PRACTICAL L VETERINARY...

UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES BRNO

FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy

PRACTICAL LESSONS FROMVETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY

SMALL ANIMALS EXPERIMENTS

MVDr. Simona Pejřilová, PhD.Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy

BRNO 2011

Preface

Welcome to the first edition of Practical Lessons from Veterinary Pharmacology, Small

Animals Experiments. It´s dedicated to the veterinary students learning veterinary

pharmacology as a part of their quest to become doctors of veterinary medicine.

Main goal of this textbook is to contribute to the right way of the experiments realiza-

tion, correct and humanly approach to experimental animals.

Simona Pejřilová

Brno, 2011

Obsah

Introduction to the Textbook ............................................................................................... 5Experimental Animals and their Physiological Parameters ................................................ 6Drug Doses ........................................................................................................................... 8Summary of Experiments ................................................................................................... 9EXPERIMENT No. 1 all groups ......................................................................................... 10EXPERIMENT No. 2 version A .......................................................................................... 13EXPERIMENT No. 2 version B .......................................................................................... 15EXPERIMENT No. 3 version A .......................................................................................... 17EXPERIMENT No. 3 version B .......................................................................................... 20EXPERIMENT No. 4 version A .......................................................................................... 23EXPERIMENT No. 4 version B .......................................................................................... 27EXPERIMENT No. 5 version A .......................................................................................... 31EXPERIMENT No. 5 version B .......................................................................................... 34EXPERIMENT No. 6 version A .......................................................................................... 37EXPERIMENT No. 6 version B .......................................................................................... 40EXPERIMENT No. 7 all groups ......................................................................................... 43EXPERIMENT No. 8 all groups ......................................................................................... 45EXPERIMENT No. 9 all groups ......................................................................................... 47EXPERIMENT No. 10 all groups ....................................................................................... 50EXPERIMENT No. 11 all groups ....................................................................................... 54EXPERIMENT No. 12 all groups ....................................................................................... 57References ......................................................................................................................... 59Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 60

Introduction to the Textbook

How to use the Textbook

This textbook is intended for the students of 3rd Study Year of the Veterinary Univer-

sity, topic Veterinary Pharmacology.

Textbook detail specifies 12 experiments, which are carrying out on small laboratory

animals, namely laboratory rats and domestic rabbits.

Experiments are focused on these general topics: General and Local Anaesthesia,

Opioid Analgesics, Analeptics, Drugs with effects on Cardiovascular System and

Blood, Drugs affected Sympathetic and Parasympathetic system. Besides that, there

is one experiment (the first one), which is pointed at basic steps describing the ma-

nipulation with above mentioned animals.

Each experiment is divided into basic parts:

• Examination of the experimental animals in detail

• Task

• Necessary

• Procedure

• Results

• Conclusion

• Prescriptions

Basic Rules for Practical lessons:

• Read the manual first and study specified Topic!

• Keep the “three Rs” as guiding principles for manipulation with Experi-mental Animals in Research! (Refinement, Reduction, Replacement)

5

Experimental Animals and their Physiological Parameters

Laboratory Rat. Rattus norvegicus.

Order: Rodentia.

Family: Muridae.

General Physiological Parameters

Body Temperature°C

Respiratory RateBreaths/min

Heart RateBeats/min

37.5—39.0 70—110 250—500

Weight of Adult 220—500 g Length of Gestation 21—26 days

Length of Life 2—3 years Weight of Newborn 5—7 g

Sexual Maternity 5—8 weeks Length of Breast-feeding 21 days

6

Domestic Rabbit. Oryctolagus cuniculus.

Order: Lagomorpha.

Family: Leporidae.

General Physiological Parameters

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min

38.5—40.0 30—60 180—325

Weight of Adult 2—6 kg Length of Gestation 29—33 days

Length of Life 3—7 years Weight of Newborn 30—80 g

Sexual Maternity 4—7 months Length of Breast-feeding 4—7 weeks

7

Drug Doses

We focus on drug doses of some chosen active substances which are used in our

practical lessons in this part of textbook.

Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

Rabbits: 6—9 mg/kg IV or 9 mg/kg IM, other rodents: 20 mg/kg IM or

120 mg/kg IP.

Atropine

Small mammals: 0.04—0.1 mg/kg IM, SC; Rats: 0.05 mg/kg IP, SC; Rabbits:

0.05 mg/kg (50 µg/kg) IM, endogenous atropinase levels may make repeated

injections q10—15min necessary (40 % rabbits produce atropinase that meta-

bolizes atropine). Rodents: OP poisoning may require up to 10 mg/kg q20 min.

Dantrolene

Small mammals: No information available.

Doxapram

Rats 5—10 mg/kg IV, IP, once.

Morphine

Rabbits: 2—5 mg/kg IM, SC, q2—4h; Rats: 2.0—10.0 mg/kg SC, q2—4h.

Thiopental

Administration must be solely IV, concentration 1.25—2.5 % solution for injecti-

on.

Rats: 20—40 mg/kg, IV. Duration of GA: 5—10 min.

Xylazine

Rabbits: 2—5 mg/kg IM, SC. Rats: 5 mg/kg IM, 2—10 mg/kg IP.

Combination in rats: Ketamine + Xylazine; 40—75 mg/kg + 5—10 mg/kg IP, du-

ration 20—40 min.

Inhalant Agents

Halothane MAC ~1.0 %, to effect, Inhalant route

Isoflurane MAC ~1.4 %, to effect, Inhalant route

Sevoflurane MAC ~2.7 %, to effect, Inhalant route

8

Summary of Experiments

Experiment No. 1. Manipulation with Laboratory Animals.

Experiment No. 2. Local Anaesthetics.

Version A Procaine hydrochloride

Version B Cocaine hydrochloride

Experiment No. 3. Sympathomimetics.

Version A Sympathomimetic effect of Ephedrine on the Blood Pressure of

Rabbit

Version B Sympathomimetic effect of Adrenaline on the Blood Pressure of

Rabbit

Experiment No. 4. Mydriasis and Miosis.

Version A Combination of Physostigmine (1) and Atropine (2)

Version B Combination of Atropine (1) and Physostigmine (2)

Experiment No. 5. Parasympathomimetics and Parasympatholytics.

Version A Antagonistic effect of Atropine and Pilocarpine on Salivary Glands

and Pupil Size

Version B Effect of Pilocarpine on Salivary Glands and Pupil Size

Experiment No. 6. Parasympathomimetics and Parasympatholytics.

Version A Opposite effect of Parasympathomimetic – Carbachol and Para-

sympatholytic – Atropine on the Function of Digestive Tract

Version B Effect of Parasympathomimetic – Carbachol and Parasympatholtic

– Atropine on the Function of Digestive Tract

Experiment No. 7. Effect of Amyl Nitrite.

Experiment No. 8. Hemostatics and Anticoagulants for Local Effects.

Experiment No. 9. General Inhalation Anaesthesia in the Rats.

Experiment No. 10. Non Inhalation General Anaethesia in the Rabbits.

Experiment No. 11. Opioid Analgetics and Analeptics.

Experiment No. 12. Straub Phenomenom.

9

EXPERIMENT No. 1 all groups

Date:

Manipulation with Laboratory Animals

Task: Practical Animal Handling.

Necessary:

• Rabbit, Rat;

• Medicinal Products. Thermometer. Phonendoscope.

Procedure:

Take in ones and twos, rabbit and rat for this experiment.

Try with these animals:

1. Carry;

2. Restraint;

3. Relaxation of hide limb in rabbit for IM administration;

4. Complete examination and description of this examination in detail.

Try only with rabbit:

1. Administration of eye ointment into one conjuctival sac;

2. Administration of eye drops into second conjuctival sac.

Animal No. 1.

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min

10

Physical Examination:

Use all types of restraint in practice:

• by skin fold

• with cloth

• tie

Conclusion:

Animal No. 2.

