Precordial* buldge* - COFFEE BREAK...

3
Inspection & Palpation Precordial buldge With the patient in the recumbent position, look tangentially while standing at the feet and the side of the patient Causes of precordial buldge 1. Disease since early childhood congenital or rheumatic heart disease 2. Underlying disease as pericardial effusion and RVH Scar Median sternotomy (open heart surgery) Valve replacement Valve repair (vulvoloplasty) Valve regurge CABG Lateral thoracotomy (clsed mitral vulvulotomy) Site: Left infra mammary Mitral restenosis may be suspected MR due to overcorrection may be suspected Dilated veins SVC obstruction Mediastinal mass SV thrombus IVC obstruction Pigmentation Causes of pigmentation in malar area (butterfly pigmentation) MS SLE Pellagra Pregnancy Pulsation 1. Apex 2. Left parasternal 3. Pulmonary 4. Aortic 5. Epigastric Apex pulsation Site Left 5 th intercostal space, midclavicular line, 3.5’’ or 9 cm from midline (normal) LVH outward and downward RVH outward Child 4 th intercostal space Thin and tall person 6 th intercostal space Detrocardia right side pulsation at 5 th intercostal space Ascites , pregnancy above than 5 th intercostal space Extent Localized : the maximal intensity constitute one space LVH Diffuse : the maximal intensity of pulsation at more than one space RVH LV aneurysm Double apex (Rocking movement) both ventricle hypertrophy, myocardial aneurysm Character Normal No special character Hyperdynamic Forceful but non sustain It indicates LV volume overload Can be felt in case of 1. AR 2. Hyperdynamic circulation pregnancy, anemia, etc Heaving Forceful and sustain pulse It indicates left ventricle pressure over load Can be felt in case of obstruction at LV ejection AS, coarctation of aorta, systemic HTN Slapping Brief apical impulse + palpable S1 Cause by mitral stenosis Thrill Any abnormalities = organic murmur Systolic thrill with the apical beat as in MR, with carotid pulsation Diastolic thrill after the apical beat as in MS, away from carotid pulsation Thrill at the base (aortic & pulmonary) as in AS, PS, PDA Thrill at the parasternal small muscular VSD Thrill at the tricuspid area diastolic: TS, systolic: TR Absent apex pulse 1. Obese 2. Apex behind rib 3. Left pleural effusion or thickening or left pneumothorax 4. Emphysema 5. Pericardial effusion 6. Weak contraction or systolic retraction 7. Dextrocardia 8. Myxedema

Transcript of Precordial* buldge* - COFFEE BREAK...

Inspection  &  Palpation  Precordial  buldge  

• With  the  patient  in  the  recumbent  position,  look  tangentially  while  standing  at  the  feet  and  the  side  of  the  patient    

• Causes  of  precordial  buldge  1. Disease  since  early  childhood  à  congenital  or  rheumatic  heart  disease  2. Underlying  disease  as  pericardial  effusion  and  RVH  

       

Scar  

Median  sternotomy  (open  heart  surgery)  • Valve  replacement    • Valve  repair  (vulvoloplasty)  à  Valve  regurge  • CABG  

 Lateral  thoracotomy  (clsed  mitral  vulvulotomy)  

• Site:  Left  infra  mammary    • Mitral  restenosis  may  be  suspected  • MR  due  to  overcorrection  may  be  suspected  

 Dilated  veins  

SVC  obstruction    • Mediastinal  mass    • SV  thrombus    

IVC  obstruction    

   

Pigmentation  

Causes  of  pigmentation  in  malar  area  (butterfly  pigmentation)  • MS  • SLE  • Pellagra  • Pregnancy    

   

Pulsation  

1. Apex  2. Left  parasternal    3. Pulmonary    4. Aortic    5. Epigastric    

 Apex  pulsation  

   

Site  

Left  5th  intercostal  space,  midclavicular  line,  3.5’’  or  9  cm  from  midline    (normal)  • LVH  à  outward  and  downward  • RVH  à  outward  • Child  à  4th  intercostal  space  • Thin  and  tall  person  à  6th  intercostal  space    • Detrocardia  à  right  side  pulsation  at  5th  intercostal  space  • Ascites  ,  pregnancy  à  above  than  5th  intercostal  space  

