Pragna Project

8/6/2019 Pragna Project

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CHAPTER :- 1

Introduction Of Project

1.1 Project Definition:

Projec title is AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH

BIDIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER .

The objective of this project is to make a controller based model to countnumber of persons visiting particular room and accordingly light up the room. Here

we can use sensor and can know present number of persons.

In todays world, there is a continuous need for automatic appliances with the

increase in standard of living, there is a sense of urgency for developing circuits that

would ease the complexity of life.

Also if at all one wants to know the number of people present in room so as

not to have congestion. This circuit proves to be helpful.

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CHAPTER :-2

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS DESCRIPTION

2.1 Basic Block Diagram

Enter Exit

Fig. 2.1 Basic Block Diagram

2

Enter Sensor

Exit Sensor

Power Supply

Signal

Conditioning

AT89S52

Light

Relay Driver SignalConditioning


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2.2 Block Diagram Description

The basic block diagram of the bidirectional visitor counter with

automatic light controller is shown in the above figure. Mainly this block

diagram consist of the following essential blocks.

1. Power Supply

2. Entry and Exit sensor circuit

3. AT 89S52 micro-controller

4. Relay driver circuit

1. Power Supply:-

Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The main function

of this block is to provide the required amount of voltage to essential

circuits. +12 voltage is given. +12V is given to relay driver. To get the

+5V dc power supply we have used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V

dc regulated power supply.

2. Enter and Exit Circuits:-

This is one of the main part of our project. The main intention of

this block is to sense the person. For sensing the person and light we are

using the light dependent register (LDR). By using this sensor and its

related circuit diagram we can count the persons.

3. 89S52 Microcontroller:-

It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller

with 8KB of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory

(PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density

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nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-51 TM

instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory

to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory

programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a

monolithic hip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful

Microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and cost

effective solution so many embedded control applications.

4. Relay Driver Circuit:-

This block has the potential to drive the various controlled devices.

In this block mainly we are using the transistor and the relays. One relay

driver circuit we are using to control. Output signal from AT89S52 is

given to the base of the transistor, which we are further energizing the

particular relay. Because of this appropriate device is selected and it do its

allotted function

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CHAPTER :- 3SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Transmission Circuit:-

Fig. 3.1 Transmitter circuit

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Receiver Circuit:-

Fig. 3.2 Receiver circuit

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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

There are two main parts of the circuits.

1. Transmission Circuits (Infrared LEDs)

2. Receiver Circuit (Sensors)

1. Transmission Circuit:

Fig. 3.3 Transmitter circuit

This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is configured to

function as a basic monostable multivibrator. A monostable multivibrator is a timing circuit that changes state once triggered, but returns to its

original state after a certain time delay. It got its name from the fact that

only one of its output states is stable. It is also known as a 'one-shot'.

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CHAPTER :- 4DESCRIPTIONS

4.1 Microcontroller AT89S52:

The 89S52 has 4 different ports, each one having 8 Input/output lines providing a total of

32 I/O lines. Those ports can be used to output DATA and orders do other devices, or to

read the state of a sensor, or a switch. Most of the ports of the 89S52 have 'dual function'meaning that they can be used for two different functions.

The first one is to perform input/output operations and the second one is used to

implement special features of the microcontroller like counting external pulses,

interrupting the execution of the program according to external events, performing serial

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data transfer or connecting the chip to a computer to update the software. Each port has 8

pins, and will be treated from the software point of view as an 8-bit variable called

'register', each bit being connected to a different Input/Output pin.

There are two different memory types: RAM and EEPROM . Shortly, RAM is used to

store variable during program execution, while the EEPROM memory is used to store the

program itself, that's why it is often referred to as the 'program memory'. It is clear that

the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the heart of the micro controllers. It is the CPU that

will Read the program from the FLASH memory and Execute it by interacting with the

different peripherals

Diagram below shows the pin configuration of the 89S52, where the function of each pin

is written next to it, and, if it exists, the dual function is written between brackets. Notethat the pins that have dual functions can still be used normally as an input/output pin.

Unless the program uses their dual functions, all the 32 I/O pins of the microcontroller

are configured as input/output pins.

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The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bitmicrocontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The

device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory

technology and is compatible with the Industry-standard 80C51 instruction set

and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed

in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro- grammar. By combining

a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip,

the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-

flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash,

256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit

timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial

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port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed

with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software

selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the

RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.

The Power-down mode saves the RAM con- tents but freezes the oscillator,

disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

FEATURES:-

8 KB Reprogrammable flash.

32 Programmable I/O lines.

16 bit Timer/Counter3.

8 Interrupt sources.

Power range: 4V 5.5V

Endurance : 1000 Writes / Erase cycles

Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

Three level program memory lock

Power off flag

Full duplex UART serial channel

Low power idle and power down modes

Interrupt recovery from power down modes

256 KB internal RAM

Dual data pointer

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4.2 555 ( TIMER IC):

Fig. 4.5 Timer IC(555)

Description:

The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays

or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if

desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by

one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free

running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external

resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling

waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL

circuits.

Features: Direct replacement for SE555/NE555

Timing from microseconds through hours

Operates in both astable and monostable modes

Adjustable duty cycle

Output can source or sink 200 mA

Output and supply TTL compatible

Temperature stability better than 0.005% per C

Normally on and normally off output

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Available in 8-pin MSOP package

Applications:

Precision timing Pulse generation

Sequential timing

Time delay generation

Pulse width modulation

Pulse position modulation

Linear ramp generator

4.3.LM7805 (Voltage Regulator)

Fig. 4.7 Voltage Regulator

Description:The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive

regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several

fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications.

Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe

operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate

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relay operates and releases. Diode D2 is the standard diode on a

mechanical relay to prevent back EMF from damaging Q3 when the relay

releases. LED L2 indicates relay on.

4.5. PC Interfacing:

We are going to use max 232 IC for pc interfacing, the values of number of persons inside the

room will be sent to pc.

4.6 LCD:

We are going to use 16x2 alphanumeric Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) which means it candisplay

alphabets along with numbers on 2 lines each containing 16 characters

CHAPTER :- 5

FUTURE EXPANSION

FUTURE EXPANSION

By using this circuit and proper power supply we can implement various

applications

o Such as fans, tube lights, etc.

By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve a task of opening

and closing the door

We can send this data to a remote location using mobile or internet.

Voice alarm system can be added to indicate that room is full & persons cant

enter

CHAPTER :- 6

APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES &DISADVANTAGES

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APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES Can be used in various rooms like seminar hall, where the capacity of

room is limited and should not be exceeded. Project will display the actual

number of persons inside the room.

Can be used in conference room, study rooms in colleges.

Application

o For counting purposes

o For automatic room light control

Advantages

o Low cost

o Easy to use

o Implement in single door

Disadvantageso It is used only when one single person cuts the rays of the sensor hence

it cannot be used when two person cross simultaneously.

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