PRE-COLUMBIAN/PRE-CONTACT NORTH...

APUSH Exam 1 Study Guide

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APUSH EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE: 1491-1754

PRE-COLUMBIAN/PRE-CONTACT NORTH AMERICA

Migrants from Asia crossed a land bridge during the Last Ice Age; migrated south, evident in how

the most populated part of America was centered around Mexico (Aztecs and further South, the

Incas)

Maize spread from Mexico to North America by 1000 AD

Difficult for alliances among the different tribes as languages were diverse and modes of

transportation were limited

Sedentary or mobile lifestyle determined by climate and region and food source

Religion

o Animism: natural world is filled with spiritual power; spirits in aspects of the land

Reflected in Native Americans’ respect for and care of the environment

o Success in hunting and war = appeasement of spirits

o Women associated with fertility and agriculture; men with hunting and war

Tribal and Family Structures

o Matriarchal and matrilineal (often because the father of children was unknown due to

open sexual relations)

o Men were still the chiefs and leaders of war

Mexico Aztecs Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)

Height 1500 AD, more people than London

Ruled by priests and warrior nobles

Tribute, Maize farming

Human sacrifices

Andes Incas Cuzco

King with divine-right status and bureaucracy

Subordinate kingdoms with tribute

Mississippi Valley Adena Hopwell

Cahokia (largest N. American city north of Mexico; abandoned ~1400s)

Large-scale maize farming

Mound building (Monks Mound)

Eastern Woodlands Alonquian Iroquois

Organized around agriculture in summer, dispersed into small hunter/gatherer groups in winter

Controlled fires to clear brush

Paramount Chiefdoms: numerous chiefs under control of one powerful chief

Northeast Iroquois Mohican

Canoes and rivers allowed for trade and transportation

Some agriculture, mostly hunter/gatherer

Longhouses

Iroquois Confederacy


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Southeast Cherokee Seminole Choctaw Creek

Mostly farmers; some fishing and hunting

Communities of different sizes; sedentary

Social hierarchy of priestly elite and commoners

Mid-Atlantic Region (Pennsylvania, Delaware, VA)

Wampanoag Powhatan Pequot

Local little communities

Arrival of Europeans extinction or joining other groups

Algonquian speaking

Great Lakes Anishinaabe, Ottawa Iroquois, Potawatomi

Clan identities – beaver, otter, deer

Canoes = mobility

Great Plains Comanche Lakota Sioux

Hunters and gatherers, followed bison

Teepees

Once horses introduced expert horsemanship and power =horse-ownership

Southwest Anasazi Hopi Apache Navajo

Pueblos = sedentary

Maize agriculture

Settled around water

Pacific Coast (Northwest Coast)

Chinook Spokane

Fishing, canoes

Sedentary, large houses

Totem poles


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WESTERN EUROPE

Patriarchal societies governed by monarchs, feudal nobility, parlaments

Trade networks

o Italy and the Ottoman Turks and Asia

o Silk Road

o Trans-Saharan

Important events

o Crusades (1096-1291 AD): religious warfare against Islamic countries to increase support

of Christianity persecution of Jews and Islamic phobia. Opened up Europe’s

worldview and introduced spices and sugar and classical texts preserved by Ottomans

o Renaissance (Italian and Northern): emphasis on classical learning, civic humanism, art

and wealth of Italian merchants

o Reformation: dissatisfaction with Catholic Church new sects of Christianity

(Lutheranism, Calvinism), decreased power of Catholic church and thus altered political

structures (think England’s separation from Catholicism and est. of Church of England)

Catholic/Counter Reformation: Jesuits and redefining Catholic practices

**Catholic countries sought to Catholicize Americas, while Protestant ones

wanted Godly and “true” communities in North America

o Dutch Republic (Calvinist) declared independence from Spain 1581

WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA

West Africa: Sahara Sahel (flat, semiarid) Savanna (grassland) tropical rainforest

