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to
been
which
are
explanations. The prepa-
for working
no adequate idea. New
&c.,
of
four
difl'ereut
mills
the
required
.
Preparation,
162
148.
Quantity
191.
Stamping
Pre.?s,
PAGE
217
217
222
223
226
228
232
232
235
CHAPTER
IV.
.
Straw-boilers, ....
Patents,
Greek
word
papyrus,
an
Egyptian
having
to
which
paper
is
and
only
a
portion
of
it
or
greater
It is
they have to be reserved for them alone.
Education,
than ever
corresponding production of pulp from
new materials
been
so
cheaj)
The grades
of common
those
pajjer-makers
to
The rotting j^rocess
during
this
if
not
arrested
landers, and
was given to ]iaper-making.
operation
Ije sized,
or to
should be allowed.
their
axiom
that
 Honesty
being
of
boiling
and
bleaching.
Formerly
in
'a- a of Fig.
a
bottom
of
jjerforated
iron
door of the
thi'ough
a
similar
through the stationary
knocks without breaking or
bending. Fig. 3 is
consists of a stroug.
d
go
wire is
used, it
sjjace
and
dust
comj)osed of
with wooden
which
on
the
next
one
above,
so
that
the
rags
can
be
thrown
as the rags
results.
3.
Sorting
and
Cutting
by
Hand.
are also classed separately.
papers,
a
to
be
be a
at the mill.
If mixed country-rags
same
cloth, and
is
in
machine,
of
course,
subsequent
operations
of
dusting,
&c.
The
knives
of
of
cutting
the
operative,
as
avoided.
Spontaneous
combustion
construction
of
several
cutters
are
without difB-
cultv the
finest cotton
heretofore
been
lost,
while
revolving
producing
none is
fly-wheels,
and
heavy.
These
5,
built
and
probably
for
this
reason
ters
in
this
country
are
constructed
on
this
principle.
cast-iron,
held
in
their
positions
by
Roll h is di-iven from shaft e by a
belt, and
roll i by
against
apron
o,
running
the rolls
or out
at each end
requires
a
strong foundation. Being usually situated in one of the ujiper stories, if not the
highest
story
of
the mill, it should be supported by heavy timbers resting on
strong
them,
require
more
against
each
other,
so
there
receive
a
dust,
to
be
freed
from
and
Fig.
10
a view of the feed end, of one of the most
generally
used
rag
them
against
mills
fall. The inside
shaft and a
is
to 12
such a cone,
posed
of
heavy
(3
to
come out
and their
of
the
j^wHeys,
c
thus
puts
until they
rags are
cylinder
or
a
mills,
the
again passed
through the
duster, and
the dust from
to
pa.ss
from
dusters, until
the boiler
as shown in Fig. 6. An open box,
6 to
20 inches
the apron
and two
on
are sewed together,
apron is spread around the rolls, and it is thus
made endless.
One of
moves
stretch-roll
m,
by
which the ajirou can be kept in the jiroper state of tension, is
also
neces-sary.
The
rags
falling
the
at the
-
a
wooden
apron.
The
to fall
dusters.
labor,
and
waste,
which
they
involve,
saved.
The
loss
suffered
sorting,
mills.
It
6
destroy
the
fatty,
the
pa2)er-maker.
while
their
New
England
of soda give
gluten, color, etc., and so on until all the substances
Avhich
have
that
lime in a rotary,
for
its
powder
is
very
through
stone behind.
The slowly
and let
manhole
to
keep
sand
and
6
After it has
on,
the journal,
to
facilitate
the
communication
with
the
steam-boiler
lately
exploded,
spreading
destruction
construction
of
of
selected for
the boiler stood
without
injury.
The
boiler
was
provided
The water-level
a
literally
torn
into
shreds,
and
sure with only
which tries to tear
and
7
of the
;
of
steam
allowed
inch. It must also
atmospheres
thickness.
75
pounds
of
We
admit
strength.
But
if,
in
the
mills.
be
sufficient
apparatus is
rotary
leads
to
the lever will
steam-valve oj^ens again,
A rubber cylinder
or a section
shown by a cut
column, through
steam
or
Avater,
to
the
column
shows
the ends of
boiler-heads riveted to
is sustained
of
&
17,
ribs
out-
A
6
feet
like
shell must be
the
cog-
wheel
B
which
turns
the
boiler.
jjrobability
a
and
satisfactorily
done
shell, with
some way
A square
e, which
between the
which is
always
on
hand
in
paper-mills.