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Use all types of restraint in practice:

• light fixation

11

• stronger fixation

• semi-fixation

Administration in conjuctival sac:

Conclusion:

Prescriptions:

Prescribe and describe their using of all medicinal products which you used on

practice.

IPMPs:

1. Glycerol 85 %, total volume: 50 ml, for your private practice.

2. Etanol 60 %, total volume: 100 ml, for our classroom.

MPMPs, according the Trade names:

1. Ajatin Profarma Tinktura®, skin liquid with AS Benzododecinium. Prescribe 5

original packages, one package contains 50 ml at total, for your private practi-

ce.

2. Ophtal®, eye lotion with AS Boric Acid. Prescrice 1 original package, for pati-

ent.

3. Ophthalmo-azulen®, eye ointment with AS Guaiazulenum. Prescribe 2 original

packages, for patient.

12

EXPERIMENT No. 2 version A

Date:

Local Anaesthetics

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Produce topical local anaesthesia in the rabbit’s eye with Procaine.

Necessary:

• 1 rabbit;

• IPMP: 5 % eye drops with procaine;

• rod with horsehair.

Procedure:

Administer 6 drops of the procaine eye drops to the right eye of rabbit. Before and af-

ter administration (five times over a period of one hour) check the corneal reflex by

rod with horsehair.

Result:

In table you record positive reactions (blinking).

13

Tab. No. 1.

Presence of positive corneal reflexes

before 5´ 10´ 15´ 20´ 25´ 30´ 35´ 40´ 45´ 50´ 55´ 60´

Other changes on the eyes:

Other changes:

Conclusion:

Prescriptions:

IPMP:

5 % eye drops with procaine. Prescribe total amount 20 ml. Give to the drop-

ping bottle, for your practice.

14

EXPERIMENT No. 2 version B

Date:

Local Anaesthetics

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Produce topical local anaesthesia in the rabbit’s eye with Cocaine.

Necessary:

• 1 rabbit;

• IPMP: 5 % eye drops with cocaine;

• rod with horsehair.

Procedure:

Administer 6 drops of the cocaine eye drops to the right eye of rabbit. Before and

after administration (five times over a period of one hour) check the corneal reflex by

rod with horsehair.

Result:

In table you record positive reactions (blinking).

15

Tab. No. 1.

Presence of positive corneal reflexes

before 5´ 10´ 15´ 20´ 25´ 30´ 35´ 40´ 45´ 50´ 55´ 60´


Other changes:

Conclusion:

Prescriptions:

IPMP:

5 % eye drops with cocaine. Prescribe total amount 10 ml, for your practice.

Cocaine hydrochloride belongs to Dependency Producing Substances (Narcotic

Substances, Group 1).

16


Date:

Sympathomimetic effect of Adrenaline on the Blood Pressure

of Rabbit

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Measure the blood pressure changes of the rabbit by non-invasive method over the

time, observe the shape of the curve and register the changes after administration of

Adrenaline.

Necessary:

• 1 rabbit;

• Grant´s measuring device;

• syringes; needles;

• MPMP: Adrenalin Léčiva ®.

Procedure:

Measure the change of the blood pressure on Arteria auricularis centralis of rabbit.

17

Measure it five times and calculate average value for elimination of mistake.

Administer Adrenaline 0.09 ml/kg IM.

Calculate the dose: Adrenaline 0.09 ml/kg. CHECK dose with assistant!

Measure the blood pressure at these intervals: 1 min., 3 min., 5 min., 10 min.,

15 min., 30 min. and 45 min. after administration of the active substance.

Always measure five times and calculate the average value!

Tab. No. 1.

Blood pressure (mm Hg)

before 1´ 3´ 5´ 10´ 15´ 30´ 45´

Plot results into the graph:

Graph No. 1.

x, Blood pressure (mm Hg)

y, Time (min)

Other changes:

18

Conclusion:

Prescriptions:

MPMPs:

Adrenalin Léčiva ®, solution for injection. Prescribe 5 original packages, for

your practice.

