PREDISPOSING FACTORS AGAINST DISEASE (NUTRITION …predisposing factors against disease (nutrition...
Transcript of PREDISPOSING FACTORS AGAINST DISEASE (NUTRITION …predisposing factors against disease (nutrition...
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
AGAINST DISEASE
(NUTRITION AND ANTI
NUTRITION) EDITED BY
PROF.DR.PRATIWI TS, MS, DRH,MS
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metabolic diseases
1. Infectious
• Caused by microorganisms
2. Noninfectious
Faulty nutrition
Metabolic disorder
Trauma
Toxic substance
Congenital defects
Birth defects 4/3/2017 tim epid- nutrition -2 2
DISEASES – Risk Factors
Animal Health Ireland 4/3/2017 tim epid- nutrition -2 3
Colostrum
First milk produced by dam after giving birth
Immunoglobulin (antibody) rich
Essential source of antibodies for newborn calves
Newborn calves have no immunity
Absorbed during first 6 hours
Lines gut and protects it
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1. Quantity
2. Quality
3. Quickly
The 3 Q’s of Colostrum Feeding
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2 litres within 6 hours
In total 10 % of calf’s birth weight with 12 hours
Generally 3 to 6 litres
20 min suckling = 3 litres intake!!
Colostrum Quantity
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Antibody absorption decreases after birth and stops by 24hrs
Colostrum Quickly
Antibody Absorption
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parts of food which provide for growth, maintenance, body functions
Carbohydrates (CHO)
Fats
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
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Depends on function of animal
Pregnant, Lactating, Working, Growing
How often to feed
Depends on stomach size & rate of metabolism
Stomach size is relevant to amount of feed fed
Cows = 1-2 /day
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Protein
Minerals
Used to build muscle, body tissue
Made of amino acids
Ruminants can make some proteins by self
Simple Stomachs need specific amino acids
Natural elements which regulate
certain body functions Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Zn,
Mo, Se, I, Co Most are trace minerals
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Nutritional Calf Scour
If calves are bucket fed ensure:
Regular feeding times
Milk substitute is fed at correct strength & temperature
Correct positioning of feed buckets
Buckets are thoroughly cleaned after use
Feeding through a teat can help
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How Infectious Agents Cause Calf Scour
1. Agents attacks gut wall. 2. Gut cannot absorb milk
3. Scour
4. Dehydration
5. Collapse / prolonged recovery
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Early Diagnosis is Important
Take a dung sample o So appropriate treatment can be started
and losses saved
o Cause has often disappeared by the time you go to look for it, although damage is done and symptoms remain
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Treatment of Calf Scours
1. Rehydration Manage milk intake Alternate electrolyte and milk feeds (4 per day) Intravenous fluids if very weak
2. Antibacterials etc to combat agents Consult Vet
3. Isolate, dry bedding & heat lamp
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Substances generated in natural feedstuff by a normal metabolism
Inactivation some nutritions, diminution of digestive process which excert effect contrary to optimum nutrition
ANF is not an intrinsic characteristic of compound nutrition but depends upon the digestive process of ingesting animals
Tripsin inhibitors which is ANF for monogastric but not in ruminant because have degraded in the rumen
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Non protein amino acid similar to tyrosine (Mimosa, Leucaena)
Level in the leaf is about 2 – 6 % and varies with season and maturity
Toxicity in ruminant poor growth, loss of hair and fall, lameless, mouth and oesophagel lesions
Depressed of thyroxine levels and goiter
Showed as Zn deficiency
Reduction of calving percentage
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Glycoside of sugars
Cyanida containing cyanogens
Susceptible to CN toxicity in ruminan than non ruminans
HCN absorbed and rapidly detoxified in trhe liver by the enzymes
Death follows rapidly
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The more important toxins affecting animal feeding are those associated with molds
These are called “mycotoxins”
Three important genera are Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium
They exist and grow anywhere as long as there is enough COH substrate, no less than 14% moisture, adequate temperature, oxygen
Usually produced in feedstuffs prior to harvest, but also result from poor storage
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Aflatoxin is the mycotoxin of greatest concern in feeding of culture species
Both outright toxic and carcinogenic
Liver (hepatoma) and blood clotting problems
Rainbow trout are highly sensitive at 1 ug/kg exposure
Traditionally, sources include corn, cottonseed and peanuts
Aflatoxin contamination varies year to year
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These are compounds produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium molds. widely found in nature
Typically associated with kidney toxicity
Toxic level is 4.7 mg/kg in diet
Most mold toxins also destroy nutrients in feeds
example: Pseudomonas can separate glutamic acid from folic acid, making it ineffective
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Phytic acid is an organic molecule related to inositol
integral component of plant feedstuffs and holds 60-70% of the phosphorus
problem is, it’s poorly available to fish
reduces availability of zinc
“Gossypol” is a component of pigment lands in the cotton plant
limits availability of cottonseed meal used in feeds (suppresses growth rate and causes liver damage)
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PENYAKIT METABOLIK
DEFISIENSI VITAMIN DAN
MINERAL
Disiapkan oleh
Prof.Dr.Pratiwi Ts, drh,MS
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POULTRY FEEDING Vitamin requirements:
A- Vitamin A:
Liberal supply of vit.A or carotene is needed for normal growth & health.