The
to
run
ea.sy,
a
slinin
inaidieiid
or
casting
i',
5
emptv
put on a
foundation
or
be found cheaper,
ground.
The
wash
them
in
hot
water.
which
this
Messrs.
paper,
or rooms strictly
fills every
very
disagreeable,
and
injurious
12. Tubs
tubs with
a very
use none but the
a greater
quite sufficient
tion
of the
beaten into
 
pulp is
to be
by
a
the body.
shaft on the
under
it
on
the engine, is thoroughly mixed with
the
pulj)
through
the
out by a
and, as
must
of
the wash-process
woven into a compact
mass of a greater
specific weight than water,
pound of it
and
torn
into
bruised,
soaked
our previous explanation, is
usually
to
the
surface
and not
rags
pass
twicie
between
the
knives
the same time.
gives
them
own, by
frequently placed
the
The present
the only power
in an engine
consequently
taking
enough
to
be
pulled
the
small
scale
engines.
Their
consuming
a
waterfall
bodj^
roll,
way
to
and the
of the 2)ulp. We
moved
why do we
large that
necessarily far above
ol^jection
the
level
of
the
up
with
rags,
where
they
can
lodge,
pulp
it
to
be
chosen,
provided
that
these
conditions
are
complied
with.
resist
the
influence
of
surrounded by
to
3
inches
of
wooden engines, with
or without copper
with
;
including
sides,
bottom,
must be built
sides
metals of
selves.
and as large
the pulp will
placed
by
when
it usually
is usually
can
then
be
fair
example
of
those
most
seen
in
the
paper-mills
has
the
lighter
a.
This
lighter
it occupies a
in
contact
with
them
on
being
rests
changed by
the two
avoided.
It
can
be
high stands,
so as
is, the
the shaft
across
there.
The
shaft
simplifies
by gearing excejit
the
front
side
which
formeidy
pressure
400 pound engine should not be less than 10 to
12
carries
800
to
1000
pounds.
Rubber
belts
will
expense.
It
consists,
as
journal,
and
is
covered
which
have
been
wound
uj)
ened
to
beaters, their
mills,
the
forward part of
pushed
to
the
of the
bed-knives, and
the
steel
nent
plates.
Plates
of
the
elbow
form,
made
of
thin
j\
to
the fly-bars are
same shaft
and
moves
the
roll-shaft
again.
roll
the outside and centre, or
the second half of knives is reversed, for the purpose of
distributing the corners
Paper-makers
who
object than
are to
simply
turns
round
along
In
an
engine-tub
of
6*
rim
this
manner.
If,
as
would
become
distance
between
at
all
where
with
2:)aper.
can mix the
is
the middle,
frequently over the plate at 'the
i
front
side
as
further
the bed-
the stock in different
object being
the angle
a
hand-basin
; while,
as
during the same time,
this
that a
the
must be
taken' out
usually
put
under
the backfall, in
as possible.  Water
and hard shai-jj
sand are then
supplied to the
parti-
tions,
roll gradually until
and
across.
25.
Washing.—
Washing
of
which
varies
to
the
pressure
become
thoroughly
mixed
action
It enters the
bottom. In the first
before
thoroughly
driving
before
it
reaches
the
engine,
the
latter
the roll, they accumulate
very much
will
Thus
to
the
cap.
from
400
cyl-
inder;
and
when
first
furnished,
the
engine that
case the
it has
been prop-
and the .stock is operated
upon
be
reduced
shorter
space
to
its
utmost
capacity
can be used until
to
it
and the
stuff turned
a pro23eller
will do
sujjerseded by washing
such
is
discovered,
the
these
Avasteful
much
branch
pelled
can be started,
general
water
supply.
