsHebrews/Jews Hebrews: Hebrews: JudaismJudaism - oldest known - oldest known

monotheistic religionmonotheistic religion FounderFounder--AbrahamAbraham Moses-Prophet: Ten Commandments Moses-Prophet: Ten Commandments

2000 BCE – Laws2000 BCE – Laws Significant WritingsSignificant Writings--TorahTorah and and

TalmudTalmud Book of laws & beliefs, as well Book of laws & beliefs, as well as as Old Testament of the BibleOld Testament of the Bible

Places of WorshipPlaces of Worship-Jews worship in -Jews worship in temples called synagogues temples called synagogues

One GodOne God who is the creator of all things who is the creator of all things

IndiaIndia 2500BCE: First cultivation of rice, cotton 2500BCE: First cultivation of rice, cotton

and tea and tea built ships, navigated seas, international built ships, navigated seas, international

commerce (Indian Ocean & overland)commerce (Indian Ocean & overland) well-planned towns, rectangular patterns well-planned towns, rectangular patterns Art -copper, bronze, and pottery, Art -copper, bronze, and pottery,

including a large collection of terra-cotta including a large collection of terra-cotta toys toys

two-storied and spacious, lined the town two-storied and spacious, lined the town streets; they had drainage systems that streets; they had drainage systems that led into brick-lined sewers led into brick-lined sewers

Ancient IndiaAncient IndiaSocial Class Structure: Caste System: Brahmana (priests), Kshatriya (warriors), Vaishya (traders and agriculturists), and Shudra (workers). Person's occupation or group depended upon birth

Sanskrit: writing system

Ancient India - ReligionAncient India - Religion HINDUISM: HINDUISM: polytheistic religion polytheistic religion

3000 BCE3000 BCE Significant WritingsSignificant Writings--VedasVedas, ,

UpanishadsUpanishads, , RamayanaRamayana, , MahabharataMahabharata, , Bhagavad GitaBhagavad Gita

Oral 1Oral 1stst, Written in Sanskrit – history , Written in Sanskrit – history & hymns, teachings of Hinduism& hymns, teachings of Hinduism

spiritual oneness of the soul, spiritual oneness of the soul, atmanatman soul obtains soul obtains mokshamoksha or liberation or liberation

HinduismHinduism Reincarnation: karma Reincarnation: karma you get you get

what you give new lifewhat you give new life Dharma:Dharma: Duties of all Duties of all

Hindu’s in their caste Hindu’s in their caste Supports rigid Supports rigid

social structure social structure Caste SystemCaste System

Cow SacredCow Sacred

BuddhismBuddhism FounderFounder--Siddhartha GautamaSiddhartha Gautama Buddha, which means "enlightened one." Buddha, which means "enlightened one."

– he did not believe he was a god– he did not believe he was a god Dalai LamaDalai Lama:spiritual leader of Buddhism :spiritual leader of Buddhism Four Noble TruthsFour Noble Truths – beliefs – end – beliefs – end

suffereing, end desiresuffereing, end desire Eightfold PathEightfold Path: represents one of the : represents one of the

teachings of theteachings of the Eightfold PathEightfold Path – right – right thinking, speaking etc.thinking, speaking etc.

BuddhismBuddhism Reincarnation: karma Reincarnation: karma you get you get

what you give, new life, continuous what you give, new life, continuous cycle of life & deathcycle of life & death

Rejected Rejected Caste Caste SystemSystem

Salvation possible in Salvation possible in this Lifetimethis Lifetime

NirvanaNirvana spiritual spiritual enlightenment enlightenment

EarlyEarly ChinaChina ShangShang DynastyDynasty: 2000BCE system of writing : 2000BCE system of writing

pictographspictographs - drawings of objects - drawings of objects ideographsideographs – thought or idea – thought or idea

Oracle BoneOracle Bone early writing: early writing: ZhouZhou Dynasty: Dynasty:

Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven rise & fall of dynastiesrise & fall of dynasties

QinQin Dynasty: Shi huangdi - Dynasty: Shi huangdi - new technologies warfare, cavalry, Legalism new technologies warfare, cavalry, Legalism – you will obey orders!– you will obey orders!Burned Confucian booksBurned Confucian books

Ancient ChinaAncient China Qin China: standardized the Qin China: standardized the

language and writing of Chinalanguage and writing of China currency became standardized currency became standardized

circular copper coincircular copper coin Great Wall built Great Wall built

in north to in north to protect Chinaprotect China

Roads and Roads and irrigation canals irrigation canals builtbuilt –Burned books –Burned books

Classical ChinaClassical China Han China:Han China: Emperor Wudi: Emperor Wudi:

governmentgovernment & economy, Golden Age of China& economy, Golden Age of China

Han scientists wrote textbooks from Han scientists wrote textbooks from zoologyzoology to to botanybotany and and chemistrychemistry

AstronomersAstronomers accurate clocks & accurate clocks & calendars, calendars, PaperPaper, , wheelbarrow,wheelbarrow, AcupunctureAcupuncture alleviate pain & herbal alleviate pain & herbal remedies remedies

Silk Road: Silk Road: trade with the Roman trade with the Roman EmpireEmpire

and later empires east & west and later empires east & west

Classical ChinaClassical China Artists and Artists and architectsarchitects carvings carvings

in jade, wood, or ivory, & the in jade, wood, or ivory, & the elaborate templeselaborate temples

Silk, Ceramics, lacquer and Silk, Ceramics, lacquer and bamboo waresbamboo wares

Chinese Compass

Silk Road – 1st journey

Chinese PhilosophiesChinese Philosophies Ancestor worship Ancestor worship Confucianism: social order and Confucianism: social order and

mutual respectmutual respect - 500 BCE - 500 BCE FounderFounder-Kong Fu Zi - Confucius -Kong Fu Zi - Confucius Significant WritingsSignificant Writings--

The Analects - sayingsThe Analects - sayings

Chinese Philosophies - Chinese Philosophies - ConfucianismConfucianism Five RelationshipsFive Relationships: :

– Ruler to ruled. Ruler to ruled. – Father to son. Father to son. – Older brother to younger brother. Older brother to younger brother. – Husband to wife. Husband to wife. – Friend to friendFriend to friend JenJen-Human kindness should be shown -Human kindness should be shown

towards one another.towards one another. LiLi-Proper etiquette should always be used, -Proper etiquette should always be used,

and one should strive to achieve perfect and one should strive to achieve perfect virtue.virtue.

Filial PietyFilial Piety-One should respect their elders -One should respect their elders

Legacies of River ValleysLegacies of River Valleys

Expanded populations & urbanizationExpanded populations & urbanization New networks – roads & trade routes New networks – roads & trade routes

lined, sea routeslined, sea routes Established systems of government, Established systems of government,

laws, & religionlaws, & religion Established patterns of culture & Established patterns of culture &

cultural diffusioncultural diffusion