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8/20/2019 praktek tata kelola migas di mancanegara-140205055716-phpapp01

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Praktek Tata Kelola Migas di Mancanegara

(Sebagai “Benchmarking” dalam rangka disain

tata kelola migas di tanah air)

Benny Lubiantara

-Fiscal Policy Analyst, Sekretariat OPEC, Vienna, Austria (Jan 2006 – Feb 2013)

--Ketua Bidang Peraturan dan Kebijakan, Ikatan Ahli Teknik Perminyakan Indonesia (IATMI)

- Penulis Buku “Ekonomi Migas”

Disampaikan Dalam

Diskusi Publik “Mencari Model Kelembagaan Sektor Hulu Migas Dalam Revisi Undang – Undang Migas”

yang diselenggarakan oleh PWYP Indonesia bekerjasama dengan Revenue Watch Institute

Jakarta, 4 Desember 2013


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2

Worldwide Petroleum Arrangements


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3

*) Author’s illustration - Modified from Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)

3

Petroleum Contracts & Transfer of Ownership


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4

4

Gross

Production

Royalty

IncomeTax

Company’s

Production

Costs

Deductions

Profit Oil

(P/O)

Income Tax

Government

P/O

Contractor

P/O

Gross

Production

Royalty

Gross

Production

Income Tax

Government

Service Fee

Concession PSC Service Contract

Cost Oil(Cost Recovery)

Cost Oil

(Cost Recovery)

Division of Gross Production


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5

5

Governance

FiscalRegimes

Reserves

NOCStrategic

Option

Country’s Strategic Option


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Proven Reserves (by Country)


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Proven Reserves (by Country)


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Source: Leonardo Maugeri, Oil – The Next Revolution, Harvard Kennedy School, June 2012

Country-by-Country Evolution of Oil Production Capacity to 2020


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State Reserves

Rank Company Country Ownership (Million Barrels)

(%)

1

Saudi Aramco

Saudi Arabia

100

264.200 2 NIOC Iran 100 138.400

3 INOC Iraq 100 115.000

4 KPC Kuwait 100 101.500

5 PDVSA Venezuela 100 99.377

6 ADNOC UEA 100 52.800

7 LNOC Libya 100 30.700

8 CNPC China 100 22.447

9 NNPC Nigeria 100 21.700

10 Rosneft Russia 75 17.513

11

Lukoil

Russia

12.572 12 Pemex Mexico 100 12.187

13 Sonatrach Algeria 100 11.400

14 ExxonMobil US 11.074

15 QP Qatar 100 10.624

16 BP UK 6.541

17 Petrobras Brazil 4856 9.581

18 Gazprom Russia 50 9.195

19 Surgutneftegas Russia 7.929

20 Petronas Malaysia 100 7.876

21

Chevron

US

7.523 22 ConocoPhillips US 6.541

25 Total France 5.778

26 Shell UK/Netherlands 4.887

29 ONGC India 74 3.607

30 PDO Oman 60 3.360

32 Eni Italy 30 3.269

43 CNOOC China 64 1.564

44 Pertamina Indonesia 100 1.505

NOC (Ranking based on Reserves)


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Policy

NOC

Ministry

Ministry

Policy

NOCGov’t Body/

Agency

Policy

NOC

Ministry

Governance in Oil & Gas Sector


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Governance in Oil & Gas Sector

Source: Valerie Marcel, Oil Titans, NOC in the Middle East, Page 143


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Proven Reserves & Fiscal Regimes

JV, Limited access

No Access

Service Contract, Limited Access

Service Contract, Limited Access

No Access

JV Concession, limited access

JV Concession, limited access, (PSC failed)

JV Concession, PSC, limited access

PSC



Concession, open access

JV Concession, limited access

Concession, PSC,

No Access


JV Concession, PSC

PSC

Service contract, limited access

PSC

PSC

PSC

PSC

PSC

PSC, Service contract


PSC





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Development

Field

Conventional

E & P

High CostEOR

Extra

Deepwater

Low Cost

Brownfield

One-size-fits-all model does not exist

Technical

Services

Extra

Heavy OIl

Project´s Risk

The needs for IOC´s

Involvement


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Proven Reserves

N O C S h a r e o f

P r o d u c t i o n

OPEC Middle

East, Venezuela

Proven Reserves & NOC Share of Production

100%

0%

50%

> 25 Billion Barrels

Mexico, Brazil,

Norway, Algeria

Nigeria

Malaysia

Angola

Indonesia

297

265154

141

102

4

10

6

37

14

14

712


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Proven Reserves

N O C S h a r e o f

P r o d u c t i o n

OPEC Middle

East, Venezuela


100%

0%

50%


Mexico, Brazil,

Norway, Algeria

Nigeria

Malaysia

Angola

Indonesia

297

265154

141

102

4

10

6

37

14

14

712

No Access,

Service ContractNo Access

Concession/ JV,

PSC,

PSC

PSC

PSC


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Proven Reserves

N O C S h a r e o f P r o d u c t i o n


100%

0%

50%


297

265154

141

102

4

10

6

37

14

14

712


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Proven Reserves

N O C S h a r e o f P r o d u c t i o n


100%

0%

50%


297

265154

141

102

4

6

37

14

14

712

No Access,

Service ContractNo Access

Concession/ JV,

PSC,PSC

PSC

??

??

10


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Source: OPEC ASB, 2013, BP Statistical Review, 2013 and EIA

Net Oil Exporting and Importing Countries


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New

Blocks

Offered

Existing

Contracts

Expiring

Contracts

Different Case - Different Strategy


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New Blocks

Offered

Existing

Contracts

Expiring

Contracts

Higher NOC (up to 100%)

Participation depending upon

the risk profiles

Attract Investors ?

Combination of Back end loaded

features : lower royalty/FTP

And Front- end loaded features :

progressive share, additional taxes,

etc.

Higher NOC Share Less issue

on commercial Terms and

Conditions More Issue on

the ability of NOC to finance

the current and upcoming

E & P projects

Encourage EOR Development

Different Case - Different Strategy

Production Optimization

Encouraging Exploration Drillings

in Producing Blocks

Fiscal/Taxes Incentive to Encourage

Exploration Activities


22/2322 22 Cartoon: Courtesy Google

22

Oil and Gas Industry in Indonesia


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