Practical guide - ENDURE NETWORK...Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant...

Practical guidefor the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticidesApplication in polyculture/mixed farming systems

Support sheets – Comprehensive programme

3Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme

Programme summary

Support sheet S1 : Summary diagram for the diagnosis of the farm (Step 1a)

Support sheet S2 : Description of the current CS (Step 1b)

Support sheet S3 : Evaluation of the current CS (Step 1c)

Support sheet S4 : Introduction of alternative solutions available for integrated crop management at the rotation scale (Step 2a)

Support sheet S5 : Mechanisms and introduction of alternative technical solutions available for crop protection at the CMP scale (Step 2b)

Support sheet S6 : Evaluation of alternative CS (Step 3)

5

6

7

8

9

11

17

Contents

4 Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme

List of abbreviations

CMP

COMIFER

CS

CT

F

IC

K

N

OM

P

RSA

TFI

Crop management plan

Comité Français pour le développement de la Fertilisation Raisonnée

(French committee for the development of rationalised fertilisation)

Cropping system

Conservation tillage

Farm

Intercrop period

Potassium

Nitrogen

Organic matter

Phosphorous

Revue Suisse Agricole (Swiss Journal of Agriculture)

Treatment Frequency Index

The forms in this list are marked by the a sign in the text.

5

Programme summary

Step 1: Diagnosis of the initial situation

1.a. Overall performance of the farm

Objectives : � Understanding the overall objectives of the farmer for his farm � Understanding the farm’s assets and constraints � Identifying the CSa of the farm and which should be improved first

Production of a diagnosis of the farm (Support sheet S1)

1.b. Description of the cropping system to be improved

Objectives : � Characterise the CSa (crop sequence, CMPsa) and soil types � Become acquainted with the farmer’s objectives and issues with the CSa

Description of the crop sequenceDescription of the CMPsa (Calculator - see Support sheet S2 for example)

1.c. Evaluation of the initial cropping system

Objectives : � Evaluate the CSa , starting with predefined indicators to then be able to compare its performance with those of the pro-

posed alternative systems Multicriteria evaluation of the current CS (Calculator – see Support sheet S3 for example)

Step 2: Co-design of alternative cropping systems

Objectives : � Identify with the farmer those agronomic levers already used in the current CSa at the rotation scale � Identify supplementary levers which could be interesting to use, according to the objectives

2.a. Considering the rotation

Identify those levers used at the rotation scale in the current CSa Suggest supplementary levers for implementation (Support sheet S4)

2.b. Considering the CMP

Identification of levers for implementation at the CMP scale in the current CSa Suggest supplementary levers for implementation (Support sheet S5) Description of the CMPa for the CSa constructed (Calculator – see Support sheet S2 for example)

Step 3: Evaluating alternative cropping systems compared with the initial cropping system

Objectives : � Evaluate the performances of alternative CSa compared with the initial CSa

Multicriteria and qualitative evaluation of the performances of the CSa constructed (Calculator – see Support sheet S6 for example)

Step 4: Discussion of results

Objectives : � Discuss the introduction of alternative systems suggested for the farm

Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme

6

Support sheet S1 : Summary diagram for the diagnosis of the farm (Step 1a)

Prio

rity

tas

ks

Wor

kfor

ce

Equi

pmen

t/m

ater

ial

Loca

tion

of f

ield

s

Farm

er’s

pri

orit

ies

Mili

eu (s

oil/

clim

ate)

Loca

l iss

ues

Cro

p en

emie

s

Prod

ucti

on s

yste

mTe

chni

cal-e

cono

mic

env

iron

men

t

Cro

p se

quen

ces

Cro

p se

quen

ce 1

Cro

p se

quen

ce 2

% on

F:

Cro

ps:

Mos

t com

mon

pla

ntin

g m

etho

d:pl

ough

ing/

SCT/

dire

ct

sow

ing

% on

F:

Cro

ps:

Mos

t com

mon

pla

ntin

g m

etho

d:pl

ough

ing/

SCT/

dire

ct

sow

ing

Cro

p se

quen

ce 3

Cro

p se

quen

ce 4

% on

F:

Cro

ps:

Mos

t com

mon

pla

ntin

g m

etho

d:pl

ough

ing/

SCT/

dire

ct

sow

ing

% on

F:

Cro

ps:

Mos

t com

mon

pla

ntin

g m

etho

d:pl

ough

ing/

SCT/

dire

ct

sow

ing

Dat

e :

Far

m :

(Acc

ordi

ng to

Cap

illon

, Vog

rinci

c et

al.)

