Predicting Future Performance of Improved Soils from Today ... fileClick to edit Master subtitle...
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Predicting Future Performance of Improved Soils from Today’s Test
Data
David A. Saftner, Russell A. Green, & Roman D. Hryciw
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Ø Sand Aging Overview
Ø Field Testing
Ø Explosive Compaction
Ø NEES Vibroseis Testing
Ø Laboratory Testing
Ø Summary
Outline
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Sand Aging OverviewPractical Application
+4
+2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
10 15 2050Le
vel:
mPD
CPT qc (MPa)
Post-vibrocompaction(~2 weeks after)
Pre-vibrocompaction
Post-vibrocompaction(~6 weeks after)
Minimum Allowable qc
(from Debats and Sims 1997)
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Proposed Mechanisms: Ø Mechanical – micro-level particle
rearrangement
Ø Chemical – precipitation and cementation
Ø Dissolution of bubbles – blast gas or air
Ø Biological – microorganisms
Sand Aging Overview
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Methods of dealing with aging: Ø Scheduling time to allow aging to
occur
Ø Site specific aging metrics based on test improvement projects
Ø Several proposed relationships:
Sand Aging Overview
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Methods of dealing with aging: Ø Schmertmann et al. (1986)
Ø Based on observations of a dynamic compaction test site prior to main site improvement project
Sand Aging Overview
Time between improvement and CPT (days)
Factor by which to multiply qc
5 1.35
10 1.2
15 1.15
20 1.12
30 1.06
40 1.03
50 1.01
60 1.00
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Methods of dealing with aging: Ø Mesri et al. (1990)
Sand Aging Overview
cD CCC
RRc
c
t
t
q
q/
)(
α
=
(qc)R = tip resistance at a reference time after the end of primary consolidationt = time of aged tip resistance measurementtR = reference time following primary consolidationCD = parameter reflecting densification methodC = secondary compression indexCc = compression index
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Methods of dealing with aging: Ø Charlie et al. (1992)
Sand Aging Overview
)log(*1)(
)(
_1
_ NKq
q
weekc
weeksNc +=
K = empirical constant based on the chartN = number of weeks since disturbance
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Methods of dealing with aging: Ø Joshi et al. (1995)
Sand Aging Overview
bt taP
P)(
1
=a b
Dry state 0.9 0.06
Distilled water 0.75 0.15
Sea water 0.7 0.17
Pt, P1 = penetration resistance on tth and 1st day following disturbance, respectivelyt = aging period in daysa, b = constants depending on environmental conditions with average values shown in the table above
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Field Testing
Blast site
Vibroseis site
Paleo-liquefaction features
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Field TestingPaleo-liquefaction feature
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Field Testing
Clay
Loose ~GWTSand
DenseSand
LooseGravellySand
1.5m
3m
5m
10m
14m
Lower Liquefiable Layer
Upper Liquefiable Layer
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Field TestingCone Penetration Test
Friction SleevePressure
Transducer
Vision Cone Camera
Accelerometer
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Explosive Compaction
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Explosive Compaction
20’
CPT
Pre-Blast
One Week
One Month
2.5 Months
3.5 Months
CPTu
SCPT
DMT
VisCPT
One Year
A
A’
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1.15m (45.9”)
Explosive Compaction
Clay
Loose ~GWTSand
DenseSand
LooseGravellySand
1.5m
3m
5m
10m
14m
6.1m (20’)
0.1m (4.5”)
0.6m (22.5”)
12m
View A-A’
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Explosive Compaction
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Explosive Compaction0 5 1
015
20
25
30
35
400
20
Tip resistance, q
c (MPa)
Pre-Blast Range (7 tests)One Week Range (6 tests)2.5 Month Range (3 tests)
Upper Liquefiable Layer
Lower Liquefiable Layer
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Dep
th,
z (m
)
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Explosive Compaction
Dep
th, z
(m
)
One Week Range (6 tests)2.5 Month Range (3 tests)
0 2 4 6 8 10
12
141
.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Tip resistance, q
c (MPa)
One Week Range (6 tests)2.5 Month Range (3 tests)
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Explosive Compaction0 2 4 6 8 1
01.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Tip resistance, q
c (MPa)
One Week Average (6 tests)1 Month Average (3 tests)2.5 Month Average (3 tests)1 Year Average (3 tests)
Dep
th,
z (m
)
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Explosive Compaction100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 2002
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Shear Wave Velocity, Vs (m/s)
Depth, z (m)
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NEES Vibroseis
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NEES Vibroseis
CPT
Pre-Blast
One Week
One Month
9 Months
SCPT
DMT
VisCPT
7.5’
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NEES Vibroseis
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NEES Vibroseis
Upper Liquefiable Layer
Dep
th,
z (m
)
0 5 10
15
20
25
30
35
400
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tip resistance, q
c (MPa)
Post-shake range (3 tests)One month range (3 tests)
Upper Liquefiable Layer
Dep
th,
z (m
)
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NEES Vibroseis0 5 1
015
20
25
30
35
400
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tip resistance, q
c (MPa)
Pre-shake average (4 tests)Post-shake average (3 tests)One month average (3 tests)One year average (3 tests)
Upper Liquefiable Layer
Dep
th,
z (m
)
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Laboratory Testing
0.010.11100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Grain Size Distribution in Upper and Lower Liquefiable Layers
Diameter (mm)
% Passing
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Laboratory Testing
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Ø Sand aging is important because of dependence on in-situ testing when developing QA metrics
Ø Following explosive compaction, CPT qc and Vs showed time-dependent increases
Ø Following vibroseis shaking, Vs showed slight time-dependent increases but little change to CPT qc
Summary
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Ø Comparison of several field disturbance techniques and laboratory testing performed on the same site/soil is unique in aging literature
Ø Synergistic laboratory/field components of this research will allow development of a metric that predicts future in-situ test results using today’s data
Summary
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Ø EERI, FEMA, & NEHRPØ NSF & NEESØ Professors Jerry Lynch, Richard
Woods & Kyle RollinsØ Jan Pantolin & Yongsub JungØ Mulzer Crushed Stone, IncØ Spartan Specialties, Ltd
Acknowledgements