Kingdoms

o Sudan (~9000 BC): domesticated cattle, sorghum and millet, cotton, diving kings,

monotheism

o Ghana Empire (~800 AD) Mali Empire (1200) Songhai (1400): camel, Trans-

Saharan trade in which goods traveled south to north

o * like Aztec/Incas in that they were composed of smaller kingdoms, had trade,

militaristic

o Different tribes and communities controlled different parts of the African coast so

Europeans negotiated contracts on local terms

Religion

o North Africa was Christian bc of Byzantine Empire until 600 AD Islamic

o South of Sahara = Islamic (Timbuktu)

o Polytheism and animism


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REASONS FOR EXPLORATION

Curiosity due to Renaissance

Demand for natural resources

God, gold, glory

Competition among European states

Decline of feudal system knights and conquistadors are unemployed and restless

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

Changed populations and cultures

Old World New World

o Smallpox, measles, influenza, yellow fever

o Livestock – cattle led to the clearing of the land which upsets natives

o Rye, wheat, barley, rice, sugar

New World Old World

o Syphilis

o Potatoes, maize, tomatoes, beans, squash

o Chocolate and sugar

o Gold, silver

o Tobacco

o Cotton

Diseases killed ~90% of native population labor shortage Importing Africans for slave labor

SPAIN

Christopher Columbus (1492): landed on Bahamas and Hispaniola, exploited natives for gold

o Columbian Exchange: exchange of plants, animals, diseases btwn Old and New World

Hernan Cortes (1519): conquered Aztec Empire and killed Moctezuma (emperor)

Francisco Pizarro (1535): conquered Incan Empire

New Spain

o Encomienda system: lasted about 100 years, abolished by Spanish monarchy at

insistence of Bartolome De Las Casas and others

Natives provide food and labor, often worked to death

Encomenderos govern and protect natives

o Spain capitalized on pre-existing systems of tribute and labor

Indians mostly stayed in their communities, ruled by native leaders and

speaking native languages

o Casta System: racial hierarchy

Pureblood Spaniards American-born Spaniards Mestizos (Euro+Native)

Zambos (African + native) Africans

Sexual relations btwn Spanish men and Native women bc New Spain was mostly

male at the beginning


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o Natives converted en masse by the Spanish Mission System

Christianity blended with some native practices (religious syncretism) Virgin

of Guadalupe

PORTUGAL

Prince Henry (1394-1460): renewed Portuguese interest in exploration

Established trading posts in Indian Ocean, replacing Arabs as leaders of Asian commerce

Explorers: Bartolomeu Dias (Africa), Vasco da Gama (India)

Sugar plantations in Caribbean and Brazil

Portugal was the leader in exploration and African slave trade until the British dominated

Brazil’s occupation and development of the New World was much slower than that of Spain’s

NETHERLANDS

Dutch Golden Age 1600s; seized Portuguese forts in Africa and Asia, sugar plantations in Brazil

Dutch West India Co., mostly fur trading, though poor relations with natives led to war

England invaded and seized New Netherland in 1664 New York

FRANCE

Claimed by Jacques Cartier 1530; Quebec colonized 1608

French Jesuits attempted to convert natives, not as successful as the Spanish

French settlements sparsely populated intermarriage with local women

Good relations with the indigenous populations

Fur trade

ENGLAND AND ITS COLONIES

Spanish Armada defeated 1588, marked the rise of England and decline of Spain

Sir Walter Raleigh, John White, and Roanoke (disappeared by 1590)

Jamestown (1607)

o Corporate colony granted to Virginia Co. by James I

o Settlers = English gentlemen who did not farm starvation and disease and war with

