PREFACE - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/37320/5/05_preface.pdf · The...

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PREFACE The India's Freedom Movement in modern history makes an interesting and expiosive study ro the scholars as well as general readers In the past India assimilated a number of cultures of different races and oour.tries. The country had witnessed innumerable movements and agitations in fighting for the right cause from times immemorial. In course of time the Brltishers finally emerged victorious in occupying :he Indian sub-continent through trade. East India Company had sway over Rayalaseema region when palegars subjugated to Britlsh power and became feudal lords under British rule. These palegars were treated 3s local military chieftains who held sway over small regions by paying annual tributes to the sovereign British rulers and supplying military troops to the authorities whenever necessary arose during the times of battles. The East india Company appointed Sir Thomas Munroe the principal collector of the Ceded D~stricts of Rayalaseema in 1800 A.D. Major General Duglas Campbell was appointed the commander of the Ceded Districts. As the palegars of Rayalaseema did not have any intention to recognise the authority of the British and revoiied against the British rule at several places. Thomas Munroe successfully suppressed them by the end of 1807 A.O. Even then some of the palegars in Rayalaseema oiganised conspiracy against Brit~sh rule and attacked the British off~cials. The palegars were arrested by the new Collector Cockburn, and again gave a chance as a humanist to come to settlement. As they refused to conciliate, the company forces ultimately defeated them absolutely at Nagapatnam, Kaliur, Pulicherla and Pullalur in September 1803 A.D. Their estates were confiscated and peace pacts were reached in accordance w ~ t h the

Transcript of PREFACE - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/37320/5/05_preface.pdf · The...

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PREFACE

The India's Freedom Movement in modern history makes an interesting

and expiosive study ro the scholars as well as general readers In the past India

assimilated a number of cultures of different races and oour.tries. The country

had witnessed innumerable movements and agitations in fighting for the right

cause from times immemorial. In course of time the Brltishers finally emerged

victorious in occupying :he Indian sub-continent through trade. East India

Company had sway over Rayalaseema region when palegars subjugated t o

Britlsh power and became feudal lords under British rule. These palegars were

treated 3s local military chieftains who held sway over small regions by paying

annual tributes to the sovereign British rulers and supplying military troops t o

the authorities whenever necessary arose during the times of battles. The East

india Company appointed Sir Thomas Munroe the principal collector of the

Ceded D~stricts of Rayalaseema in 1800 A.D. Major General Duglas Campbell

was appointed the commander of the Ceded Districts. As the palegars of

Rayalaseema did not have any intention to recognise the authority o f the British

and revoiied against the British rule at several places. Thomas Munroe

successfully suppressed them by the end of 1807 A.O. Even then some of the

palegars in Rayalaseema oiganised conspiracy against Brit~sh rule and attacked

the British off~cials. The palegars were arrested by the new Collector Cockburn,

and again gave a chance as a humanist to come to settlement. As they refused

to conciliate, the company forces ultimately defeated them absolutely at

Nagapatnam, Kaliur, Pulicherla and Pullalur in September 1803 A.D. Their

estates were confiscated and peace pacts were reached in accordance w ~ t h the

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the country. The prominent local regional leaders like Gooty Kesava Pillai, Kalluri

Subba Rao, Pappuri Ramacharyuiu, Anantasayznam lyengar, Gad~cheria

Harisarvotharna Rao and Neelam Sanjiva Reddy not only followed the main

stream of Nationai struggle but also successfully led the common people In the

major !ong drawn agitations to attain freedom of the country, as they bei~eved

that the region would be developed under self-governed agencies rather than

foreign dom~nation. The present study aims at showing the national

consciousness of common people and their role in National freedom struggle In

3ayalaseema with special emphasis on major political activities entitled

"Rayalaseema Freedom Struggle with special reference to main events" like

Vandemataram Movement, Home Rule Movement, Non Co-operation Movement

including Khilafat Movement, Salt Satyagraha combined with Civil Disobedience

Movement, Quir lndia Movement, Roie of Muslims in Rayalaseema freedom

struggle and Role of eminent freedom iighters have been studied and discussed

in this enquiry and examined briefly the ideas produced and propagated by the

natlonal leaders of North lndia in every major even: which was the deciding

factor of the Indian freedom movement as suggested by the Indian National

Congress reflected over Rayalaseema in carrying out the freedom struggle.

