Pregnancy as a Rite of Passage
Transcript of Pregnancy as a Rite of Passage
Pregnancy as a Rite of Passage:Liminality, Rituals & Communitas
Denise Côté-Arsenault, PhD, RNC, FNAP,Davya Brody, RNC, MFA, MS
Mary-Therese Dombeck, PhD, Dmin, RNUniversity of Rochester, School of Nursing
Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health 24(2), Winter 2009
Key Words: Pregnancy, rite of passage, liminality, rituals, communitas, personhood, case studies
Problematique
How is Pregnancy be explained/explored as a rite of passage using the lens of liminality by van Gennep and Turner through case studies?
Topic/Subject &/or Scope and LimitationExploring/explaining Pregnancy as rite of passage &/or
liminal phase
Theoretical/ConceptualVan Gennep’s Rite of Passage and Turner’s
Liminality & Communitas
ObjectiveTo introduce the perspective of Pregnancy as a rite of
passage w/ a transformative liminal experience
MethodologyThrough Case Studies/Applications, usefulness of the
framework for clinicians and scholars are explored
Limited Perceptions on Pregnancy
-Medical Lens (Davis-Floyd 1992)
-Physiological state/aspect (Cunningham, Leveno, Bloom, Hauth, Gilstrap & Wenstrom 2005, Thomas 1993)
Psychological Views-Psychological Disequilibrium (Bibring 1959)
-Psychobiology of Pregnancy (Benedek 1970)
-Pregnancy as a change in a woman’s state of consciousness (Colman and Colman 1971; 1973.1974)
-Psychoanalysis, social pychology and cognitive mapping (Rubin 1984)
-Psychological processes thru assimilation of motherhood (Mercer 2004)
Rite of PassageRites
“enabl(ing) the individual to pass from one defined position to another w/ch is equally well defined” (van Gennep)
-Change within social structure (rules, roles, & relationship, etc)
-Initiation, transition, movement from former position to a new status
-3 parts: pre-liminal, liminal, post-liminal
Liminality
Liminal – middle part of van Gennep’s rite of passage
“liminal entities are neither here nor there; they are betwixt and between the positions assigned and arrayed by law, custom, convention, and ceremonial. As such, their ambiguous & indeterminate attributes are expressed by a rich variety of symbols that ritualize social and cultural transitions...” (Turner 1969)
3 Phases of changing status in society
1. separation, or the process of moving out of or away from the position once held in society (boy, girl, unmarried, child)
2. Marginality or liminality, person has not yet assumed a new role in society (teenagers, engaged but not yet married, pregnancy)
3. Aggregation, person assumes a new societal role following a separation & liminal process (woman, man, adult, married, mother)
Turner’s Liminality
• model
Communitas
-an aspect of liminality described in depth by Turner as an experience shared by a group of persons in similar transitional situations.
“anti-structure” (Turner 1977)
Feeling of fear & uncertainty
Pregnancy as a Liminal Space/ Pregnant Woman as Liminal Entity
Pregnant woman as ambiguous being
“The structural ‘invisibility’ of liminal persons has twofold character...once no longer classified, and not yet classified.” (Turner 1967/1987)
‘betwixt and between – ‘mother’ nor ‘not-mother’
Liminality as Creation
Creating a work art & Creating a Child
(an IDEA into a CELL into a baby
an artwork )
Negative space-the image of what you will become (mother), and what you will create a child) BUT what is not-YET-there
Three case studies
1. Typical Pregnancy
2. Complicated Pregnancy
3. Atypical Pregnancy
*3 models of pregnancy
Case Study 1: Typical Pregnancy-Jackie, 28 year old pregnant
Rite of passage: nausea, vomiting, pants that no longer fit, alteration of clothes, offering of baby names
Communitas: Childbirth classes WITH the husband, baby showers given BY FRIENDS,
-12 hours of labor, 1 hour of pushing, then
Aggregation: A healthy baby was born!
Jackie is already a mother!
Case Study 2: Complicated PregnancyElla, 34 years old
Rite of passage: sharing of excitement, comparing notes,
Communitas: baby shower,
-troubling wetness, fetal monitoring, uterine contractions, infection
-baby Joseph was born BUT he lived for 2 hours
-photos taken, hand & footprints,
-small memorial service
Case Study 2
Aggregation ?????
Ella slipped into a depression, alone, empty,
Left in frightening place of being between roles: she feels like a mother, YET, has no baby to hold or bring home to complete the rituals of incorporation
Case Study 3: Atypical Pregnancy
-Theresa, 19 years old
Rite of passage: midwife confirmation, pamphlets re fetal growth
-the father of the baby was incarcerated for parole violation
-Theresa became ambivalent about the pregnancy; resistant to prenatal care
Rite of passage ????? (tentative)
Case Study 3
Communitas ?????
-no husband, mother cant accompany her during the labor period
Theresa experienced agitation, pain medication, uncontrolled rapid breathing, TRAUMA,
Case Study 3-Then, a healthy baby boy was born!
Theresa REFUSED to look at or HOLD HER baby
Subsequently, the baby was given up for adoption
Aggregation ?????
Theresa was unable to acknowledge the state of pregnancy, and the role of motherhood
Significance of the Study
“Viewing pregnancy as a rite of passage with liminal phase provides a valuable framework for understanding women’s responses to pregnancy as well as serving as a guide for areas of focus needed for pregnancy support.”