Pre-European TimesPre-European Times

Pays d’en haut Pays d’en haut Area made up basically of Algonquin speaking Area made up basically of Algonquin speaking

people, who opposed the Iroquois on the east & people, who opposed the Iroquois on the east & opposed the Sioux on the west.opposed the Sioux on the west.

Middle Ground DevelopsMiddle Ground Develops

““The creation of the Middle Ground involved The creation of the Middle Ground involved a process of mutual invention by both the a process of mutual invention by both the French and the Algonquins.”French and the Algonquins.”

In the pays d’en haut, Indians and whites of In the pays d’en haut, Indians and whites of widely different social class and status had, for widely different social class and status had, for a variety of reasons, to rely on each other in a variety of reasons, to rely on each other in order to achieve quite specific ends.order to achieve quite specific ends.-Middle Ground, Richard White-Middle Ground, Richard White

Fur Trade developsFur Trade develops

As we have already discussed in class, the fur As we have already discussed in class, the fur trade developed and became an intricate part trade developed and became an intricate part of the relations between Natives and at first of the relations between Natives and at first French, and then the British. French, and then the British.

Changing alliancesChanging alliances

As noted in our textbook, the British victory As noted in our textbook, the British victory over the French in the “French and Indian over the French in the “French and Indian War” led to a shift in power and alliances in War” led to a shift in power and alliances in the middle ground.the middle ground.

Also note that as American Independence is Also note that as American Independence is achieved, another shift of sorts takes place in achieved, another shift of sorts takes place in the alliances, and relationships of the middle the alliances, and relationships of the middle ground.ground.

The need for landThe need for land

Which brings us to the topic of land taking and Which brings us to the topic of land taking and the treaties that would secure land from Native the treaties that would secure land from Native people and give control of these lands to “new people and give control of these lands to “new comers”.comers”.

So let’s turn our focus to understanding what So let’s turn our focus to understanding what treaties are.treaties are.

Treaties:Treaties:What are They?What are They?

DefinitionDefinition A treaty is a binding agreement under international law A treaty is a binding agreement under international law

concluded by subjects of international law, namely states and concluded by subjects of international law, namely states and international organizations. Treaties can be called by many international organizations. Treaties can be called by many names: treaties, international agreements, protocols, names: treaties, international agreements, protocols, covenants, conventions, exchanges of letters, exchanges of covenants, conventions, exchanges of letters, exchanges of notes, etc.; however all of these are equally treaties, and thenotes, etc.; however all of these are equally treaties, and the rules are the same regardless of what the treaty is called. rules are the same regardless of what the treaty is called.

Ugh….. Let’s try again!Ugh….. Let’s try again! A Treaty is an agreement between two nations.A Treaty is an agreement between two nations.

Who were the key players? Who were the key players? (i.e.(i.e. who are they made for?) who are they made for?)

Native people(s)Native people(s) New ComersNew Comers

Why did treaties develop?Why did treaties develop?

There are many different reasons for treaties to There are many different reasons for treaties to be written:be written: In order to prevent war over disputed areas.In order to prevent war over disputed areas. In order to gain ownership of an area of land.In order to gain ownership of an area of land. In order to gain access to resources in a given area.In order to gain access to resources in a given area. The list goes on and on.The list goes on and on.

Pro’s & Con’s of TreatiesPro’s & Con’s of Treaties

Pro’sPro’s Can be used in order to avoid major conflicts that Can be used in order to avoid major conflicts that

could lead to war.could lead to war. Can help protect the rights of one or both parties, Can help protect the rights of one or both parties,

by getting an agreement in writing.by getting an agreement in writing. Con’sCon’s

If not written clearly, misunderstandings can lead If not written clearly, misunderstandings can lead to further disagreements.to further disagreements.

Could be used to take advantage of other group.Could be used to take advantage of other group.

Treaty Role-playTreaty Role-play

In small groups consider the following In small groups consider the following situation, and how an agreement or treaty situation, and how an agreement or treaty could be drawn up to avoid possible conflict.could be drawn up to avoid possible conflict.

Situation #1Situation #1 Where: A Newly discovered continent on what we will call Where: A Newly discovered continent on what we will call

Planet X.Planet X. What: The Xerons on planet X have made a discovery of new What: The Xerons on planet X have made a discovery of new

lands west of them across a vast body of water. When they lands west of them across a vast body of water. When they arrive they are met by residents they call the “Yondereons”.arrive they are met by residents they call the “Yondereons”.

The set-up: The Xerons, through their search were looking for The set-up: The Xerons, through their search were looking for new lands for settlement because of their rapidly increasing new lands for settlement because of their rapidly increasing population. Upon finding this land, they claim that it really population. Upon finding this land, they claim that it really belongs to them since it was a part of their destiny, etc…..belongs to them since it was a part of their destiny, etc…..

The problem: The “Yondereons” already have populated the The problem: The “Yondereons” already have populated the best areas on this continent, and need it for their way of life.best areas on this continent, and need it for their way of life.