19


Date:

Sympathomimetic effect of Ephedrine on the Blood Pressure

of Rabbit

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Measure the blood pressure changes of the rabbit by non-invasive method over the

time, observe the shape of the curve and register the changes after administration of

Ephedrine.

Necessary:

• 1 rabbit;

• Grant´s measuring device; syringes; needles;

• MPMP: Ephedrin Biotika ®.

20

Procedure:

Measure the change of the blood pressure on Arteria auricularis centralis of rabbit.

Measure it five times and calculate average value for elimination of mistake.

Administer Ephedrine 5 mg/kg IM.

Calculate the dose: Ephedrine 5 mg/kg. CHECK dose with assistant!

Measure the blood pressure at these intervals: 1 min., 3 min., 5 min., 10 min.,

15 min., 30 min. and 45 min. after administration of the active substance.

Always measure five times and calculate the average value!

Tab. No. 1.

Blood pressure (mm Hg)

before 1´ 3´ 5´ 10´ 15´ 30´ 45´

Plot results into the graph:

Graph No. 1.

x, Blood pressure (mm Hg)

y, Time (min)

Other changes:

Conclusion:

21

Prescriptions:

MPMP:

Ephedrin Biotika ®, solution for injection. Prescribe 3 original packages, for

your practice.

22


Date:

Mydriasis and Miosis

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Recognize the effects of Physostigmine and Atropine on the diameter of the pupil of a

rabbit.

Necessary:

• 1 rabbit;

• 0.05 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine;

• 1 % eye drops with salicylate of physostigmine.

Procedure:

1st part:

Measure size of pupil before experiment by paper gauge.

Administer 4 drops of eye drops with Physostigmine into right conjunctival sac.

Left eye of rabbit is for control.

23

Observe changes on eyes (size of pupils) and other changes on rabbits for 45 min.

Tab. No. 1.

TimePhysostigmine

left eye right eyebefore administrativ3 min after administration5 min after administration15 min after administrativ30 min after administrativ45 min after administrativ


Other changes (GIT, RT) – GIT:

Other changes – RT:

2nd part:

Make opposite procedure after 45minutes:

24

Administer 4 drops of eye drops with Atropine into right conjuctival sac (the same

treated eye).

Observe changes of pupils and other parts of organism after re-administrations for

20 minutes.

Tab. No. 2.

TimeAtropine

left eye right eye

Administration 2nd drug

3 min after administration


15 min after administrativ

20 min after administrativ

Please, rinse out rabbit´s eye by Ophtal (MPMP) after finishing of experi-

ment!




25

Conclusion:

Prescriptions:

IPMPs:

0.05 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine, 10 ml. For patient.

1 % eye drops with salicylate of physostigmine, 20 ml. For your private

practice.

26


Date:

Mydriasis and Miosis

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Recognize the effects of Physostigmine and Atropine on the diameter of the pupil of a

rabbit.

Necessary:

• 1 rabbit;

• 0.5 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine;

• 1 % eye drops with salicylate of physostigmine.

Procedure:

1st part:

Measure size of pupil before experiment by paper gauge.

Administer 4 drops of eye drops with Atropine into right conjuctival sac.

Left eye of rabbit is for control.

27

Observe changes on eyes (size of pupils) and other changes on rabbits for 45 min.

Tab. No. 1.

TimeAtropine

left eye right eye

before administration









2nd part:

Make opposite procedure after 45minutes:

Administer 4 drops of eye drops with Physostigmine into right conjunctival sac (the

same treated eye).

28

Observe changes of pupils and other parts of organism after re-administrations for

20 minutes.

Tab. No. 2.

TimePhysostigmine

left eye right eye

Administration 2nd drug






ment!




29

Conclusion:

Prescriptions:

IPMPs:

0,5 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine, 10 ml. For patient.

1 % eye drops with salicylate of physostigmine, 20 ml. For your private

practice.