After
the
empties
it is
and
recommends
itself
by
simplicity,
but
the
author's exj^erience, so serious
that
cylinders
and
the
principal
advantage
specification
consequence
the
as at e,
before set forth.
the exterior of one of the
ends
of
the
cylinder
a.
ring
i,
thus
carrying
around
shaft b.
filling
the
sleeves
g
crossi)ieces
are
able
to
the
shaft.
about
The wire-
out, but
It
is
These
washers
such as
to
washers will transform
half stuff.
paj^er-
600 pounds
pounds,
if
built
on
larger
engines
& Co.'s
mill,
forms
en-
gines
by the
to another.
is impossible
alike,
to
the rest
to empty
cases only. K the
will
make
of the
in a revolution
and
to
nm
should be
wlien
i:)lays
the
principal
role
in
our
called bleaching
(slacked lime).
In the manufacture of soda large quantities of hydrochloric acid
are
obtained,
which
materials required
consist
and chlorine,
acid
with
the
lime,
setting
the
hypochlorous
respiratory
organs.
Heat
changes of
temperature cause
sufficient for
communication between
the inside
of
the
presence
of
chlorine
The lining
so
bleaching powders
their place.
care
of.
The
further
a
impossible
separate
as
light is admitted
CI
simply
dissolved
in
water.
It
only
takes
a
transjwrtation of chlorine
Bleaching Powders.—The
atomic weights or
bleaching
jwwders
in
etjual
atom
 
before
it
was
shipped.
Supposing
that
since
most convenient and reliable one.
First
part
by
of hydrate
water to
up.
Pour,
for
our
to color the
solution, from
a graduated
transformed into
only
imperfect
protection
to
the
operative,
and
On
those
of
fourths of
possible.
Two
cisterns
and plan, in Figs.
arms c, with about
them,
and
reaching
Avithin
2
inches
make
up
the
powders,
accelerates
the
solution,
but
gas. Though steam-jiipe
f, which ends with a
stop-cock, is fastened
40, 41,
and 42.
i. It is fastened
elbow g and pipe f
are
also
be renewed
be
turned
up
and
the
motion
the
to
touch
it.
pijies are mostly
pipe f may
lowering of
are
washed
out
through
the
large
lead
pipe
of
a solution
no
bleach-
ing
—Every
paper-
a
plat-
a
solu-
and
liquor is made
be
larger
or
smaller
to
obtain
a
A
barrel
exj^ense
thoroughly,
and
gives
to have
from it
formerly
joins the
chloride of
Bleach-liquor which
be
again
the
preparation
of
it
of drainer room, bleach generally Avithout acid, but
let the contents of the bleaching-
engine remain in
liquid to drain
where
only
of
water,
commonly
called
as
1.845,
and
it
con-
cent, of water. The
full
be
ascertained
trifiing quantity
of solids
specific gravity of 1.845
.sulphur
SO3
water.
found
a
with great avidity, and must
therefore be kept well closed, so that the humidity
of
the
air
is sjirinkled
have
often
been
acid
very
After
the
developed than the liquid is able
to
take
up ;
instead
of
box
be
impossible
fast.
of
of
bleaching
one-half
vitriol of
 
every
four
is
between nothing and one jsound
for
every
vitriol,
because
of chlorine
action is neces-
use,
side, near the
to the toji
of
the
workmen
they
must
be
considered
as
indispensable
as
restricted
in
height,
of
the
of
carrying
constructed
above
the
Hoor
as
the
tops
of
the
truck
wagon
42.
Construction
if
they
settle
more
in
one
jjlace
than
in
another.
Only
sound
them,
and
men
harden with abundance of water ; in fact, too much cannot
be
used.
used
according
or
but bagging has
the
time
it
understand
by
must
should run
for pre-
a
reservoir
below
the
amount of
or
use
away from the
for
the
bleaching
in
the
engine
and
best
managed
mills
of
and the
second larger
part of
the bleach
inevitable quantities contained
to
be
bleached
water
sur-
rounding
the
j^ressed
moist.
The
drainers
to
reach
that
state,
and
a
from being always locked
pickers or devils.
This required much
labor, and the
and turned
band all
around. A
sively
for
straw
and
wood
pulp.
the
same
woukl not be able
as
nails
violently,
and
if
two and one-half times as heavy as our atmospheric air.
It is easily
too
to
the
pulp
and the
j^rocess
finished with
liquor in
Engines,
He
must
materials m order
paper,
It is not supjjosed that
any
paper-mill,
however
is,
on
the
contrary,
of rags
state,
and
colors : the
thin paper
of the
as
well
the rotary.
into open
brick drainers.
how to
Xo
course of time,
better, two
raised while
of
Iodide
of
pota.ssiura, ......
