PREDICTION OF EMISSIONS AND EXPOSURE TO MICRO- AND … · 2016-11-23 · Impact on particle number...

PREDICTION OF EMISSIONS AND EXPOSURE

TO MICRO- AND NANOPARTICLES IN

INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS

1 C. Ribalta, 1 A. Salmatonidis, 2 A.S. Fonseca, 1 M.Viana, 1 M.C. Minguillón, 3 A. López-Lilao, 3 S. Estupiñá, 3 M.J. Ibáñez, 3 E.Monfort

1IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain2NRCWE, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

3ITC, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castellón, Spain

CASE STUDY IN THE CERAMIC

INDUSTRY

Carla Ribalta | IDAEA-CSIC [email protected]

OUTLINE

Scope

Methodology

Results: - Spatial variability

- Exposure assessment as a function of:

- Material

- Operating conditions

- Air extraction system

Conclusions

1/16Carla Ribalta | IDAEA-CSIC [email protected]

SCOPE

Ceramic industry

Milling: mechanic process to reduce materials particle size

GOAL To quantify how particle emissions and workplace exposure are affected

by material properties and process conditions during a mechanic process (milling)

Impacts on workers exposure

Motivation: also potential impact on nanoparticle exposure

(process-generated nanoparticles)

Coarse particles

Dry powders different

nature Respiratory related disease

Used in traditional ceramic production processes and

ceramic pigments manufacturing. Dry process for mixing

and material preparation. Frequent process!


Materials Shape Uses d50 (µm)

Silica sand Spherical Ceramics production 120

Quartz 1 Spherical Materials preparation, forming,

glazing or firing.

14

Quartz 2 Spherical Pigment production for the

colouration of glazes.

3.8

Quartz 3 Spherical Used in rubber compounds. 2.7

Kaolin Laminar Traditional ceramics production.

Cement and metallurgical

industries

5.8

um

0 10 20 120

kaolin

Quartz 3

Quartz 2

Quartz 1

Silica sand

METHODOLOGY

Process conditions (aspiration, milling speed, particle separation):

High energy conditions Low energy conditions

3/16

Frequently used!


Device Information Range Image

CPC butanol Number concentration 4-1500 nm

NanoScan Number

concentration/Size

10-420 nm

DiSCmini Number

concentration/Size

10-700 nm

Grimm Mass 0.25-32 µm

Cassette (Au TEM

grids)

Particles image <10µm

METHODOLOGY


Outdoor

Breathing Zone

IndoorMilling

-Grimm

-DiSCmini

-Grimm

-DiSCmini

-Cassette

-Grimm

-DiSCmini

-Cassette

-CPC

-NanoScan

Breathing Zone :1m

from the floor and 50

cm from the

emission source

METHODOLOGY

5/16

Milling

Devices

Pilot Plant


0,0

50,0

100,0

150,0

200,0

250,0O

utd

oo

r

Ind

oo

r

Bre

ath

ing

zon

e

Ou

tdo

or

Ind

oo

r

Bre

ath

ing

zon

e

Ou

tdo

or

Ind

oo

r

Bre

ath

ing

zon

e

Ou

tdo

or

Ind

oo

r

Bre

ath

ing

zon

e

Ou

tdo

or

Ind

oo

r

Bre

ath

ing

zon

e

µg/

m3

PM10 Mass Silica sand Breathing zone Quartz 1 Breathing zone

Quartz 2 Breathing zone Quartz 3 Breathing zone

Kaolin Breathing zone

RESULTSSpatial variability

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

Ou

tdo

or

Ind

oo

r

Bre

ath

ing

zon

e

Ou

tdo

or

Ind

oo

r

Bre

ath

ing

zon

e

Ou

tdo

or

Ind

oo

r

Bre

ath

ing

zon

e

Ou

tdo

or

Ind

oo

r

Bre

ath

ing

zon

e

Ou

tdo

or

Ind

oo

r

Bre

ath

ing

zon

eSilica sand Quartz 1 Quartz 2 Quartz 3 Kaolin

µg/

m3

PM2.5 Mass

Particle exposure

generally higher in the

breathing zone

Temporal background:

minimum 15-20 minutes

prior measurements


Exposure assessment

Time

14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00

N (

cm

-3)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

ug/m

3

1

10

100

1000

10000

CPC Number concentration

Grimm PM10 mass

Temporal series for Quartz 2

Log scale

for mass!