30


Date:

Antagonistic Effect of Atropine and Pilocarpine on Salivary

Glands and Pupil Size

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Recognize the effects of Pilocarpine and Atropine on the rabbit´s Salivary Gland.

Necessary:

• 1 rabbit;

• glass cylinder; funnel;

• IMPM: 1 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine; 1 % eye drops with hydro-

chloride of pilocarpine.

Procedure:

Administer 5 drops of eye drops with Piocarpine into left conjuctival sac and adminis-

ter 5 drops of eye drops with Atropine into right conjuctival sac.

Collect and measure amount of saliva in glass cylinder in ml every five minutes.

31

Tab. No. 1.

SALIVA (ml) 5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min 25 min 30 min

Atropine

Pilocarpine

Tab. No. 2.

Pupil size in mm beforeadministration

afteradministration

Left eye-Pilocarpine

Right eye- Atropine


ment!




32

Conclusion:

Prescriptions:

1 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine, 10 ml.

1 % eye drops with hydrochloride of pilocarpine, 10 ml.

For your private practice.

Prescribe these 2 MPs one 1 form for prescription.

33


Date:

Effect of Pilocarpine on Salivary Glands and Pupil Size

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Recognize the effects of Pilocarpine on the rabbit´s Salivary Gland.

Necessary:

• 1 rabbit;

• glass cylinder; funnel;

• IMPM: 1 % eye drops with hydrochloride of pilocarpine.

Procedure:

Administer 5 drops of eye drops with Pilocarpine into left and right conjuctival sac

(into both conjuctival sacs).

Collect and measure amount of salivas in glass cylinder in ml every five minutes.

34

Tab. No. 1.


Pilocarpine

Tab. No. 2.

Pupil size in mm beforeadministration

afteradministration

Left eye

Right eye


ment!




Conclusion:

35

Prescriptions:

1 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine, 10 ml.

1 % eye drops with hydrochloride of pilocarpine, 10 ml.


Prescribe these 2 MPs one 1 form for prescription.

36


Date:

Opposite effects of Parasympathomimetic- Carbachol and Para-

sympatholytic- Atropine on the Function of Digestive Tract

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Recognize the stimulating effect of Carbachol on peristalsis and saliva secretion and

the antagonistic effect of Atropine.

Necessary:

• 1 rabbit;

• IPMP: solution with Carbachol (0.01 %); MPMP: Atropin Biotika ®;

• syringes; needles, glass cylinder.

Procedure:

First administer Atropine 0.1 mg/kg SC, after 20 min administer the solution with

Carbachol (0.01 %) 1 ml pro toto SC.

37

Dose calculation:

Atropine 0.1 mg/kg. CHECK dose with assistant!

Administer 0.01% solution with Carbachol 1 ml pro toto SC.

You have 0.1% solution at your disposal. Calculate dilution. CHECK dose with as-sistant!

Results:

Observe changes of peristalsis by phonedoscope and other possible changes after ad-

ministration of drugs.

Tab. No. 1.

Pupil size in mm

bef 1st admin / Atropine

after 1st admin / Atropine

bef 2nd admin / Carbachol

after 2nd admin / Carbachol

Left eye

Right eye

If it need to collect and measure amount of salivas in glass cylinder in ml every five

minutes.

Tab. No. 2.


after admin. Carbachol


38


Conclusion:

Prescriptions:

IPMP:

Solution for injection with Carbachol (0.01 %), 10 ml, for your private practice.

MPMP:

Atropin Biotika ®, 1 original package, for your private practice.

39


Date:

Effects of Parasympathomimetic- Carbachol and Parasympatholy-

tic- Atropine on the Function of Digestive Tract

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

recognize the stimulating effect of Carbachol on peristalsis and saliva secretion and

the antagonistic effect of Atropine.

Necessary:

• 1 rabbit;

• IPMP: solution with Carbachol (0.01%); MPMP: Atropin Biotika ®;

• syringes; needles, glass cylinder.

Procedure:

First administer solution with Carbachol (0.01%) 1 ml pro toto SC, if it be need

later (according the signs) you can administer Atropine 0.1 mg/kg SC – after

deal with assistant.