1
part.
Starch,
 
up the
chlorine or
They
are
of some
colored papers.
In some
washing,
after
the
operation
of
by the
antichlorine is
53. Beating.
—The word
follows
the
washing
to
knives and the friction among the rags themselves.
If
this
paper,
most
three
justifies
so
expensive
a
jsrocess,
but
far
As soon
to
begin
longer
will
off
it is
drawn
bottom
or
in
duty stir
by saying that the pajier is made in the beat-
ing
engine.
which rags have
54. Self-Actors.—An attempt
of
self-actors.
and
place at the engine. The upright
rod
once around the
turning
movement,
to
a
reduced
are provided with
a set of
small cord-j^ulleys.
use
of
j^roportion,
as the
certain
stock.
But
if
the
quality
or
a
skilful
the
brii.ss
bed-plates
soft
to
cut
more
fly-bars,
exact data
for it,
space,
with some
on
ETC.
83
Pajser,
made
deal of
of
these
attempts.
Surface-sized
paper
which
union,
forming
a
and
of
the
soda,
carbonic acid to
objectionable,
as
it
escapes
in
bubbles
while
the
solution
than the
it sticks very
resin
become
as it does with diluted
solutions.
about
two
floats in
the solution
produced
necessary
to
resort
the
soap,
that
a
large
well
A
few
experiments
in the engine, none but cold water
should
Author.]
If
it dissolves freely
in the water, and if, after shaking the size off the
hand, there are no
fine
particles
of
resin
adhering
to
;
longer
and
will stand this test.
homely
careful
such
an
operation
it.
many
mills
it
is,
however,
is contained
because the number of
to be regulated accordingly.
can be mixed
stand
high
desired.
61.
Proportions
Used
quarts of
water, and
warm
water,
and
mixed
very
60
wire-
cloth
into
several
barrels,
which
serve
as
reservoirs,
About 6
pounds of
of the
cHrect
introduction
of
steam.
and numerous expedients
uses
7
pounds
of
tallow
never
troubled
with
froth.
63.
be
to be
neutralized by
soap
emjitying
the
engine.
paper-mills consists
alumina and
resin are
nearly pure
pounds in 100
improved aluminous cake has been sold by
the
Pennsylvania
clay not combined
to exclude the
possibility of th
the temperature of
added, and
cakes about 4
little
character
action and
by the
of
alumina
alum is its
free acid,
which is
of
which
color
alkaline nature, turns red
red,
discovered if
to
been
sufficient,
and
must
be
increased
It
pound
quantity of the
alums is,
As a surplus of
much, until the necessary
66. Sizing with Wax.
desirable
to
use
It is
inventor.
67.
Clay.
of
this
imposition,
proportion
of
this
fire-proof
material.
both sersed
hemp, with a large
The
more
the
of
this
will
enough,
l>etter
size
surrounding
lx)th.
fibres.
Even if
lost,
The
to be made,
and
Paper-making,
as forming
an amusing
was
she
some
pulp
in
mischief
she
had
had
imparted
took courage
manner by
her husband,
colors contained in the
light; but it
milk, have
shade in
ing
yellow
iron (Fe203,3S03)
the
pro-
duction
of
a
perfect
The
jjroportions used above for the exj^lanation of the chemical changes
are
not
large quantity of
it is
as bottom.
we
bore
a
put
hole is
fills
the
upper
and
a
blue
the
io])
one,
until
the
proportion
cannot cause
much loss.
and run
it gradually into a
copperas
sesquicyanide
which supplies the oxygen
the
original
constantly
lose
must
pounds of
and while
the pulp
of No. 3 is useless.
 With the
difference in tlie
sUk
or
flannel
has.
on a large scale from coal-tar. It forms the basis
of
a
number
of
also
a
blue
one.
I.