Situation #1 continuedSituation #1 continued

Key players: Xerons, Yondereons, & Interpretor.Key players: Xerons, Yondereons, & Interpretor. Your mission: Your mission:

1.1. In groups of 5 decide on who is the one interpretor, two In groups of 5 decide on who is the one interpretor, two Xerons, and two Yondereons.Xerons, and two Yondereons.

2.2. As a group, try to work out a possible treaty or agreement As a group, try to work out a possible treaty or agreement between the X’s & Y’s over the disputed land. But between the X’s & Y’s over the disputed land. But remember, X’s & Y’s have their own needs to consider remember, X’s & Y’s have their own needs to consider first when it comes to these negotiations.first when it comes to these negotiations.

Role-play timeRole-play time

Listen carefully to the following directions:Listen carefully to the following directions:1.1. I will now number you off in groups from 1-5, I will now number you off in groups from 1-5,

remember your number.remember your number.

2.2. I will then pass out information cards to each I will then pass out information cards to each interpretor, Xeron, & Yondereon.interpretor, Xeron, & Yondereon. DO NOT LET DO NOT LET ANYONE ELSE SEE YOUR CARDS.ANYONE ELSE SEE YOUR CARDS. THIS THIS IS INFORMATION THAT WILL HELP IS INFORMATION THAT WILL HELP YOU WITH YOUR NEGOTIATIONS.YOU WITH YOUR NEGOTIATIONS.

Role-plays taking placeRole-plays taking place during this time. during this time.

Note: I plan to give groups 10-15 minutes, or Note: I plan to give groups 10-15 minutes, or more, to work on their negotiations. We will more, to work on their negotiations. We will then get back together and discuss: then get back together and discuss:

How the treaty development wentHow the treaty development went If a treaty was settled & signed by both If a treaty was settled & signed by both

groups.groups. What problems arose, if any.What problems arose, if any.

Large Group discussion timeLarge Group discussion time In your groups be ready to discuss how your In your groups be ready to discuss how your

negotiations went and if a treaty was negotiations went and if a treaty was concluded. concluded.

So, let’s share your thoughts…So, let’s share your thoughts…

Now let’s talk basically about a couple of Now let’s talk basically about a couple of treaties in Wisconsin:treaties in Wisconsin:

Pine treaty of 1837.Pine treaty of 1837. Copper Treaty of 1842.Copper Treaty of 1842.

Treaty of 1837Treaty of 1837

The Pine Treaty – Officials sought this land to The Pine Treaty – Officials sought this land to enable lumbering on a large scale to take place enable lumbering on a large scale to take place in these treaty areas.in these treaty areas.

Treaty of 1842Treaty of 1842

The Copper Treaty – Reports of vast copper The Copper Treaty – Reports of vast copper deposits along the shores of Lake Superior led deposits along the shores of Lake Superior led federal officials to push for land cessions from federal officials to push for land cessions from the Chippewa Indians.the Chippewa Indians.

Wrap-up on TreatiesWrap-up on Treaties

We have discussed and worked with the basics We have discussed and worked with the basics of treaty making. of treaty making.

Hopefully you can now see how complex and Hopefully you can now see how complex and important documents like these can be, and important documents like these can be, and that they can have lasting effects on many that they can have lasting effects on many people.people.

Questions or comments???Questions or comments???

Main SourcesMain Sources

The Middle GroundThe Middle Ground by Richard Whiteby Richard White

Chippewa Treaty Right Chippewa Treaty Right by Ronald N. Satz, 1991by Ronald N. Satz, 1991

End of Power PointEnd of Power Point

Note to Oscar & Tony: This is the end of my Note to Oscar & Tony: This is the end of my power point.power point.

Thanks.Thanks. Les DokkestulLes Dokkestul

Situation #1 – Situation #1 – Interpretor Role CardInterpretor Role Card

Roles,resposibilities, & Private background Roles,resposibilities, & Private background information. information.

Interpretor – Your job is to work out a Interpretor – Your job is to work out a settlement between the 2 groups. settlement between the 2 groups.

(Note: This will not be shown until after the (Note: This will not be shown until after the role play)role play)

Situation #1 – Situation #1 – Xerons Role CardXerons Role Card

Roles,resposibilities, & Private background Roles,resposibilities, & Private background information. information.

Xerons – Your job is to find a way to obtain Xerons – Your job is to find a way to obtain more land & resources for settlement. Your more land & resources for settlement. Your people need more land for settlements, and people need more land for settlements, and for farming. You also need pine resources for farming. You also need pine resources for building homes, etc.for building homes, etc.

(Note: This will not be shown until after the (Note: This will not be shown until after the role play)role play)

Situation #1 – Situation #1 – Yondereons Role CardYondereons Role Card

Roles,resposibilities, & Private background Roles,resposibilities, & Private background information. information.

Yondereons – Your job is to work to protect Yondereons – Your job is to work to protect your lands from outsiders. Your group your lands from outsiders. Your group depends on hunting & fishing for most of depends on hunting & fishing for most of your food. So protecting your forests, your food. So protecting your forests, streams, lakes, etc. is very important.streams, lakes, etc. is very important.

(Note: This will not be shown until after the (Note: This will not be shown until after the role play)role play)