Indians

Supposed to be a Goal-Collective society, but the settlers were too greedy and

selfish to work towards the greater good; Captain John Smith introduced

harsher laws which allowed the colonists to survive for a time

Starving Time (winter 1609-1610) 90% settlers died

Anglo-Powhatan Wars; peace 1646

o John Rolfe grew tobacco and married Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas

o 1624 Jamestown became a royal colony

Chesapeake Region

o VA and MD, tobacco, indentured servitude then plantations and slavery


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o Headright System (1618): introduced by Virginia Co, allotted land to new settlers in

exchange for farming tobacco; 50 acres to one who paid the passage of another to VA

o House of Burgesses (est. 1619): representative government that made laws and levied

taxes with the consent of the governor and Virginia Co; property-owning white males

could vote

English settlers did not intermarry with natives (they had enough English women) and kept a

rigid social hierarchy with natives occupying the bottom rung

PILGRIMS AND MASSACHUSETTS BAY COMPANY

Pilgrims

o Separatists, Puritans, who left England bc they didn’t believe the Anglican Church could

be reformed

o Went aboard Mayflower, landed in Massachusetts (1620), established Plymouth

Plymouth absorbed by MA bay 1692

o Led by William Braford

o Mayflower Compact: legal system for Plymouth, established legal authority, assembly

and power of government derived from consent of the governed, NOT God

o Helped by Squanto (Patuxet Indian who was a slave in Europe before returning back to

his native land)

Massachusetts Bay (1629)

o Established by Congregationalists (Puritans who believed Anglican Church could be

reformed from within)

o Led by Governor John Winthrop, “city upon a hill”

o Corporate colony

o Right to vote only for church members; Puritanism = state religion; gov = covenant

among the people

o Great Puritan Migration (1629-1642) halted bc England ruled by Puritan Oliver

Cromwell from 1649-1660

o Roger Williams: Puritan member of MA bay colony, wanted religious toleration and

separation of church and state, banished for this in 1636 founded town of

Providence (Rhode Island)

o Anne Hutchinson: Puritan member of MA bay colony, believed in salvation through

predestination and God’s grace (not good works and morality); banished and left for

Providence

New England Chesapeake

Families immigrated Single males immigrated

Longer lives and bigger families bc climate Smaller families, shorter lives; swampy location = breeding ground for disease

Stronger sense of community

Absence of tobacco Tobacco plantations

Large towns close to one another Smaller, spread-out farming communities


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More religious – rooted in Puritanism

Small farms, less labor Big farms, slavery

OTHER EARLY COLONIES

Proprietorships: colonies owned by one person, often gifted from a king

o Connecticut (1635)

Fundamental Orders: first written constitution in British North America

Established Church, governor and assembly, right to vote based on property

o Maryland

Lord Baltimore

Originally a haven for Catholics, Act of Toleration (1649) for religions

Became Protestant after the Catholic governor was removed in 1689,

Act of Toleration revoked

Bloody religious civil war

Tobacco growing colony

o New York

New Netherland (1614) New York (1664) due to war

Originally given as gift to James, Duke of York, who would later become King

James II

Allied with Iroquois

o New Jersey Quakers

o Pennsylvania

William Penn

Refuge for Quakers (simple spirituality, gender equality)

Political equality and religious freedoms

At peace with the Indians, used to treaties to gain $ and land, not war

o Carolina

Fundamental Constitution of Carolina (1669): est. Church of England and

manorial system

1729 = Carolina North and South

N. Carolina: settled by Virginians, became Virginia-like colony, modest farms

S. Carolina: settled by Englishmen from Barbados plantation era

o Caribbean Islands

St. Kitts: English settlement by Sir Thomas Warner

French and English occupied the Caribbean and drove out Spain

Sugar cultivation

INSTABILITY, WAR, REBELLION

Alliances during New England’s Indian Wars

o Wampanoags with Plymouth

o Mohegans with Massachusetts and Connecticut


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o Pequots with New Netherland

o Narragansetts with Rhode Island

Pequot War (1636-1638): Massachusetts settlers moved into Connecticut Valley, angering

Pequots, who killed colonists at Wakefield, resulting in retaliation by colonists who nearly wiped

out the Pequot

Decline of Huron Confederacy (1634-1649): Hurons inhabited from Lake Ontario to W. VA.