7/16

RESULTS


Cleaning

Milling

Extraction

Exposure assessment

Time

15:08:00 15:28:00 15:48:00 16:08:00 16:28:00 16:48:00

N (

cm

-3)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

ug

/m3

1

10

100

1000

10000

Milling 1 Milling 2 Milling 3 Milling 4 Milling 5 Milling 6

Low energy

Milling increases coarser particles as expected (marked

cycles)

Lower impact on ultrafine particles, not negligible (seems to

suggest accumulation)

Low: increase and decrease

High: more constant levels

Material feeding!!

8/16

RESULTS


Milling process

High energy

Influence of input material

PM10 (High energy)

Material

BG Silica Silica BG Q1 Q1 BG Q2 Q2 BG Q3 Q3 BG KaolinKaolin

ug/m

3

1

10

100

1000

10000

Significant if :

Exposure > 3σ+BG

Significant increase for all materials!

9/16

PM2.5 and PM1 only

significant for Silica

and kaolin!

RESULTS



Number concentration (High energy)

Material


N (

cm

-3)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

High increase of

nanoparticle

exposure for Silica

10/16

RESULTS


Influence of operating conditions

PM10 (High energy)

Material


ug/m

3

1

10

100

1000

10000

3.53.7 7.9 3.1

24.0

PM10 (Low energy)

Material

BG Silica Silica BG Q1 Q1 BG Q2 Q2 BG Q3 Q3 BG KaolinKaolinu

g/m

31

10

100

1000

10000

4.5

1.6

18.7

Higher particle emission with high energy conditions

11/16

Workers exposure can be reduced changing operating conditions

Mass concentrationsRESULTS



0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Nu

mb

er

µm

Number size distribution (0.4-10 um)

Silica sand Quartz 1 Quartz 2 Quartz 3 Kaolin

12/16

RESULTS


75,8

43,4

55,653,4 53,4 54,6 54,2

47,2

62,9

55,0

46,450,1

47,044,1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

BG

Low

en

ergy

Hig

h e

ner

gy BG

Low

en

ergy

Hig

h e

ner

gy BG

Low

en

ergy

Hig

h e

ner

gy BG

Low

en

ergy

Hig

h e

ner

gy BG

Low

en

ergy

Hig

h e

ner

gy

Silica sand Quartz 1 Quartz 2 Quartz 3 Kaolin

nm

Size


Impact on mean

nanoparticle

diameter

General reduction of mean particle size

(BG)

Silica and Kaolin the smallest values

Highest reductions for Silica and Q3

13/16

SizeRESULTS


Increase of particles

between 20-50 nm

Extraction ON!

0,0

50,0

100,0

150,0

200,0

250,0

300,0

350,0

400,0

450,0

Silica sand Quartz1 Quartz 2 Quartz 3 Kaolin

µg/

m3

PM10 for ProcessCleaning Feeding Milling Extraction

No reduction of nanoparticle

exposure!

Reduction of coarser

particle concentrations

14/16

Air extraction system

Extraction

Extraction

RESULTS


Impact on mass concentrations, significant for all materials (PM10=69-226,

PM2.5=18-45, PM1=5-12 µg/m3)

CONCLUSIONS

15/16

Impact on particle number concentrations, significant for one material (30713-

49155 cm-3)

Operating conditions influence particle exposure and diameter

Mean diameters detected (<420 nm): 43-53 nm

Size distribution = trimodal (diameters 0.4-0.5/2/4 µm)

Extraction had a positive impact on particle mass concentrations reduction, but

negative on particle number concentration

Further studies:

o to compare with dustiness laboratory tests (ongoing)

o to see the potential impact on exposure of the increase in operating time due to the

use of lower energy conditions


Thank you for your attention

Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation CGL2015-66777-C2-1-R

SIINN ERA-NET and the European Commission

16/16

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ITC technical staff



PM2.5 (High energy)

Material


ug

/m3

1

10

100

1000

10000

17

RESULTS


18

PM2.5

(Low energy)