There have been a number of works on the theme of the National

Movement in Andhra, o f which Rayalaseema forms a part. In this direction

M.Venkatarangaiah, a prominent Historian of Andhra Freedom struggle

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produced much literature in the form of the work "Freedom Struggle in Andhra

Pradesh". Volume l to IV is an extensive major research on the course of the

national movement pertaining to Andhra Region. He produced severai

documents on the subject. Sarojini Regani's 'Highlights of Freedom Movement

in Andhra Pradesh' is a useful work forthe proper understandng of the polltical

end constitut~onal developments in Andhra during freedom struggle. Further,

some of the scholars have vivid account of Rayalaseema Freedom struggle.

Similarly fragments of works by a few scholars came into I~rnelight. All

highlighted the events area wise and isolated from the main stream of North

lndia. Hence, the researcher makes an attempt to fill up the wide sulf between

North lndia and Rayaiaseema. The Impact of North lnd~an Programmes over

Rayalaseema has been touched and studied under the present enquiry entitled

"Rayalaseema Freedom Struggle with Special Reference to Main Events".

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Due to vastness of the subject, the research IS confined to only major

events of freedom struggle from 1905 A.D. to 1947 A.D. The contribut~on of

common people and their participation in the major events from Anantapur,

Cuddapah, Chittoor and Kurnool have been discussed in the study. The role of

eminent leaders from Rayalaseema and Musl~m partic~pation In National

Movement of Rayalaseema have been highlighted in the work. The

conternporaneity of North Indian programmes envisaged by Indian Nat~onal

Congress from tlme to tlme and thew impact on Rayalaseema is also carefully

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examined i~ the presen? enquiry witi-out disturbing the reflections of Andhras

over Nationalism according to the local tradit~ons on various aspecrs like

inloxication, untouchability and uplift of Harijans and development of local

industries and national education. The invoivement of the people o i

Rayalaseema in the main stream of Nationalism was a continbous process. I t

professed in Vandematararn, Home Rule Movement, Non Co-operation and

Khilafat, Sai; Satyagraha and Civii Disobedience and Quit India Movement.

METHODOLOGY

The study has been made on the basisoiprimary and secondary sources.

The primary data have been collected from State Archives at Hyderabad,

Madras and National Arclives at New Delhi. Ali the details of Primary records

are available in these Archives and repositories and distr~ct collectorates.

Various documents, letters, records and newspapers collected from State

Archives of Hyderabad are very useful for this present study. Biographical

information has been collected in the form of personal interviews with the

leaders who are still alive in the Rayalaseema region. The other primary sources

like mff~cial documents, official as well as personal letters and pamphlets have

been consulted for the preserlt study. Besides, the information provided from

prominent Historical Records, Memoirs, Jail Queries, Monographs supplements

information of eminent freedom fighters in Rayalaseema. Many literary works

both in Telugu and English throw a flood light in reconstructing the present

study. I would like to mention here some of the library works like Sweeya

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Charithramu by K.Veeresalingam, Naa deevitha Katha Mavyandrarnu by

Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao, which are very csefui for the present enquiry. The

records o i Ail lndia Congress Committee and District Congress Committees of

this region have been studied. The roie of newspapers is commendable because

of their numerous attempts in gathering oublic opinion against the British mlghty

yoke. Other government records like confidential reports, District Magstrate

reports, pension records whichspokeof the details aboutthe prosecution of the

people by the government who participared in the movement have aiso been

referred to Various newspapers like Andhra Patrika, Sri Sadhana, The Hindu.

The Madras Mail, The Indian Express, The Indian Review and Young lndia

provide valuable information in the construction of the work. In addition to the

primary sources mentioned above, some of the secondary sources furnish

sufficient information for he preseni enquiry. The work has been divided into

ten chapters inciuding introduction.

FIRST CHAPTER : Chapter One reiatlng to a brief geographical and historical

background of Rayalaseema.