The

diag

ram

sho

uld

be c

ompl

eted

by

high

light

ing

the

asse

ts a

nd c

onst

rain

ts o

f the

farm

for e

ach

of th

e cr

iteria

abo

ve. A

list

of q

uest

ions

is

supp

lied

in H

elp

shee

t H1

for c

ompl

etin

g th

e ta

ble.


7

Support sheet S2 : Description of the current CS (Step 1b)


For this programme the identification of practices is made directly in the calculator.An example of the relevant sheet for practices is presented below, showing how it should be completed.


Support sheet S3 : Evaluation of the current CS (Step 1c)

The evaluation for this programme is made with the help of the calculator. Below is an example of the results obtained.

9



To complete this table, refer to help sheet H3 for the characteristics of arable crops.

The objective of this table is to make it possible to rapidly see which practices have already been implemented by the farmer and those which could be used in alternative CSa. In no case is the objective to introduce all these levers in the CSa: according to the objectives and the constraints of the farmer, the task is to find a combination of practices to limit the pest pressure he is faced with.

Date : Farm :

Implementation by the farmer

Targets in the pest cycle

Technical solutions available Indicators

Implementationin current CS

Implementationin alternative

CS 1

Implementationin alternative

CS 2

Rotation : Rotation : Rotation :

Probably yes

Probably no

Probably yes

Probably no

Probably yes

Probably no

Limit the pres-ence of pests in general in the crops

Diversify families and species in the rotation to break the pest cycle, taking into account the time period before the return of crops and the possible precedents

Absence of precedents to be avoided

Limit the presence of diseases in the crops

Diversify families and species in the rotation to break the pest cycle, taking into account the time period before the return of crops and the possible precedents

At least two different families

At least three different species cultivated

Respect for time period between same crop

Limit the specia-lisation of weed flora and reduce the seed bank

Diversify families and species in the rotation for ‘despecialising’ weed flora

At least three sowing periods in four

Ratio of autumn crops to spring crops close to 2/3

Reduce the population of animal pests in the field

Introduce a long fallow period one year in three to allow tillage

At least one long fallow period every three years

Add nitrogen to the system

Introduce at least one legu-minous crop into the rotation

At least ¼ of legu-minous crop in the rotation

Maintain level of OM in the soil

Sowing a grain crop retur-ning straw at least one year in three

At least one grain crop returning straw every three years

Trap nitrogen in the soil in winter period

Follow a leguminous crop by a winter crop with high N demand or, as a default, a cover crop

A leguminous crop fol-lowed by a winter crop with high N demand

Maintain che-mical fertility of soil

Alternate crops with high PK demand with less demanding crops

Less than 30% of crops with high P demand

Less than 30% of crops with high K demand

Strategies concerned with crop protection



Remark :The interactions which would take place during the introduction of these practices are not taken into account here.The effects of implementing these strategies on a given system depend on the soil and weather conditions in which the system is situated. Thus, the contribution of straw to the level of organic matter in the soil depends on the climate; in hot and wet climates, mineralisation of organic matter occurs faster.Finally, it is important to consider tillage at the same time as the crop sequence. Indeed, the interaction between these two elements has an important role in the management of pests.

11

Support sheet S5 : Mechanisms and introduction of alternative technical solu-tions available for crop protection at the CMP scale (Step 2b)

Dat

e :

Farm

:

The

obje

ctiv

e of

thi

s ta

ble

is t

o m

ake

it po

ssib

le t

o ra

pidl

y se

e w

hich

pra

ctic

es h

ave

alre

ady

been

impl

emen

ted

by t

he f

arm

er a

nd t

hose

whi

ch c

ould

be

used

in

alte

rnat

ive

CSa .

In n

o ca

se is

the

obje

ctiv

e to

intr

oduc

e al

l the

se le

vers

in th

e C

Sa : a

ccor

ding

to th

e ob

ject

ives

and

the

cons

trai

nts

of th

e fa

rmer

, the

task

is to

find

a

ombi

natio

n of

pra

ctic

es to

lim

it th

e pe

st p

ress

ure

he is

face

d w

ith.

Inte

ract

ions

bet

wee

n pr

acti

ces,

cro

p st

atus

and

pes

t cy

cle

for

wee

ds


TO B

E C

OPI

ED S

EVER

AL

TIM

ES F

OR

USE

IN T

HE

IMPL

EMEN

TATI

ON

OF

THE

PRO

GRA

MM

E

WEEDS

12

A. W

EED

S



Obj

ecti

ves

Tech

nica

l sol

utio

ns a

vaila

ble

Impl

emen

tati

on in

curr

ent

CS

Impl

emen

tati

on in

alte

rnat

ive

CS1

Impl

emen

tati

on in

alte

rnat

ive

CS2

Prob

ably

yes

Prob

ably

no

Prob

ably

yes

Prob

ably

no

Prob

ably

yes

Prob

ably

no

Limit observed injury

Redu

ce s

eed

bank

–

brea

k w

eed

cycl

e

Div

ersi

ficat

ion

of th

e cr

op r

otat

ion

(alte

rnat

ing

sow

ing

perio

ds a

nd

grow

ing

met

hods

, int

rodu

ctio

n of

co

ver

crop

s)

Tilla

ge (s

tubb

le c

lean

ing,

plo

ughi

ng

etc.