Ravaged by smallpox, conflicts with other tribes. Allied with French in 7 Years’ War

King Philip’s War (1675-1678): Metacom led the Wampanoag tribe (Rhode island), and was

displeased with colonists’ efforts to Christianize natives and intrusion on his land. He destroyed

English settlements and in retaliation the colonists captured his people and sold them into

slavery

o Native Americans no longer independent, as many moved West and intermarried with

other tribes thus losing their independent identity

Pueblo Revolt (1680): New Mexico Pueblo people revolted against Spanish, killing many and

driving settlers from the region. Spanish resumed control in 1692 and were much more

hospitable to Pueblo people

Bacon’s Rebellion: landless men upset that governor and elite refuse to sell them land attack

Indians Indian retaliation

o Bacon + rebels plundered rich plantations, burned Jamestown

o Bacon’s efforts led to a more democratic, less tyrannical government

LIFE IN THE COLONIES

The model for English royal colonies: appointed governor, elected assembly, formal legal

system, established Anglican church

Plantations were initially freeholds (smallish farms owned by families)

Orphaned children and unmarried young men made up most of society as women died in

childbirth

Indentured servants – abused and impoverished, many died before their term expired

Social mobility for Africans in the Caribbean plantations ended with the tobacco boom and rise

of the gentry in the 1660s; gentry became race-conscious and established racist laws

o Originally, the English law did not acknowledge chattel slavery, so some Africans could

buy their freedom

French and Spanish Jesuits and Catholic missionaries attempted to convert the natives, but the

Puritans (bc they believed in predestination) did not try to convert natives as they believed the

natives were already destined for hell

Puritans and Witchcraft

o Like Indians’ animism, they believed in supernatural forces manifesting in physical world

o Witch trials 1647-1662

o Salem Witch Trials 1692

o Shattered the influence of Puritans in the colonies; idea of perfect Puritan society gone


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Yeoman Society (1630-1700)

o New England Puritans rejected feudal society

o Society of independent households and self-government communities

o Town meetings were the form of government

Salutary Neglect (1650-1750)

o Era where the colonies were basically autonomous as the British government cared only

about making money

English Regulation of Colonial Trade

o Mercantilism: exports > imports; control hard cash and gold

o Caribbean plantations most valuable, North American colonies valuable as they were a

market for English goods and a source of raw materials

o Protective tariffs

Navigation Acts: sell certain # of goods to England, buy goods only from

England, goods carried on English ships

Backed with military force: England vs. Dutch (1652-1674), expansion of

merchant fleet, MA Bay colony royal colony for not following rules

Wool Act (1699): forbid export of wool from colonies and import from other

colonies

Molasses Act (1733): tax on sugar from French West Indies, so colonists could

only buy it from British

Colonial governments

o Governor, appointed by king or proprietor, dependent on colonial legislatures for $

o Bicameral legislatures modeled after British parliament

o New England Confederation: effort towards centralized gov; settled disputes

Daily Life

o 90% lived on farms

o Standard of living for colonists better than in Europe by 1750

o Wealth concentrated in hands of few, still not as wealthy as wealthy Europeans

Rise of Southern Gentry

o Colonial gentry modeled themselves after English aristocracy

o Plantations = self-sufficient, enabled them to survive depressed tobacco market (1670-

1720)

o Encouraged low-mid class whites to buy slaves, and gentry lowered their taxes to

decrease chance of poor white rebellion

Northern Maritime economy

o Wealthy merchants of New England also imitated British upper classes

o Wealthy merchants > artisans/shopkeepers > laboring men and women

o Trade ruled all and fueled industry

o Lack of currency in colonies; bills of exchange and gold and silver drained colonial

economy of $

o Land Banks: $ to farmers who pledged land as collateral for loans


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Currency Act (1751): banned Land Banks and use of publicly issued paper to pay

private debts

o American merchants controlled 75% transatlantic trade in manufactures and 95%

commerce btwn mainland and Indies

SLAVERY AND AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

Slavery existed in Africa before European involvement

Europeans established trading posts on Africa’s coast and did not venture inland to secure

slaves because of diseases (malaria, dysentery) and instead relied on other Africans to sell

slaves to them

Increase in African slaves in America when colonists from Caribbean settled in Carolinas

Native American populations were mostly decimated by disease, or protected by tentative

alliances, and those sold into slavery didn’t last long

Majority of slave trade directed toward Caribbean and South America = sugar plantations