SECOND CHAPTER : I t emphasises the socio-religious, economic (cultural) and

political circumstances leading to the freedom struggle in Rayalaseema. The

social order (caste system) and its eco~iomic self-reliance in their respective

professions and soclal restrlctlon over down trodden classes caused fascinat~on

towards establlshmant of English Christ~an Missionar~es, which encouraged

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social equality snd uitimately much against the Hindu tradition by making law

on famiiy property. The religious oneness feeling of Hindus, anti-social

legislations and exploitation of economic resources, and new western

philosophicalthought inspired the Rayalaseema people against the alien rule has

been discussed in detail in this cha~ te r .

THIRD CHAPTER : Chapter Three deals with Vandemataram Movement and

discusses the role of moderates in the movement in North India during the year

1905 A.D. The division of Bengal, Calcutta Corporation Act, New Official

Secret Act, Indian University Act etc., have been passed by Lord Curzon.

causing much resentment by the Indians. As a result the extremists like Baia

Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai and Aurobindo Gosh

inculcated the new spirtt of opposition among the people against the British Raj.

The spirit of restiveness and discontent voiced by Tilak boon spread t o the other

parts of the country. The oblectives of the movement were (i) Boycotting the

British goods and replacing them with Swadeshi ones, ( 2 ) Boycotting of

students from Government and aided institut~ons, imparting of national

Education by the establishment of National Schools and Colleges and (3) The

boycotting of courts and setting of National Arbitration Courts which formed

part of the plan of action drawn up by the leaders of North India

The Rayalaseema people too plunged into the movement with the impact

of North India. The impact of the writings and teachings of the Nationalist

ieaders had an impact over Rayalaseema. The Rayaiaseema Weavers were sent

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to Japan to get technical know-how for the establishment of indigenous

industries in order to put an end to the foreign goods. K.T.Atchayya and some

others from Ceded Districts went to Japan and France and came t o

Rayaiaseema with full fledged technical skill in sericulture. The News paper

Suryodayapvakashika referred to the subscriptions collected In Rayalaseema

from Kurnool to send students to Japan for the train~ng of glass-making. In this

way Rayalaseema took both actlve and prominent role in the Vandemataram

Movement.

FOURTH CHAPTER : Chapter Four makes a detailed study of Home Rule

Movement. The extremists had faith in Swaraj but did not establish ar:

organisat~on of their own i o lead any movement. The time of hollowness was

occup~ed by Home Rule Movement of Balagangadhar Tilak and Mrs.Ann~e

Besant. Both held meetings at various places In North and South iBelgaum,

Ahammadabad, Madras, Bombay) and started the Home Ruie League at Madras

in September 1916 A.D. by Mrs.Annie Besant and Tilak started the same at

Poona. Swadeshi and national Education were Chief object~ves o f the

movement. National University was established at Madanapalli in Chittoor

district in Rayalaseema which became the centre of activity for Nat~onal

Education. Through the journals Common Weal and 'New India' Mrs.Annie

Besant cr i t~c~sed the British policies. She also established Scout Movement and

Young Men's Indian Association. Gooty Kesava Pillai was influenced by the

speeches of Mrs.Annie Besant and played a vital role in popularising the Home

Rule Movement In Rayalaseerna region. Kallur~ Subba Rao, one of the prominent

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leaders of Anantapur was attracted by her speeches and plunged inio the

movement. Besides, Ranganada Mudalisr, Hatti Siva Rao, Watti Sankar Rao,

Dora Swami lyengar, Partha Sarathi lyengar, Rajaramanaiah, Munaswami Naidu,

Kasi Naidu, Nageswara Rao, Goddi Rengaiah Naidu, A.S. Krishna Rao from

Rayalaseemajumped ~ n t o the rnovemeqt. Mrs.Annie Besant was arrested for her

anti-British Policies. The remaining leaders raised a voice revolting against the

arrest and number of meetings were he!d at Madanapalli, Vayalpad, Tirupati,

Kurnool, Anantapur and Cuddapah In Raya!aseema. Then the Britlsh

Governmenr released Mrs.Annie Besant on 17th September 1917 A.D. As the

First World War came to an end in the year IS1 9 A.D. the political turmoil also

changed and the Home Rule League ended.