Aniline
a
gallon,
at
the
admixture
white, which
73.
into
genuine
article
is
way as
two parts
of soda
manufactured
also
another
union,
formed,
wherever
in the
subnitrate.
of
oxide
It more
rately
in
is
to
instance,
1^
be used ;
soda is
It gives
or milk
color,
but
is
very
deep-colored
blue
paper
advantage
but to
the
sun—the
reduced
to
over
the
machine.
beaters
would
be
the
quickest,
mashed
up
the
use, so that any man of ordinary ability should
be able to make
colored paper ; but we
nations without
that
a
knowledge
of
have
Brown is
colors,
a
very
fine
dark
tea-color
and ink-gray, is
the
enveloj)ed by the size.
coloring in this
book, the jDulp
cases where the
alum or resin
the
jiulji.
colored, the finishing touch is given by the
engineer,
into a stuflF-chest.
the
b, Fig.
o
q,
closer together
itself
a pipe i
that
manner,
to
give
to
the
hard stock, such as
of the engine.
pij>e
the
furnishes
a
on
of
power,
which
is
communicated
to
not fed
which
engine.
Centrifugal
circumference,
and
than
engine, while the
it has been
yield
of
energetic action of that
the
front
the
disk
danger of
14
ordinary
k.
The
the roll, causes
far
permit.
of
the
are plugged They
so as
between the knife-surfaces, and thus helps to accomplish
our
customary
to
is
the
stuff-pump
which
chest
to
which
projects
above
another
set
of
consist
are
worn
down,
so
that
some
of
or
ground
a
are
grinders
previously described
ordinary
beater.
It
does
the
work
of
the
latter
completely,
directly
from
ceivers,
furnished
thick
make about 1000
importance
than cheap construction, they are built of brick and cement, like drainers.
An
at
its
and
pulley
the
upright wooden posts
the
bottom.
A
very
insignificant
amount
do
this
making.
and short pulp, and
would
be
sufficient.
that
required
rule for
lodge.
they are
easily
the
clean.
quantity
same
engine of
jiaper,
until
least two
small
outlay
for
a
machine.
descending,
the
leading
to
their
seats.
Some-
times,
rags or
sticks, which
lodge on
moved.
The connection
the
influence
and he
was awarded
ment.
After
spending
a
fortune
stated
and
bearings, but
fibres.
the
The pump
always throws
Every
might
makes it necessary,
above the
be easily
the
water.
A
box
or
fan-pump
—The
fan-pump,
of
which
mixing
Fia.
.51.
but also
an outlet
the
save-all.
from
the
a
passing
througli
increases the froth on
all the
rate from
the diluted
large
pulp.
They
must
therefore
a
way
out.
suspended
in
the
stuff,
besides
the
sand-grates and tables.
and should
by knockers in the
of
the
common
grate-bars
of
a
steam-boiler
copper or
by means
ends of the bars
of
the
screen-box,
and
form
a
solid
better
taken
together
two
substantial,
require
no
renewal
of
of
paper
sition plates, about 10
that they are finest
widen
out
once passed the fine openings
on
top,
constantly
en-
off the
the hardest jjossible composition, which has yet
elasticity
extend
several
inches
between
the
screen-plates
and
the
so
that
its
surface
sinks
by
is obtained
when the
liquid in
screens
iron
or
brass
ones
continuous knocks for
the
greater
the
shorter
the
arms
of any
by
means
of
after
with
two
screens
and
one
auxiliary
one.
over every part of
Which could
not pass
inquirities
remaining
of
Fio.
.58.
the screen
this screen h to
the wire c, while
are
pipes
which
vertical
the dirt
k, and re-
turned to the
cleaning
vided,
on a pivot
out-
The knots, which
they could not
are sometimes
other
adhering
ordinary vibratnig
the pulp pa.sses
passed
will
succession
of
through
have been.
having
been
thoroughly
brushed.
The
desirable
screens.
the
pulp-dresser
vat.
A
pulp-
placed
on
the
the
screw
wire,
rest
by
the
partitions
its horizontal part, admits the pulp to the wu'e. An
opening e,
edge
of
which
is
about
stop
runs over,
spout
screen-plates, sometimes
to
insertion
of
a
wooden
frame,
to
3
inches
apart,
similar
to
the
a.
It
can
be
ujiright slats with remarkable tenacity, and can taken from
them
on
to
the
aprou.
108.
which
rests
there
would
soon
Thomas
a
brass
be made
brass
The brass sheet
or
equally thick
of suffering
tested by
held suspended
length without
ones for coarse
plan, and
following
figures,
61,
71,
72,
79,
and
80,
represent
pirts
in motion ; and
by
friction
one of which
one or more of
; and to
hand-wheel
a
holds it
without pre-
hinge at
e. To
subjected by a
time to
diameter
as
enough they
will bend ;
the wire
one
the operation was
besides.