40

Dose calculation:

Administer 0.01% solution with Carbachol 1 ml pro toto SC.

You have 0.1% solution at your disposal. Calculate dilution. CHECK dose with as-sistant!

Results:

Observe changes of peristalsis by phonedoscope and other possible changes after ad-

ministration of drugs.

Tab. No. 1.

Pupil size in mm

bef 1st admin / Atropine

after 1st admin / Atropine

bef 2nd admin / Carbachol

after 2nd admin / Carbachol

Left eye

Right eye

If it need – to collect and measure amount of saliva in glass cylinder in ml every five

minutes.

Tab. No. 2.


after admin. Carbachol



41

Conclusion:

Prescriptions:

IPMP:

Solution for injection with Carbachol (0.01 %), 10 ml, for your private practice.

MPMP:

Atropin Biotika ®, 1 original package, for your private practice.

42


Date:

Effect of Amyl Nitrite

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Observe the effects of Amyl nitrite on ear’s lateral vein and central artery of the rab-

bit.

Necessary:

• Rabbit; measuring paper;

• glass bottle with Amyl nitrite.

Procedure:

Fixate the rabbit, measure of diameter of the ear’s lateral vein and central artery of

the rabbit with the assistance of measuring paper; observe the vessels through

Shikl’s lamp.

Application: hold the bottle of Amyl nitrate in front of the rabbit’s nose and allow the

rabbit 2 – 3 deep breaths (rabbit WILL resist). Please, immediately measure changes

of vessels and duration of measurable changes.

43

Result:

Tab. No. 1. Results in mm and in %.

Artery Vein

Original Diameter (mm)

Changed Diameter (mm)

Duration (sec)

Change in %

Conclusion:

44


Date:

Hemostatics and Anticoagulants for Local Effects

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Observe the Effect of different drugs on blood coagulation.

Necessary:

• Rabbit;• 6 x slides; needles; 5 x medicinal dropper bottle with:

MPMP: Adrenaline ®, Heparin ®; IPMP: 20 % solution of Ferric chloride,

5 % solution of Sodium citrate, 0.9 % solution of NaCl.

Procedure:

Put one drop of each solution on one slide (one drop/slide):

• solution with Adrenaline;

• solution with Heparin;

• 20 % solution of Ferric chloride;

• 5 % solution of Sodium citrate;

45

• 0.9 % NaCl solution.

KEEP the rules of STERILITY

Puncture the lateral vein of rabbit’s ear by the needle and sample intact blood, apply

one drop of blood directly from conus of needle onto the slide with mentioned solu-

tions. Mix these drops and observe time differences in blood clotting.

Control: use two drops of the intact blood on a 6th slide for control.

Compare duration of influenced blood clothing with intact blood (2 drops).

Results, blood clotting, duration:

Tab. No. 1.

Combinations Time of coagulations

blood + Adrenaline

blood + Heparin

blood + 20 % solution of Ferric chloride

blood + 5 % solution of Sodium citrate

blood + solution of 0.9 % NaCl

2 drops of the intact blood

Conclusion:

Prescriptions:

IPMPs:

20 % aqueous solution for skin administration with Ferrosi sulfas, 100 ml

and

5 % aqueous solution for skin administration with Natrii citras, 150 ml.

for your private practice, prescribe these two MPs on one prescript form.

MPMP:

Heparin Léčiva ®, 1 original package, for your private practice.

46


Date:

General Inhalation Anaesthesia in the Rats

Animal No. 1

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Animal No. 2

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min

47


Task:

Observe and describe the different stages and plains of anesthesia induced by Ether

and Halothane.

Necessary:

• 2 rats;

• IPMP: Ether;

• MPMP: Narcotan®;

• anaesthetic chamber; filter paper; cotton wool; syringes.

Procedure:

Place the filter paper and cotton wool (size: 3 – 4 cm in diameter) inside the anesthet-

ic chamber.