) – in

con

junc

tion

with

the

crop

ro

tatio

n –

to b

ury

seed

s

Stal

e se

ed b

eds:

to g

erm

inat

e w

eeds

Des

troy

wee

ds

Tilla

ge (s

tubb

le-c

lean

ing,

plo

ughi

ng

etc.

)

Stal

e se

ed b

eds

Mec

hani

cal w

eedi

ngU

se o

f cov

er c

rops

Avoi

ding

ext

erna

l co

ntam

inat

ion

Lim

itin

g co

ntam

inat

ion

by e

quip

-m

ent

Limit crop loss

Lim

it th

e pe

riods

w

hen

the

plan

t is

in

com

petit

ion

with

the

wee

d

Shif

ting

sow

ing

date

Mak

e th

e cr

op c

anop

y co

mpe

titiv

e w

ith

wee

ds

Adju

stm

ent

of n

itro

gen

inpu

ts to

th

e pr

oduc

tion

need

s of

the

crop

to

enco

urag

e its

dev

elop

men

t

Shif

ting

sow

ing

date

Incr

ease

sow

ing

dens

ity,

red

uce

spac

ing

betw

een

row

sC

ombi

nati

on o

f spe

cies

and

va

riet

ies

Cho

ice

of c

ompe

titi

ve v

arie

ties

(a

ccor

ding

to th

eir

phen

olog

ical

ch

arac

teris

tics)