FIFTH CHAPTER : Chapter Fifth discusses Non Co-operation Movement,

including Khilafat agitation. The first tlme we witness unity among two sectons

in the freedom movement of Indian Independence. Gandhi and Ali Brothers

toured the country and explained the meaning and signif~cance of the

movement. The Indian National Congress Committee at the Nagpur session in

December 1920 A.D. approved of the Non Co-operation and Khilafat agitation.

The people of Rayalaseema responded spontaneously to the Non Co-operation

and Khilafat agitation. It was significant that the Rayalaseema Musllms

responded to Khilafat Movement in North Indla. Swadeshi organisations were

made throughout the Rayalaseema, and foreign goods were put on bonfire. A

sp~nning home was established at Nagalapuam in Kurnool district and Charkas

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were supplied free of cost ro the poor st Adoni. Swadeshi Khaddar store was

also started by Ramachandra Rao in Kurnool district. The Khadi production

centre was opened at Kalakada in Vayalpad and a sales depot at Chittoor. In

1922 A.D. Gandhi Weaving school was started at Kalyanadurg and spinning

wheels were popularised in Tadipatri Taibk in Anantapur district. In 1924 A.D

Khaddar Board was started at Kwnool and popular leaders became the members

of the boards. Establishment of National Schools also followed by the

Rayalaseema people. During the years 1923 A.D. a National school was

established at Nagi Reddy Palli in Kadiri Taluk of Anantapur district by Venkata

Swami Reddy. National School was established in Anantapur under the aegis

of the district Congress Committee. Thirteen Munsifs resigned their jobs in

Cuddapah, Anantapur, Kurnool and Chittoor districts. Anti intoxication

campaigns were organised in all the Rayalaseema districts. Due t o this

programme Government suffered from substantial loss o i income from the

Ceded D~stricts.

SlXTH CHAPTER : Chapter Six deals with the Salt Satyagraha and the Civil

Disobedience Movement. The object of the Indian national Congress at t h ~ s time

was t o secure complete independence for India. Gandhiji took charge of the

programme. The Civil Disobedience Movement started by breaking Salt law

along wi th 80 of his chosen followers. He started a March from Sabaramati on

March 12th, 1930 A.D to Dandi on the sea shore and reached Dand~ on 6th

April, 1930 A.D. and picked upsalt by violating law. It was a signal for others

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to start civil disobedience all over the country. The 3ayalaseema peopie too

foliowec! Salt Satyagraha and Civil Disobedierce Movement. But, the t w o other

progranmes of the T~ip!e Boycott namely Anti-drinking and Swadeshi

Movements were successful in these areas. Kallur~ Subba Rao played a

prominent role in the Ceded Districts ro see that the 1930 A.D. Satyagraha

Movement was successf~l. In Rayalaseema, Salt Laws were violated by

preparing contraband salt from sait bay and distributed it in packets at various

places. Camps were organised at Bellari, Nandyai and Dharmavaram, Kalluri

Subba Rao, idukallu Sadasivam, KSubramanyam, V.C.Sastry, Anantasayanam

lyengar, Srinivasachari and Pappuri Ramacharyulu participated in the Salt

Satyagraha Movement in Rayalaseema. Boycottof foreign cloth wasmaintained

in Rayalaseema as a part of C~vil Disobedience Movement. As a result, Khaddar

Associations were started at many places in Rayalaseema. M.Anantasayanam

lyengar taught the peopie of Kaiakada village how to spin and make Yarn for

Khaddar. The students of Rayaiaseema who were studying in Madras colleges

joined Civil Disobedience Movement.