Origins of the slave trade lie in the exploration of Africa, Spanish conquest, sugar, profit

margin

Middle Passage: 14% slaves died en route

Most slaves were out of West Central Africa and Gold Coast

o Most slaves were men at first, but as the price of slaves increased women became

more valuable

Slavery ended in US 1865

Worked on rice, indigo, tobacco plantations in Southern region of N. America

South Atlantic System: agricultural and commercial order that produced sugar, tobacco, rice

for international market; centered at Brazil and West Indies with export of sugar

o 1520-1650 Portuguese dominated African slave trade

o 1650-1700 Dutch

o 1700-1800 British

Slaves in Virginia and Maryland worked under better conditions than in the West Indies

o Tobacco less demanding, less spread of disease as slave quarters less crowded,

tobacco profits< sugar profits = less reason to ruthlessly exploit slaves

Emergence of African-American community

o Africans thought of themselves as members of a specific clan/family

Slave traders initially imported slaves from different regions so as to lessen

their ability to communicate and form a rebellion

o Chesapeake slaves were able to build families transferred their cultural beliefs

Stono Rebellion (1739): slave uprising in S. Carolina when Spanish Florida promised all

runaway slaves freedom; 75 Africans revolted and killed 21 whites, later killed by S. Carolina

militia

o Negro Act of 1740: harsher control of slaves

o S. Carolina decreased slave imports and increased slave discipline


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ENGLAND

Charles I (1625-1649): English Civil War

Cromwell

Charles II (1660-1685): expanded England’s power in America and Asia

James II (1685-1688): wanted absolute rule

o Dominion of New England: Connecticut + Rhode Island + Plymouth + MA Bay + NY + NJ

Ruled by England like Catholic Ireland was – no self-gov, all legislative

assemblies disbanded

Attempt to clamp down on illegal trade

Glorious Revolution: James II overthrown and replaced by Protestant William and Mary

o Led to Protestant rebellions in America (Maryland)

o Dominion of New England broken up

o MA Bay not allowed to return to Puritanism

o Board of Trade (1696): oversee colonial affairs

Second Hundred Years’ War (1689-1815): financial burden on the colonies

War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713): Spanish throne to go to French Louis’ grandson

o English settlers + Creek Indians attacked Sp. Florida

o Treaty of Utrecht (1713): Britain gained Newfoundland, Acadia, Hudson Bay from

France; gained entrance to Mediterranean and slaves from Spain

Georgia

o Subsidized by Crown in 1732 to protect S. Carolina

o British expansion into GA outraged Spanish

o War on Spain (1739)/War of Jenkins’s Ear – part of War of Austrian Succession

NATIVES

Tribalization: adaptation of stateless peoples to demands imposed on them by neighboring

states

o Population decline in tribes extinction, reduced number, or combination

Iroquois

o Located Central New York

o Beaver wars (1650): waged war with other tribes and won

o New France forced 20% of conquered Iroquois Catholic Montreal

Europe

Africa Colonies

Slaves

Tobacco, sugar, raw materials


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o Allied with English-controlled New Amsterdam and remained influential in politics

o Claimed neutrality in European wars fought in North America, played Brits against Fr

o Covenant Chain: Iroquois alliance with NY that became the model for Indian-British

relations

Creeks: Georgian and Alabaman natives

o Wanted to become the dominant tribe

o Killed Apalachees (Sp. Allied), Choctaws (Fr. Allied), Tuscarora (Iroquois), 400 English

o Squashed by Cherokees, Carolinians, English

Chapter 4 (1720-1763)

NEW ENGLAND

In England – manorial and feudal system whereby tenants farmed nobles’ land

New England – Yeoman Society where a farmer cultivates his own land

o By 1750 old families secured the best farm land, threatened free ideal

o Competency: an independent and self-sufficient farm could be passed down the family

o Due to increase in population, farms were divided into smaller and smaller portions

The lack of inheritance less control over children premarital sex and

shotgun weddings

Led to: smaller families, petitioned government for land grants, took more land

o New England’s cultivation of grain livestock economy

Women

o Less women than men

o Married in early 20s and had ~6 children by 40s

o Most were very religious, church had more female members than male

MIDDLE COLONIES (NY, NJ, PA)