13

Inte

ract

ions

bet

wee

n pr

acti

ces,

cro

p st

atus

and

pes

t cy

cle

for

path

ogen

s re

spon

sibl

e fo

r di

seas

es



DISEASES

TO B

E C

OPI

ED S

EVER

AL

TIM

ES F

OR

USE

IN T

HE

IMPL

EMEN

TATI

ON

OF

THE

PRO

GRA

MM

E



Obj

ecti

ves

Tech

nica

l sol

utio

ns a

vaila

ble

Impl

emen

tati

on in

curr

ent

CS

Impl

emen

tati

on in

alte

rnat

ive

CS1

Impl

emen

tati

on in

alte

rnat

ive

CS2

Prob

ably

yes

Prob

ably

no

Prob

ably

yes

Prob

ably

no

Prob

ably

yes

Prob

ably

no


Redu

ce s

ourc

e of

inoc

u-lu

m –

bre

ak th

e di

seas

e cy

cle

Div

ersi

ficat

ion

of th

e ro

tati

on (d

iver

-si

ficat

ion

of c

rops

, res

pect

for

reco

m-

men

ded

times

bef

ore

retu

rn o

f cro

p) =

> fo

r so

il-bo

rne

dise

ases

Tilla

ge to

bur

y cr

op r

esid

ues

– in

co

njun

ctio

n w

ith r

otat

ion

=> fo

r di

seas

es

whi

ch c

an s

urvi

ve o

n re

sidu

es

Shre

ddin

g of

cro

p re

sidu

es =

> fo

r di

seas

es w

hich

can

sur

vive

on

resi

dues

Des

truc

tion

of v

olun

teer

s an

d ho

st

wee

ds =

> fo

r di

seas

es w

hich

can

sur

vive

on

ly o

n liv

ing

plan

ts

Biol

ogic

al c

ontr

ol

Avoi

ding

ext

erna

l con

ta-

min

atio

n

Cho

ice

of u

ncon

tam

inat

ed s

eed

Lim

itin

g co

ntam

inat

ion

by e

quip

men

tLi

miti

ng d

ispe

rsio

n be

twee

n fie

lds

thro

ugh

land

scap

e m

anag

emen

tLi

mit

cont

act s

urfa

ces

betw

een

targ

et c

rop

and

pest

Adju

stm

ent

of n

itro

gen

inpu

ts to

the

prod

uctio

n ne

eds

of th

e cr

op to

lim

it ov

er-d

evel

opm

ent o

f fol

iar

surf

aces

Lim

it di

sper

sion

of t

he

dise

ase

with

in th

e fie

ldRe

duct

ion

of s

owin

g de

nsit

yC

ombi

nati

on o

f spe

cies

and

var

ieti

esC

reat

e a

mic

rocl

imat

e un

favo

urab

le fo

r di

seas

e de

velo

pmen

t

Redu

ctio

n of

sow

ing

dens

ity

Boos

t res

ista

nce

of

cano

py to

dis

ease

sC

hoic

e of

res

ista

nt v

arie

ties

Com

bina

tion

of v

arie

ties

Ensu

re th

e du

rabi

lity

of

resi

stan

ceC

ombi

nati

on o

f spe

cies

and

var

ieti

es

Limit crop loss

Incr

ease

the

tole

ranc

e of

th

e ca

nopy

to d

isea

ses

Cho

ice

of r

esis

tant

var

ieti

es

Lim

it pe

riods

whe

n pl

ant

is in

con

tact

with

pes

t in

cont

amin

atio

n ph

ase

and

thus

vul

nera

ble

Shif

ting

sow

ing

date

A. D

ISEA

SES

15

Inte

ract

ions

bet

wee

n pr

acti

ces,

cro

p st

atus

and

pes

t cy

cle

for

anim

al p

ests



TO B

E C

OPI

ED S

EVER

AL

TIM

ES F

OR

USE

IN T

HE

IMPL

EMEN

TATI

ON

OF

THE

PRO

GRA

MM

E

ANIMAL PESTS



Obj

ecti

ves

Tech

nica

l sol

utio

ns a

vaila

ble

Impl

emen

tati

on in

curr

ent

CS

Impl

emen

tati

on in

alte

rnat

ive

CS1

Impl

emen

tati

on in

alte

rnat

ive

CS2

Prob

ably

yes

Prob

ably

no

Prob

ably

yes

Prob

ably

no

Prob

ably

yes

Prob

ably

no


Brea

k th

e cy

cle

of s

oil-

born

e pe

sts

(for

exa

mpl

e,

nem

atod

es)

Div

ersi

ficat

ion

of th

e ro

tati

on (a

ltern

a-tin

g ho

st a

nd n

on-h

ost c

rops

)

Shre

ddin

g of

cro

p re

sidu

esTi

llage

in c

onju

ncti

on w

ith

rota

tion

Des

truc

tion

of v

olun

teer

s an

d w

eed

host

s

Redu

ce p

est p

opul

atio

ns

Biol

ogic

al c

ontr

olEn

cour

age

bene

fici

als

thro

ugh

land

s-ca

pe m

anag

emen

t an

d by

lim

itin

g th

e us

e of

pes

tici

des,

thro

ugh

the

com

bina

-ti

on o

f spe

cies

/var

ieti

es a

nd t

hrou

gh

limit

ing

fiel

d si

ze

Lim

it pe

st d

ispe

rsal

be

twee

n fie

lds

Land

scap

e m

anag

emen

t (he

dges

, gra

ss

strip

s et

c.)

Cre

atio

n of

pus

h/pu

ll zo

nes

Cre

atio

n of

trap

cro

ps

Lim

it pe

riods

whe

n pl

ant

is in

con

tact

with

pes

tSh

ifti

ng s

owin

g da

te

Lim

it co

ntac

t sur

face

be

twee

n ta

rget

cro

p an

d pe

st

Adju

stm

ent

of n

itro

gen

inpu

ts to

the

prod

uctio

n ne

eds

of th

e cr

op to

lim

it ov

er-d

evel

opm

ent o

f fol

iar

surf

aces

Redu

ctio

n of

sow

ing

dens

ity

Com

bina

tion

of s

peci

es a

nd v

arie

ties

Boos

t res

ista

nce

of

cano

py to

pes

tsC

hoic

e of

res

ista

nt v

arie

ties

Limit crop loss

Boos

t tol

eran

ce o

f can

opy

to p

ests

Cho

ice

of t

oler

ant

vari

etie

s

Hav

e a

crop

with

low

su

scep

tibili

ty to

pes

tsA

ssur

e a

good

leve

l of n

itro

gen

nutr

i-ti

on s

o th

e pl

ant i

s m

ore

vigo

rous

Lim

it pe

riods

whe

n pl

ant

is in

con

tact

with

pes

t in

cont

amin

atio

n ph

ase

and

thus

vul

nera

ble

Shif

ting

sow

ing

date

In it

alic

s, p

rote

ctio

n m

etho

ds w

orki

ng a

t sca

les

othe

r tha

n th

e fie

ld s

cale

.

A. A

NIM

AL

PEST

S


Support sheet S6 : Evaluation of alternative CS (Step 3)

Artwork produced by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestand adapted for the English version by L’attitude 49

Cover photograph : Pascal Xicluna

Original version (French) February 2011English translation 2013

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Practical guide - ENDURE NETWORK...Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant...

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