Thev
by
a
and left there
until they are
couch-rolls.
The
rubber, in place of the
usual lower
will answer
give
a
W.
W.
represents
a
to the
lever
lever
faction as long as
well greased or
fact, all
the rolls
; but
if
the
upper
couch-roll
changing
its
parallel
position,
by
of this plan.
c
disconnects
the
coupling
is
also
corresponding
pages,
we
refer
to
them.
An
 
The guard-board
the
double
bolted
which form
part of
the movable
working jjosition
consequently runs
anywhere else. Though the
at
crushed between the couchers, and breaks in
con-
sequence,
or
retains
reduce the
shaking
motion.
If very heavy paper is to be made, and the stuff has not been
beaten
as
quickly, prevent
the escape
lighter
paper.
'111.
to
draw
the
open
the wire, and thus
force
it
tube-rolls.
them. The
26
to
from the
of water,
equal
to
that
of
be
stop-cock.
be replaced
the
pulji
furnishes
marked c c.
turning
the
hand-wheel
on
f,
right or left,
forced
iron frames are re-
that
the
air
must
be
thoroughly
excluded
from
the
each
other,
are
supplied
roll.
Strong
wire
is
wound
around
is
must
be
sewed
a
sheet.
The
projecting
wires
press
into
the
paper and
shows
and no
to
receiving
all
the
the
save-aU
pulling the
a
wooden
doctor-board
p*,
which
constantly
scrapes
a
steady
stream
jiurpose of
meets,
on the ends, the diameter of the roll is in-
creased by the
coat of pulp
out
tender, to whose inattention
wire-cloth
the bars
Each time the threads of the
wire-cloth are extended
tinued tension
in the
quality
by stretching. Many
neglect.
other
the
preferable to let
machine,
so
part
of
may
be
found
an
ordinary
rag-duster ;
only pulp is substituted for rags and water for dust. It con-
sists of an
smaller ojien
the
and
carried
to
H are respectively
back
or condensed
be turned
by hand
and
be constructed much
he
cone-pulleys,
determines the length
it
is
very
trifling
(about
J
that made
on a
C3dinder-machine. While
the
hand-made paper.
length of
paj^er.
much water
it must also be
that,
even
a
down, and then fastening it with the
set-
To
prevent
the
other
ones
are
supported
of which are filled with solid
wrought-iron
bodies.
y,
fit
into
these
on
deckel-frame
w
in
or rather
and it is
left entirely to
the weight and
sideways to and
as to
crush and
ing
them
to
in
the
deckels
cases it
the
lower
ones,
leaves
deckel, into which some of
the pulp
been
weakened
in
proportion,
and
cannot with-
paper
extends across
paper
satisfactorily
revolving, because
not only injure
different all
across the wire between
the deckels, and are
widths of
together
by
thickness all across
has
reached
the
gate,
the
leather
or
cloth
has done
remain
sufficiently
i^
kejjt
by the machine-tender.
number
of
machines.
G7.
placed the
one on
The
wire
passes
first
over
the
roll
of
the
copper
thus
set
in
motion,
and
through
it
connected
ratchet-wheel. The
or ratchet
contact with the corresponding teeth
of
the
ratchet-
wheel,
to turn
and with it the screw and
bearing
of
the
the wire runs.
in a
very short
time while
of this kind, the
the
by the
use of
which it
is
it may
received
a
from
below.
This
brush
q
by stands fastened
leverage,
or
simply
stands
belt
unnecessarily
is
better
to
pouring coal-oil, or
brush.
and
the
clothing
of
a
Four-
drinier machine; the length of time it will run, and the
quantity
of
and
especially
lacintr-twine
a
supply
of
wiping-rags
convenient,
cutter hands
place
for
and
lacing-twine
run
through
them,
all
ready
it must
of pipe
to the
end of
the roll ;
runs in loose
but
up
edge
of
the
roll.
Now
remarks
in
Article
110.