Responding to the call given by Gandhiji, number of women from

Rayalaseema participated in Civil Disobedience Movement. On 13th April, 1930

A.D. the students of Rayalaseema conducted a meeting at Gandhi Chowk in

Chittoor. A.Ananthasayanam lyengar was the leader of the students movement

and made them participate in Khaddar and temperance movements and the salt

campaigns. The Andhra Press took prominent role in the II phase of Civil

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Disobedience Movement. Besides, Rayalaseema Press attained ~ t s share in

inspiring common people through the publication of articles written by

intellectual patriots. The Telugu Newspapers in Rayalaseema were Koumodaki

and Aindravathi published from Nandyal and Pattikonda in Kurnool district. Sri

Sadhana, from Anantapur pub!ished The Round Table Conference and The

Lease of Toddy shops. Another Telugu annual, Rayalaseema Ugadi Kanuka

published a seditious article Wash Thy Feel in Worm Blood' from Tadipatri.

The uplift of Harijan programme was undertaken in Rayalaseema

especially by M.Ananthasayanam lyengar and Kalluri Subba Rao. During the

year 1933 A.D. in the last quarter of the movement Gandhiji again v~sited

Rayalaseema spearheading the movement of untouchability. As a result a

School for Harijans named Kesava Vidya Nilayam was established at Anantapur.

SEVENTH CHAPTER : Chapter Seven refers to the Quit lndia Movement. The

advancement of Japan army in the ll World War made Britishers cripple and

they realised that without cooperation of the Indians they would not be

successful in the battle field. So they sent Crips to lndia to get co-operation.

Finally the mission proved a total failure. ult~mately Gandhi concluded that the

adverse position of the British in the battlefield should make them realise to

leave lndia for Indians since they were unable to safeguard India. Finally, the

Congress met at Wardha on 14th July, 1942 A.D. and adopted the well known

Quit lndia Resolution.

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In Andhra, the provincial Congress Committee had issued a c~rcular

popularly known as Kurnool circuiar, before the commencement of an All lndia

Congress Committee Sess~on, at Bcmbay. Rayalaseema played an important

role in the Quit India Movemert. The Rayalaseema people took a violent part

in the movement in rhe first ohase of Quit lndia Movement. The people went

on hartais, demonstrations, processionsandconducted rneeungs. Kallur! Subba

Rao and M.Sanjiva Reddy were arrested at Anantapur, M.Ananthasayanam

lyengar was at Chittoor. Swam: Nityananda at Kurnool, Gurram Venkata Reddy

was at Nandyal. At Tirupat!, the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam High School

pupils boycotted classes and arranged a meeting near Govindarajaswamy

Pushkaran~. Tanguturi Prakasam, a member of the All lndia Congress Committee

was arrested at the railway station in Cuddapah. Sri Sadhana Patrika played a

key role in creatirg political awakening among the people of Rayalaseema. it

helped not only in the growth of the political awareness but also of social

justice had been emphasised. The peasants and artisans actively part~cipated

in the movement. The movement was organised in every nook and corner of

Chittoor, Anantapur, Kurnool and Cuddapah, and local leaders were arrested.

Secret meetings at Maddur were thwarted and the participants were arrested

for cutting of Telegiaph wires and other subversive-activities. The destruction

of Communication system took place in Rayalaseema.

The Raya1aseem.a students played a very commendable role in the Quit

lndia Movement by trying to bring about an effective boycott of educational

~nst i tut~ons as a mark of protest against the Government's repressive pol~cies.

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The women from Rayaiaseema also participated in distributing the pamphlets,

joining processions, and demonstrations. Amaravatamma from Kurnool,

iLKasamma from Gooty, participated and were arrested later.

EIGHTH CHAPTER : Chapter Eight deals with the study of participation of

Muslims in National movement with e special reference t o Rayalaseema. On

30th December, 1906 A.D. the Muslim League was formed st Dhaka. They

conducted two successive conferences held in 1909 A.D. and 1910A.D. Many

foresighted Muslim leaders like Mau~ana Abul Kaiam Azad and Sadik Aiikhan

denounced the aim of the League and appealed for Hindu-Muslim unity. The

League was compelled to modify its constitution and brought certaln changes

in the aims and objectives. Besides it, Msulana Mohammad-UI-Uiems-Hindu

which was league's rival in the polit~cai field was formed. The National

organisation vigorously opposed the communalism of the League and did

yeoman service to bring the Musl~m into Congress fold. In the first world war,

the Indian Muslims accepted the Emperor of Turkey as their Khalifa made ind~an

Muslims thought that the Britishers were their enemies. Thus, the Muslim

League came nearer to Indian National Congress. Both the Congress and Muslim

League heldtheir annual sessions at Lucknow. The differences had disappeared.