1st rat – administer 5 ml of Ether onto the cotton wool and close the chamber by its

cover, after 1 – 2 min place the rat in the chamber.

2nd rat – administer 1 ml of Narcotan ® onto cotton wool and close the chamber by

its cover, after 1 – 2 min put the rat in the chamber.

Observe and Record the individual Stages and Planes of the General Anesthesia. Ob-

serve the duration of individual stages, typical signs.

At the 3rd Stage of the Anesthesia we take the rat out of the chamber.

Results:

Record the results in the annexed tables.

Conclusion:

48

Prescriptions:

IPMP:

General anaesthetic Halothan, total volume: 100 ml, officinal name: Halothan-

um, for your private practice.

Table with results:

No. 1. Induction.

ExcitationduringInductionYES / NO

Signs ofExcitation

Duration ofExcitation(sec – min)

Duration ofInduction(sec – min)

Ether

Halothane

No.2. Surgical Stage.

Signs of Surgical Stage

Duration of Surgical Stage(sec – min)

Analgesia (outside chamber)

YES / NOEvidences of Analgesia

Myorelaxation(outside chamber)

YES / NOEvidences of Myorelaxation

Ether

Halothane

No. 3. Recovery.

Excitation during RecoveryYES / NO

Signs ofExcitationduring Recovery

Duration ofRecovery(sec – min)

Duration of allExperiment(sec – min)

Ether

Halothane

49


Date:

Non Inhalation General Anesthesia in the Rabbit

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Anesthetize the Rabbit by Thiopental.

Necessary:

• 1 rabbit;

• MPMP: Thiopental Valeant 0,5 g®;

• needles; syringes; stick with horsehair.

Procedure:

1. Dilution of active substance, Thiopental, in injection bottle.

You need 2.5% solution for IV administration. Thiopental injection bottle con-

tains 0.5 g of dry active substance.

50

How much water for injection do you need for dilution?

2. Changes in reflexes of the Rabbit:

Observe these reflexes of the rabbit before the administration of Thiopental,

and later observe them again during the induction of anesthesia.

Reflexes:

• Natural position of rabbit’s body: rabbit normally seats in sitting posi-

tion.

• Correction of lateral recumbence. If you lay a rabbit in a lateral recum-

bence, it will immediately correct its position.

• Soreness: pressure on rabbit’s tail, rabbit reacts and trys to run away.

• Palpebral reflex: pressure on internal canthus provokes eyewink.

• Corneal reflex: corneal irritation by stick with horsehair provokes eye-

wink.

• Patellar reflex: relax rabbit´s hind limb, knee must be free, percussion

under patella provokes jerk of knee.

3. Calculation of dose

Please confirm with assistants! 20 mg/kg of body weight.

Weight; calculation:

4. Administer Thiopental IV into lateral auricular vein.

KEEP the rules of STERILITY

Results:

Record results in annexed table.

Conclusion:

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Prescriptions:

MPMPs:

Thiopental Valeant 0,5 g ®, 3 original packages,

Water for injection, 1 original package,

for your private practice, prescribe these two MPs on one prescript form.

Table with results:

Tab. No. 1.

Excitation during InductionYES / NO

Signs of Excitation

1/ Duration of Excitation (sec)

2/ Duration of Induction (sec – min)

Duration of Surgical stage of GA (sec – min)

Signs of Surgical Stage

1/

2/

AnalgesiaYES / NO

Evidences of Analgesia

MyorelaxationYES / NO

Evidences of Myorelaxation

Excitation during RecoveryYES / NO

Signs of Excitation

Signs of RecoveryDuration of Recovery (sec – min)

Duration of all Experiment (min)

Reflexes during Surgical Stage of the General anesthesia, when is restored these reflexes:

1. Correction of lateral recumbence to natural: YES x NO, time for reappearance

of reflex after introduction of anesthesia:

2. Soreness: YES x NO, time for reappearance of reflex after introduction of an-

esthesia:

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3. Palpebral reflex: YES x NO, time for reappearance of reflex after introduction

of anesthesia:

4. Corneal reflex: YES x NO, time for reappearance of reflex after introduction of

anesthesia:

5. Patellar reflex: YES x NO, time for reappearance of reflex after introduction of

anesthesia:

53


Date:

Opioid Analgesics and Analeptics

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Administration of Morphine to a rabbit; observe the depression of breathing and oth-

er changes in rabbit.