Material

BG Q1 Q1 BG Q2 Q2 BG Q3 Q3 BG Kaolin Kaolin

ug/m

3

1

10

100

1000

10000

RESULTS



PM1 (High energy)

Material


ug

/m3

1

10

100

19

RESULTS


20

PM1 (Low energy)

Material

BG Q1 Q1 BG Q2 Q2 BG Q3 Q3 BG Kaolin Kaolin

ug/m

3

1

10

100

RESULTS


Number concentration (High energy)

Material


N (

cm

-3)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

3.8

1.0

Number concentration (Low energy)

Material

BG Q1 Q1 BG Q2 Q2 BG Q3 Q3 BG KaolinKaolin

N (

cm

-3)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

1.2


21

Particle numberRESULTS


23

Silica sand

Time

11:00:00 13:00:00 15:00:00 17:00:00

N (

cm

-3)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

ug/m

3

1e+0

1e+1

1e+2

1e+3

1e+4

1e+5


Grimm PM10 mass

Quartz 1

Time

12:00:00 14:00:00 16:00:00 18:00:00

N (

cm

-3)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

ug/m

3

10

100

1000

10000


Grimm PM10 mass

Quartz 3

Time

09:00:00 11:00:00 13:00:00 15:00:00

N (

cm

-3)

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000ug/m

3

1e+0

1e+1

1e+2

1e+3

1e+4

1e+5


Grimm PM10 mass

Kaolin

Time

09:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00

N (

cm

-3)

0

2e+4

4e+4

6e+4

8e+4

1e+5

ug/m

3

1

10

100

1000

10000


Grimm PM10 mass

68%

20%

12%

Quartz 1

73%

19%

8%

Quartz 2

70%

21%

9%

Quartz 3

60%

26%

14%

Quartz 1

73%

17%

10%

Quartz 2

62%17%

21%

Quartz 3

Low energy

80%

17%

3% Kaolin

79%

18%

3% Kaolin


BG values

influence!

23

Mass concentrationsRESULTS


High energy

24

high energy Number PM10 PM2.5 PM1.0

Silica-1 2.9 1.9 2.8 1.3Silica-2 3.0 1.1 1.7 1.0Silica-3 2.5 1.1 1.8 1.0Silica-4 2.4 0.8 1.3 0.8Silica-TOT 2.7 1.3 1.9 1.0QS60-4 0.4 1.2 1.1 0.9

QS60-5 0.4 1.2 1.0 0.7QS60-6 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.6QS60-TOT 0.4 1.1 0.9 0.7QI01-4 0.5 2.6 0.3 0.3QI01-5 0.5 2.0 0.3 0.3QI01-6 0.4 2.8 0.4 0.3QI01-TOT 0.5 2.5 0.4 0.3QEL01-4 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.3

QEL01-5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.3QEL01-6 0.8 3.0 1.7 0.4QEL01-TOT 0.7 1.6 0.9 0.3kolin-4 0.1 5.8 2.7 0.8kaolin-5 0.1 7.2 3.1 0.9kaolin-6 0.1 5.1 2.3 0.7kaolin-TOT 0.1 6.0 2.7 0.8

low energy Number PM10 PM2.5 PM1.0

Silica sand - - - -

QS60-1 0.98 0.55 0.66 0.88

QS60-2 0.98 0.45 0.58 0.97

QS60-3 0.84 0.40 0.52 0.97

QS60-TOT 0.93 0.47 0.58 0.94

QI01-1 0.23 2.00 0.21 0.37

QI01-2 0.26 1.14 0.19 0.38

QI01-3 0.41 1.04 0.21 0.44

QI01-TOT 0.30 1.39 0.21 0.40

QEL01-1 0.52 1.07 0.85 0.60

QEL01-2 0.43 0.69 0.56 0.45

QEL01-3 0.39 0.73 0.47 0.30

QEL01-TOT 0.45 0.83 0.63 0.45

kolin-1 0.28 14.61 9.00 2.93

kaolin-2 0.28 8.34 4.38 1.62

kaolin-3 0.54 7.57 4.73 1.65

kaolin-TOT 0.37 10.17 6.04 2.07

RESULTS


PREDICTION OF EMISSIONS AND EXPOSURE TO MICRO- AND … · 2016-11-23 · Impact on particle number...

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