   

Extent  

Localized  :  the  maximal  intensity  constitute  one  space    • LVH    

Diffuse  :  the  maximal  intensity  of  pulsation  at  more  than  one  space    • RVH  • LV  aneurysm    

Double  apex  (Rocking  movement)  à  both  ventricle  hypertrophy,  myocardial  aneurysm              

Character  

Normal   No  special  character      

 Hyperdynamic  

• Forceful  but  non  sustain    • It  indicates  LV  volume  overload  • Can  be  felt  in  case  of    

1. AR  2. Hyperdynamic  circulation  à  pregnancy,  anemia,    etc  

 Heaving  

• Forceful  and  sustain  pulse    • It  indicates  left  ventricle  pressure  over  load  • Can  be  felt  in  case  of  obstruction  at  LV  ejection  à  AS,  coarctation  of  aorta,  systemic  

HTN  Slapping   • Brief  apical  impulse  +  palpable  S1  

• Cause  by  mitral  stenosis      

Thrill  • Any  abnormalities  =  organic  murmur    • Systolic  thrill  with  the  apical  beat  as  in  MR,  with  carotid  pulsation    • Diastolic  thrill  after  the  apical  beat  as  in  MS,  away  from  carotid  pulsation    • Thrill  at  the  base  (aortic  &  pulmonary)  as  in  AS,  PS,  PDA  • Thrill  at  the  parasternal  à  small  muscular  VSD  • Thrill  at  the  tricuspid  area  à  diastolic:  TS,  systolic:  TR  

     

Absent  apex  pulse  

1. Obese    2. Apex  behind  rib    3. Left  pleural  effusion  or  thickening  or  left  pneumothorax  4. Emphysema    5. Pericardial  effusion    6. Weak  contraction    or  systolic  retraction    7. Dextrocardia    8. Myxedema    

 Area   Structure   Anatomical  location  

Apex  (mitral  area)   Apex  of  left  ventricle     Left  5th  ICS,  just  inside  MCL  (below  nipple)    

Left  parasternal  1. Right  ventricle    2. Interventricular  septum    3. Left  atrium    

Left  sternal  border  to  left  MCL  3rd,  4th  ,  5th  ICS    

Tricuspid   Tricuspid  valve   Lower  end  of  left  sternal  border    Right  border   Upper  ½:  ascending  aorta  &  SVC  

Lower  ½:  right  border  of  right  atrium    Just  behind  or  1  cm  lateral  to  right  sternal  border    

Pulmonary   Pulmonary  artery     Left  2nd  ICS,  in  parasternal  line    First  aortic  (A1)   Ascending  aorta     Right  2nd  ICS,  in  parasternal  line    Second  aortic  (A2)   Left  ventricular  outflow  tract     Left  3rdICS,  in  parasternal  line    

 Waist  

1. Left  atrial  appendage    2. Pulmonary  artery    3. Left  ventricular  outflow  tract    

Left  3rd  space  and  It  measures  from  midline    ½  space  between  midline  and  apex  

Left  infraclavicular   Ductus  atriosus     Below  medial  1/3  of  left  clavicle    

Bare  Right  ventricle     4th,  5th  ICS,    

Mid  sternal  line  to  left  parasternal  line  (4cm)    

Epigastric  Right  ventricle    Abdominal  aorta  Liver    

From  xyphisternal  junction  &  umbilicus  (upper  half)  

 

Epigastric  pulsation  Site   Between  xyphisternal  junction  and  umbilicus    

Structure   1. Liver    2. Abdominal  aorta  3. Right  ventricle    

 Hepatic  pulsation   • TR  (systolic)  

• TS  (presystolic)  • RVF  (wavy)  • High  vascular  hepatoma  (systolic)  

 Abdominal  aorta  

pulsation  • Aortic  aneurysm  (if  tender  à  high  risk  to  rupture)  • Causes  of  big  pulse  volume  à  AR  and  others  •  