Def. Symptoms: retardation of growth, emaciation, staggering gait & ruffled feathers, reduced immunity
Sources: fish liver oils & other animal sources.
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POULTRY DEFICIENCY
• Emaciation, feathers fall
• Reduction of HD, decrease of hatchability
• Retarded growth Vitamin A
• Ataxia
• Pale Shanks, moist eyes Vitamin A
• paralysis
• Dark colour of Comb
• Respiratinon system disturb B 1 thyamin
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Metabolic & Deficiency Diseases
Milk Fever Also called:
Hypocalcemia
Parturient paresis
Downer cow syndrome
Non-febrile
Affects:
Dairy, beef, sheep, goats
Caused by:
Acute deficiency of Ca
Results in:
Paralysis
Circulatory collapse
Coma
Death
6% incidence rate in dairy cattle
Occurs within 24 hrs of calving
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◦ Caused by: Acute deficiency of Ca
◦ Results in: Paralysis
Circulatory collapse
Coma
Death
◦ 6% incidence rate in dairy cattle
◦ Occurs within 24 hrs of calving
Incidence increases with milk production and age
Some susceptibility differences between dairy breeds
Sub clinical hypocalcemia rates can affect 50% of dairy cows
Leads to:
Ketosis
Decreased reproductive efficiency
Decreased milk production in that lactation
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Rare in beef cattle
Goats – similar incidence rate to dairy
Cause
Initiation of lactation causes severe
outflow of Ca
Ca interacts with other minerals in the
blood
Incidence may be influenced by
levels of:
Mg, K, P, estrogen levels,
Acid-base balance
Feeding high Ca diets prior to
parturition
Cow doesn’t adapt to mobilizing
own Ca reserves
Hypoglycemia in Newborn Pigs
Called baby pig disease, or 3 day pig disease
Low blood sugar levels
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◦ Prevention Good nutritional management
practices in the preparturient period
Acidification of the diet
Ketosis ◦ Occurs in gestating or
lactating cattle ◦ Most frequently happens in
first 6 wks after calving ◦ Very often affects first-calf
heifers, or older cows
◦ Excessive amounts of ketone bodies found in urine, blood, milk
◦ Also called:
Acetonemia, hypoglycemia
◦ Similar to pregnancy disease in ewes
◦ Cause
Nutritional origin characterized by low blood sugar
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Can be handled for brief periods, but excessive time spent mobilizing own fat reserves results in ketosis
Can use a Keto Stick to test urine for ketone bodies
◦ Clinical Signs Rapid weight loss
Loss of appetite
Acetone smell on the breath
Nervousness
Grass Tetany ◦ Occurs in cattle & sheep
grazing on lush pastures
◦ Hypomagnesia (low blood Mg), sometimes accompanied by hypocalcemia
◦ High levels of N and K combine to inhibit Mg absorption
◦ Cause
Common in pastures early in the spring (within first 2-3 weeks of grazing)
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