Exported wheat and corn, attracted immigrants (Scotch and German)

Dutch and English gentry families in Hudson River Valley (NY) tried to implement tenants

farming

Wealth distributed more evenly in PA and NJ

Walking Purchase (1737): fraudulent claim to prime farmland north of Philadelphia

o Embittered relations with Indians

o Agricultural capitalists exploited this new opportunity of land

½ white males owned no land; many poor

Cultural Diversity

o Limited, as many retained their own traditions

o Quakers influential in PA and NJ bc of wealth and size

o German influx


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Mennonites 1683: drawn by freedom of worship and fleeing harsh German laws

1720s and 1749-1756 = influx of Swiss and Germans

o Redemptioner System: families negotiated indentured servitude upon arrival

o Scotch and Irish

Irish migrants were most numerous of incoming Europeans

Scotch-Irish = Presbyterian; Germans = Lutheran

Most migrated to PA bc cheap land and religious toleration

Irish Test Act (1704): restricted voting to Church of England members; taxes and

import duties on Scots-Irish

Supported aggressive Indian policy

o Quakers lost influence in 1740s as Scots-Irish increased in number

COMMERCE

After 1720: transatlantic shipping increased, Britain became closer to the colonies, Print culture

Enlightenment: human reason to understand and shape world

o Copernicus, John Locke, Newton

o Benjamin Franklin

Pennsylvania Gazette (1729), Poor Richard’s Almanack (1732-1757): practical

outlook of Enlightenment, American Philosophical Society

Pietism: individual’s personal relation with God

Print Culture flourished as the Licensing Act repealed 1695, allowing print of all sorts to be

published

o Essential to spread of Enlightenment, Pietism, and Revolutionary war ideals

AMERICAN PIETISM AND GREAT AWAKENING (1730-1740)

Pietism emerged in Germany and spread to the middle colonies via German immigrants

o Theodore Jacob Frelinghuysen and William Tennent

New England Revivalism = American-born pietism

o John Edwards

Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1738)

“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

o George Whitefield

Attracted following from GA to MA

Emotionalism and spirituality basis for Southern evangelism


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Great Awakening Teachings Great Awakening Effects Great Awakening Poli Effects

Emphasis on sin + eternal judgement

Decentralization of Authority as less reliance on pastor to more authority for self

Unity as “Americans” – notion of we are something different from England

Saved by God’s goodness Democratization of Authority

Spiritual revival Personal Bible study independent and subjective

Crossed racial, economic boundaries

Personal faith Personal relationship with God Challenge of Authority

Spiritual and emotional services Emotionalism

Old Lights: conservative ministers who opposed the Great Awakening and saw it as theatrical

and not of God

New Lights: supporters of the Great Awakening movement

Puritans = Congregationalists, separate church entities; Presbyterians = assembly, church part of

a group. The New Lights vs. Old Lights split the Presbyterian church for 50 years

Disruption of traditional Church ways

o New Lights separated and created new churches

o Ministers funded through voluntary contributions

o Condemnation of government support of churches

o Challenged authority of ministers

Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry (1740) Gilbert Tennent

o Reaffirmed Luther’s ‘Priesthood of all believers’

o New colleges Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Columbia

Education not just for the privileged few by new sense of authority among the

many

SOUTH

Church of England legally established in the South with middle-class whites as the core of

congregations

Presbyterian Revival by Samuel Morris and Samuel Davies

o Decreased power of gentry who financed the church

o Religious pluralism threatened tax-supported status of Anglican church

o Halted as the governor closed Presbyterian churches

Baptist Insurgency

o Baptists: radical Protestants whose core ritual is adult Baptism

o Slaves were welcome as in God’s eyes we are all people, spread Christianity to slaves

Repudiated social distinctions

Sources

Princeton Review APUSH 2017 edition

http://biblescripture.net/Indians.html

America’s History, Henretta, 8th

edition

http://biblescripture.net/Indians.html

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