Right  ventricle  pulsation   • RVH  causes  • Low  diaphragm  in  emphysema    

Pulmonary  area  Site   Left  second  intercostal  space      

Causes  • Pulsation:    

o Pulmonary  hypertension    o Pulmonary  artery  dilatation    o Aortic  aneurysm    o Left  atrial  enlargement    

• Palpable  S2  =  diastolic  shock  =  pulmonary  hypertension    • Systolic  thrill  à  pulmonary  stenosis,  AS,  VSD,    PDA  

Left  parasternal  area  Site   Left  sternal  border  to  left  midclavicular  line  at  3rd,  4th  ,  5th  intercostal  space    

Structure   Right  ventricular    Causes   Pulsation  à  RVH  ,  marked  LA  dilatation  due  to  severe  MR  

Systolic  thrill  à  VSD,  AS,  PS,  TR,  MR  Aortic  area  

Site   Right  second  intercostal  space    Structure   Ascending  aorta  Causes   Pulsation  à  aortic  dilatation  except  post  stenotic    

Palpable  S2  =  systemic  hypertension    Systolic  thrill  à  AS,  PS  VSD  

Others  area  Right  parasternal  

pulsation    • Marked  right  atrial  dilatation    • Dextrocardia  

• Ascending  aortic  aneurysm    • Huge  left  atrium    

Suprasternal  pulsation     • Unfolding  (or  aneurysm)  of  aortic  arch  or  aneurysm    

• Causes  of  visible  carotid  pulsation    • Hyperdynamic  circulation    

• High  aortic  arch    • Short  obese  person    • Coaractation  of  aorta  

Percussion        

Right  border  of  heart  

1. Dullness  at  right  sternal  border  à  normal    2. Dullness  inside  right  sternal  border  à  heart  is  shifted  to  the  left  (left  fibrosis/collapse)  3. Dullness  outside  right  sternal  border    

o Right  atrial  enlargement  o Severe  left  atrial  enlargement  o Pericardial  effusion    o Dextrocardia    o Aneurysm  in  aortic  arch  root  o Giant  aneurysmal  dilatation  of  left  atrium    o Pushed  heart  by  left  pleural  effusion  or  pneumothorax    

 Apex  of  the  heart  

Causes  of  dullness  outside  the  apex  1. Ventricular  aneurysm    2. Pericardial  effusion    3. Lung  causes    

   

Pulmonary  area  

Causes  of  dullness  at  pulmonary  area    1. Pulmonary  artery  dilatation      2. Pericardial  effusion    3. Aortic  aneurysm    4. Left  atrial  dilatation  or  enlargement    5. Lung  causes  (collapse,  fibrosis,  tumor,  consolidation)  

 Aortic  area  

Causes  of  dullness  at  aortic  area  1. Aortic  dilatation    2. Lung  causes    

   

Cardiac  waist  

Causes  of  dullness  of  cardiac  waist  1. Left  atrial  dilatation    2. Pulmonary  dilatation    3. Pericardial  effusion    4. Lung  causes    

 Bare  area  of  

heart  

Causes  of  large  bare  are    1. Right  ventricular  enlargement    2. Pericardial  effusion    3. Retraction  of  lung  by  collapse  or  fibrosis  

 

Causes  of  small  (or  resonant)  bare  area  1. Emphysema  2. Left  pneumothorax  3. Dextrocardia    

 Lower  end  of  sternum  

Causes  of  stony  dullness  1. Marked  RVH  2. Pericardial  effusion    3. Right  lung  causes    

 Borders  of  the  heart  

  3rd  right  costal  cartilage,  0.5’’  from  the  edge  of  the  sternum,  (1’’  from  midline)     6th  right  costal  cartilage,  0.5’’  from  the  edge  of  the  sternum       2nd  left  costal  cartilage,    0.5’’  from    the  edge  of  the  sternum       3rd  left  ICS,  1.5’’  from  the  edge  of  the  sternum       5th  left  ICS,  3.5’’  from  the  midline  Apex     5th  left  ICS,  3.5’’  from  the  midline  at  MCL  Base     Opposite  T7  –  T10