As a result, Mahatma Gandhi, Sarojini Naidu and Pt.Malaviya even attended the

Muslim League sessions and delivered speeches. The Congress accepted

Khilafa? agitation and the League agreed the Non Co-operation Movement. Both

were incorporated as one movement in the year 1920 A.D. and a conference

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was held by Hindu arid Muslims at Allahaljad in June 1920 A.D. Especially

Hyderabad became prominent forthe propagation of Khilafar Movement among

Muslims and Hindus. Barrister Asgar. Askari Hasan, Khaliuzzaman, Mohammad

Murtoza and Humayun Mirza took part ir. the movement. Among Hlndus

Pt.Kesava Rao, Vaman Naik, and Raghavendra Rao supported the Khilafat

agitation. In Chittoor district both Hindus and Muslims gave up drinking toddy

and arrack. Madar Saheb from Tirupati, Syed Mohiddin Biyabani from Kurnool

were pioneers of the Khilafat agitation in Rayalaseema. Shaik Imam Sahebfrom

Chitroor, participated in Salt Satyagraha, M.Shamsheer Baig from Kurnool gave

up his studies and participated in Civil Disobedience Movement and lnd~vidual

Satyagraha. Mullah Akbar Ali resident of Namakal, Mahaboob Saheb native of

Togerchedu in Nandyal Taluk of Kurnool district, K.Mahaboob Saheb native of

Kasaram village of Anantapur district, actively participated in Quit India

Movement.

NINTH CHAPTER : chapter Nine discusses in detail one of the important facts

revealed in the study about the freedom fighters of Rayalaseema who rendered

the~r services for the country's cause of Independence. Ayybdevara Kaleswara

Rao from Coastal Andhra and Gadicherla Harisarvothama Rao, who born in

Rayalaseema rendered significant services for Coastal Andhra dur~ng the

Vandemataram Movement till independence. G.Harisarvothama Rao fought for

the Welfare of the society which was evident by his efforts as a leader of the

Bharat Hindustan Sevadal Samithi and people called him Andhra Tilak. Kallur~

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Subba Rao was :he father of tbe Rayalaseema freedom struggle. He rendered

yeoman service forthe removal of untouchabiiity and the uplift of the depressed

classes. He was a member in Harijan Sevak Samaj from 1935 A.D. and

assumed Presidentship in the entire Andhra Province for Harijan Sevak Samaj.

In 1942 A.C. he established a Sevamandir, a rural development centre at

Hindupur, which was inaug~rated by C.Rajagopalachari. In this ~nstitute, he

introduced Khadi industry, paper making, bottle making and carpentry. As a

lover o f Art, he started Rayalakala Parishat in 1928 and continued his services

till 1466 A.D. Pappuri Ramacharyulu one of the leaders among prominent

personaii:ies !n Rayalaseema ireedom struggle. As an editor, he propagated

Gandhiji's ideais through Pinakini and Srisadhana. He was a staunch orthodox

as well as social worker. He encouraged Swadeshi and propagated to abandon

foreign goods. He was not only active participant in the freedom struggle of

Rayalaseema but also fought for the well being of the society. He worked for

the development of Co-operative Movement. Through his speeches, local

handicrafts gained momentum. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was a well known

freedom fighter in Andhra particularly in Rayalaseema who fought for the

country's freedom. As a patriot, he propagated Congress ideals like eradication

of untouchability, production of Khadi, and National Education among the

masses. Since Civil Disobedience, he played a vital role in the freedom struggle

till india achieved Independence. Madabhusi Anantasayanam lyengar, was a

Veteran Freedom fighter of Andhra from Rayalaseema. He was influenced by

Gandhi and plunged into Rayalaseema freedom struggle at the time of Home

Rule Movement. He dedicated his life for the propagation of Gandhijl's deals