The
original size,
utes' work, and
roll is never
to clean up the
through the loose end
on
to
the
end
raised high enough to admit of the wire being
carried
its place and the
slack
The
touch
wire
weights,
ought
been omitted or done
to make
yet the machine
wants
the
started
The
his wire is all
moving
rapidly
rough, causing
it to
and move the guide-roll
on the frame,
front side of the ma-
chine,
press on
to
rest
in
at its
by
2.
but
instead
of the
bolts d',
which connect
are
the bolt a-
able to
exercise any
sides.
Of
whatever
size
or
greater
diameter
in
the ends, in order to press equally at all points.
If
amount of jiressure is
particular
spot,
and
the
most
state
the
moist
spot
the
rolls
and probably be torn out ; it is therefore natural for the
machine-tender
to
which
being
overheated,
When
wet
spots
are
seen
in
the
may be that
the paper,
on the
condition of
up.
It
is
will
rust
when
not
smooth
when
new,
but
the
rust
in the course
expanded,
over
the
elasticity
the
natural
elasticity
of
the
and
killed
between
unyielding
iron roll
rubber, hardened so that it will stick well to the
iron, and
then a
certainly
good
qualities
smooth
surface,
with
a
it
resting on
not cut
are
f'—
is
has
a
point
projecting
into
carried is
identical
in
parts are therefore designated by the
same
felts and
paper respectively.
which
is
by wrinkling the
felt, or by
advisable
to
will
the
machine is, or the longer the rolls are, the easier will they be
bent ;
the
machine.
Wrought-iron
inches
and will
not rust.
is raised several
over the
roll A^
BY
MACBIXERY.
than
these lengths,
corresponding
makers are
be always
made from
be
to
covered with
spirals or
screws on
sides by the
on that side
of travel, until
and
as
possible.
prevent the passage
small pulley on
time while it
preferable.
6
inches
more
a
lead
or
seen
paper
to
the
tender,
with
the paper out. To
it
by
lever
felt-rolls,
as
well
as
all
other
rolls,
should
be
each other. If only
necessary
bends,
and
them
to
become
twisted
or
wrinkled.
Felts,
replaced by
A straight
colored line
the
rolls,
one
part of it runs ahead or lags behind, it s an
evidence that
one or
again.
136.
Taking
the
Paper
through
taken from the wire
paper
resting on the frames and
bridging the felt and
press-
heavy, in order to
of
a
cog-wheels,
will
cylinder
motion
is
transmitted
to
it
and
through
the
connecting-pipe
f^.
free
water
alike
fully
utilized,
and
must
in i and its uj^right branches to the same
height. The
cylinders will
The
immovable
escape-pipe
k,
extending
must
that it has no
little narrower than it is
at the press-
worked over
the better.
The greatest
the number of dryers
used can be
circulate
through
a row of cylinders
it impracticable.
for steam and outlets
only.
on one side, and has been found
to
give
satisfaction.
in
connection
with
the
movable part.
the irregular
quality and weight
fasten the valve-rod
is
above
to
the
paper
breaks
and
leaves
D,
a
spiral
.spring,
a
time
may thus
uniformity
of
the
paper
and
the
shaft-
ing
all in
length while
also
a
separate
dryer-felt.
this open
row, and must
as
compared
with
the
several
former times.
has
been
found
be
allowed
to
rush
or more is
should be smooth and
its edges turned outward,
that has been
or
p'
on
that
the journal
runs
over
it
it is
well made,
tender
with
a
false
accidents.
If
any
one
of
the
if broken paper has wound
itself
round some part of a roll, increasing the diameter there, the felt will be
stretched
been
portions of
is
and sew the hole
if
off, the
steam should
not
close
tightly,
or
the edges.
2)a]3er
which is
carried on
these wet
jjarts cannot
eight
3
feet
drvers
should
be
used
for
a
machine
between
this
or
the rolls
cannot
be
exjjected
for
the
duty
here. If
to
the
Haven,
Fig.
just
point
of
A
for the
more
roll
is
passes
ground
off.
If
made
satisfaction,
it will
justly
harder, and la.st for
called chills. The
a
This transformation
centre, and
first
'chilling' iron, that
a
quality of
a 12-inch
centre, and
make a
two
inches
to
six
inches
is
In
casting, the
chill stands perpendicular, and the necks or ends of roll are moulded in sand in the
usual way. The
iron is poured
at
When cool, the
resemblance
necessarily
it. The
steel itself
a
grindstone,
and
therefore
in
paper
once. Corundum
is a
few
They
are
driven
by
separate
belts
from
a
clean.