In case of a considerable depression of the respiratory cycle, administer analeptic

drug Nikethamide. Observe effect of the Nikethamide.

Necessary:

• 1 rabbit;

• IPMP: 1% solution for injection of Morphine;

• 25% solution for injection of Nikethamide;

• needles; syringes.

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Procedure:


Please confirm with assistants! Morphine, single dose: 5 mg/kg of body

weight SC.


Please confirm with assistants! Nikethamide, single dose: 50 mg/kg of body

weight IM.


2. Administer Morphine SC.

Tab. No. 1.

Respiratory rate (breaths/min), administration of morphine

before 5´ 10´ 15´ 20´ 25´ 30´ 35´ 40´ 45´ 50´ 55´ 60´

Other changes:

3. Administer Nikethamide IM.

After individual agreement with assistants!

Tab. No. 2.

Respiratory rate (breaths/min)after administration of nikethamide

5´ 10´ 15´

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Other changes:

Conclusion:

Prescriptions:

IPMPs:

Injection with Morphine, Concentration: 1 %, Total amount: 50 ml,

Active substance: Morphini hydrochloridum (dependency producing sub-

stance, narcotic group I),

Vehicle: Aqua pro iniectione,

for your private practice.

Injection with Nikethamide, Concentration: 25 %, Total amount: 20 ml,

Active substance: Nicethamidum,

Vehicle: Aqua pro iniectione,


MPMP:

Prescribe 10 ampoules with morphine (Morphinum hydrochloridum), one am-

poule contains 2 ml of solution.

Prescribe for your practice.

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Date:

Straub Phenomenon

Species:

Personal data:

TRIAS:

Body Temperature°C


Heart RateBeats/min


Task:

Administration of Morphine to a rat; observe the typical Straub reaction and depres-

sion of breathing in rat.

Necessary:

• 1 rat;

• IPMP: 1% solution of morphine;

• needles; syringes.

Procedure:


Please confirm with assistants! Morphine, single dose: 5 mg/kg of body

weight.

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2. Administer Morphine SC.

Straub reaction:

Tab. No. 1.

Respiratory rate (breaths/min), administration of morphine

before 5´ 10´ 15´ 20´ 25´ 30´ 35´ 40´ 45´ 50´ 55´ 60´

Other changes:

Conclusion:

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References

Český lékopis 2009. Grada Publishing a.s., Praha. 2009.

Mikro-verze AISLP : Automatizovaný informační systém léčivých přípravků, (CD-ROM). Ver. 2010. 1 pro MS Windows platná k 1. 1. 2010, Praha. 2010.

Ramsey, I. Small Animal Formulary, 6th Edition. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 2008, 404 p.

Suckow, M. A., Weisbroth S.H., Franklin, C.L. The Laboratory Rat, 2nd Edition. Elsevier Academic Press, 2006, 912 p.

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Abbreviations

AS Active Substance

DPS Dependency Producing Substances

GIT GastroIntestinal Tract

IM IntraMuscular

inj. injection

IPMP Individually Prepared Medicinal Product

IPMPs Individually Prepared Medicinal Products

IV IntraVenous

MP Medicinal Product

MPMP Mass Produced Medicinal Product

MPMPs Mass Produced Medicinal Products

MPs Medicinal Products

RT Respiratory Tract

SC subcutaneous

60

Authors MVDr. Simona Pejřilová, PhD.

Department Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Pharmacology and Pharmacy

Title Practical Lessons from Vetrinary Pharmacology

Pages 60

Issue 1st

Publisher Veterinární a farmaceutická univerzita

ISBN 978-80-7305-592-9

PRACTICAL L VETERINARY...

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