The
work
of
holes in
two
of
these
pities
the calenders
running right. A round
is attached to a light iron
rod,
which
ascends
a
short
distance
in
a
perpendicular
line
to
the
end
of
a
the
shower.
M'hile
the
until
the
wire
sleeve,
has
hardest,
while
the
surface,
but
moved
in
or
out
to
increase
or
decrease
paper of 2 inches
or finished reels only,
and is
of it. It
as a fourth one wouhl have
to be
reels,
are
easily
deserve
the
preference.
152.
side and front view by Figs.
72
and
73.
shows B
the
driving
also loose
which is held
two pins
as
section,
as
the
oyer-
the
to, and
turn around
reel
is
filled
with
paj)er,
it
is
moyed
position
by means
to
e', and
grip by the
When it is necessary
machine-tender
the head ii'.
by means
c''. A
key-seat is
in
any
The
edge
of
the
steel
plates
and e must
One
quadrant of the pinion d, showing the form of the cogs, is drawn
separately
Some
are
separating
the
kind
of
pressed
together
only
where
they
set
the
ujiper
shaft
a
knives;
on
shifted
up
or
down.
The
held
shaft h and
length of the
shorter
The
point, and
wooden
i^revent
carry them
in the
the iron rolls k
they are
turned into high
The
cone-ixdleys
h'
and
shown
favorite
with
sheet
whenever
one
of
and down
while the
there
is
which it ought
to be, it is evident that its two lower corners, or
the
move
allowed to do
down. But
no pro-
movement,
the
cut;
to
arrow,
descends
portion
y^
of
the
other
end.
The
line
z* and soldered
i/^
forces
the
sheets
to
^lien
the
knives
are
tachment,
be
made
way
leave
nothing
later.
so
numerous
whereby
support of the bed-knife
its original size
more
or
which slide
Between the
If
the
feed-roll A
on one
side a
as they have
passed through, p
off
allowed
to
start.
The
wheel
3i
Fig.
83
is
an
elevation
showing
(Fig.
82)
;
by
iron
rings
on
while
a
sheet
tension
suddenly. The
two arms of this brake b turn in the bolts b\
and
b , which moves both. As
long
as
the
two
drum a
which
a
larger
diameter
The
or pawl d\
which is closely
pawl
d^
work aud pash the wheel d, and
with it
the drum
original
position,
or
travel
as
far
three-quarters of
the revolution.
its turning-point in the bolt e^. The roll e*, movable
on
a
screw
carried
by
the
crank
k',
is
placed
pinion e'
The length of
quadrant e
shortened, only
a por-
tion of
so
that
a
sheet
of its
circle, which,
(while the
thus
raises
the
the
frame
on
each
side.
These
the
cut
is
made,
and
tlie
knife
over the
u.
Three
are
keyed
on
to
the
shaft
v
and besides the
then
a
girl
the
cause
much
trouble
in
afterwards
and penstock,
If
the
mill
has
by
with
a
view
to
regular
power
the
drying
into
the
on
the
up by
state into that of
which
water
(of
This
higher
temperature
to
our
formula
606.5
atmosphere
pressure.
latent heat,
set
the
surrounding
objects
first,
pressure
and
so
deal more
stronger tendency
of screens,
to
any
point
dryers
have
large
j^revious
In the machine
geared directly
and reacts
with every
shaft
from
If the cutter-shaft
motion directly
from the
directly and indirectly
part of
later
chapter
on
be
made,
and
fast
if
of
the
motor
must
therefore
be
provided.
The
bolted to
the slotted
The
paper,
a,
in
a
scroll is
the
arms
being
direction
upon
this
handle
distance,
will
make
eighteen
creases
with
a
and
seven
dry-
110 to
shojis.
of 90 and even 100
inches
one
hand,
so
that
to
run
allows
of
a
two
machines
paper-machine
is
mounted,
must
wood-screws,
and deserves
enough left on the
and dangerous, but causes
reverse
of
economy.
The
;
72-
sides Tacing each
168.
Ventilators.—
again, and
In cold weather
make
paper.
Formerly
a
steam from
smooth,
to
and
is
a
up.
The
by the
2)ulling of
steam allowed